exam 1 Flashcards
identify figure 24.1
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, ovaries, pancreas, testes
larynx
fig 24.5, 24.6
thyroid gland
fig 24.5, 24.6
trachea
fig 24.5, 24.6
esophagus
fig 24.5, 24.6
parathyroid glands
fig 24.5, 24.6
table 24.1
.
hypothalamus
.
anterior pituitary gland
``.
parathyroid glands
.
adrenal glands
.
thyroid gland
.
posterior pituitary gland
.
pancreas
.
ovary
.
testes
.
what is the general name for organs that produce hormones?
endocrine glands
what name is given to regions that are receptive to hormones?
target areas
melatonin is secreted by what gland?
pineal gland
in what specific part of what gland is ADH stored?
posterior pituitary
what is the effect of TSH and where is it stored?
stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormones, anterior pituitary
what does glucagon do as a hormone and where is it produced?
breaks down glycogen to glucose increasing blood glucose levels, found in pancreatic islets.
which hormones in the adrenal gland control water and electrolyte balance?
corticosteroid hormones
what is the primary gland that secretes epinephrine?
adrenal medulla
where is growth hormone produced?
anterior pituitary
what is another name for t3?
triiodothyronine
what is another name for t4?
thyroxine
what connects the two lobes of they thyroid gland?
isthmus medial
does parathormone increase or decrease calcium levels in blood?
increase
interstitial cells of the testes produce what hormone?
testosterone
red blood cell
no nucleus, numerous
neutrophil (granulocyte)
three-to-five lobed nucleas
basophil (granulocyte)
indistinct nucleus, dark purple granules
eosinophil (granulocyte)
two-lobed nucleus, orange cytoplasmic granules
lymphocyte (agranulocyte)
blue cytoplasm frequently forming a halo around nucleus
monocyte (agranulocyte)
large cell with kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nucleus
platelet (agranulocyte)
small purple fragments
technique for scanning a blood smear
down, right, up, continue
differential white blood cell count
once you identify the various types of white blood cells on slide, tally up number, divide to see percentages in blood. can indicate a disease
formed elements
erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), thrombocytes (platelets)
what is the most common plasma protein?
albumin
most common blood cell
erythrocytes
what white blood cell is most numerous on a blood smear?
neutrophil
how many red blood cells are normally found per cubic mm of blood?
5 million
what is an average number of white blood cells found per cubic mm of blood?
7,000
B cells and T cells belong to what class of agranular leukocytes?
lymphocytes
function of platelets
clotting
formed elements constitute what percentage of total blood volume?
45%
in terms of volume, does blood usually contain more plasma or formed elements?
plasma
table 25.1
formed elements in blood
blood type A
agglutinogens (antigens): A
agglutinins (antibodies): Anti-B
blood type B
agglutinogens (antigens): B
agglutinins (antibodies): anti-A
Blood type AB
agglutinogens (antigens): a and b
agglutinins (antibodies): none
Blood Type O
agglutinogens (antigens): none
agglutinins (antibodies): anti-a, anti-b
universal donor
O-, no antigens (agglutinogens
universal recipient
AB+, no antibodies (agglutinins)
blood typing procedure
obtain blood sample, put 2 drops of serum on (A,B,Rh), if clumps that is what you have.
hemolytic disease of the newborn
occurs if Rh- mother has Rh+ baby. mother might develop antibodies against antigen in fetal blood after first baby. Rho-GAM must be injected during all next pregnancies to make sure antibodies don’t cross placenta.
hematocrit (PCV) packed cell volume
percentage of red blood cells or total cell volume can be calculated after centrifuging a sample of blood. fill tube three quarters of tube length, seal off bottom with clay, red blood cells divided by total times 100.
what is the name of a surface membrane molecule on a blood cell that causes an immune reaction?
antigen
what is the average range of hemocrit for a normal female?
38-47%
what is the average range of hemocrit for a normal male?
40-54%
a person with blood type b- is injected with type a+ blood. from an immunological standpoint, what will happen after the injection?
it will agglutinate and cause clotting. clot b antigens with anti-b agglutinins.
anemia
when blood is lost faster than it is replaced or when the production of RBC is low. decrease in hemoglobin
what would happen if you used the same toothpick during a blood test?
you could transfer agglutination from one type to another.
pericardium
27
right atrium
27
right ventricle
27
left ventricle
27
left atrium
27
interventricular sulcus
27
4 valves
27
chordae tendinae
27
papillary muscles
27
interventricular septum
27
superior vena cava
27
inferior vena cava
27
auricles
27
coronary sulcus
27
aorta vessels (veins and arteries)
27
pulmonary vessels (veins and arteries)
27
fossa ovalis
purpose as the foramen ovale: in a fetus allows oxygenated blood coming from umbilical vein
identify base of heart
top
identify apex of heart
bottom
blood flow of heart
superior and inferior vena cava- right atrium- tricuspid valve- right ventricle- pulmonary semilunar valves- pulmonary trunk- pulmonary arteries-lung tissue- pulmonary veins- left atrium- bicuspid valve- left ventricle- aortic semilunar valves- aorta- body tissues- vena cava OR coronary arteries- heart tissue- coronary sinus and cardiac veins- right atrium
where Is the heart located?
between lungs and mediastinum
name of the layer that is superficial to the pericardial cavity?
parietal pericardium
what is the innermost layer of the heart wall called?
endocardium
what is the depression between the two ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart
interventricular sulcus
are auricles extensions of the atria or the ventricles?
atria
what three vessels take blood to the right atrium?
inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, coronary sinus
where do the great cardiac vein and the small cardiac vein take blood
coronary sinus and right atrium
what blood vessels nourish the heart tissue?
coronary arteries
what structure separates the left atrium from the right atrium?
interatrial septum
what is the name of the thin spot between the atria?
fossa ovalis
the bicuspid valve is located between what two chambers of the heart?
left atrium and left ventricle
name the structure between the atrioventricular valve and the papillary muscle
chord tendineae
function of the aortic semilunar valve
valve that prevents back flow of blood from aorta into left ventricle
another name for tricuspid valve
right atrioventricular valve
what cell type makes up most of the myocardium
cardiac muscle
what adaptation do you see in the walls of the left ventricle being thicker than those of the right ventricle?
pumps blood to whole body
how does cardiac muscle resemble skeletal muscle?
both striated
cardiac muscle
skeletal
involuntary
voluntary
order of conduction. fig 28.1
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, papillary muscles
PQ interval (28.3)
P wave, atrial depolarization
QRS complex (28.3)
ventricular depolarization
QT interval (28.3)
T wave, ventricular repolarization
leads of a standard ECG
fig. 28.2
lead 1- RA-LA potential voltage across horizontal axis
lead 2- RA-LL potential voltage from base to apex
lead 3- LA-LL potential voltage along left side of heart
the sinoatrial node has a common name. what is it?
pacemaker
which two chambers of the heart contact last in a normal cardiac cycle?
atria
after the av node depolarizes, what structures conduct the impulse to the myocardium of the ventricles?
heart blood
what are the main events recorded by an ECG?
atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, ventricular repolarization
why is the ECG event indicating atrial repolarization not seen in an ECG?
it is masked by a larger QRS
what does a heart block do to impulse transmission in the heart?
damages the AV node or decreases transmission in AV bundle
what consequences does fibrillation have fro cardiac muscle contraction and for the pumping efficiency of the heart? which is more serious- atrial or ventricular fibrillation?
blood isn’t pumped into entire body, ventricular fibrillation
if a myocardial infarct (heart attack) destroyed a portion of the right or left bundle branches, what potential change might you see in an ECG?
increase time of QRS interval
auscultation areas: fig 29.2
pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve, bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve
decreasing heart rate is under the control of what nervous division?
parasympathetic
what is the resting heart rate of the average person?
70-80 bpm
what region in the heart depolarizes spontaneously?
SA node
the movement of electrochemical impulses in the myocardium is called ___?
myogenic conduction
what hear sound is produced by the closure of the atrioventricular valves in the heart?
Lubb
a heart murmur is normally caused by what event?
imperfect closure of the valves
when would a murmur occur in the lubb/dubb cycle is the AV valves were not closing properly?
Lubb
