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A&P2LAB > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

identify figure 24.1

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, ovaries, pancreas, testes

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2
Q

larynx

A

fig 24.5, 24.6

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3
Q

thyroid gland

A

fig 24.5, 24.6

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4
Q

trachea

A

fig 24.5, 24.6

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5
Q

esophagus

A

fig 24.5, 24.6

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6
Q

parathyroid glands

A

fig 24.5, 24.6

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7
Q

table 24.1

A

.

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8
Q

hypothalamus

A

.

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9
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

``.

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10
Q

parathyroid glands

A

.

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11
Q

adrenal glands

A

.

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12
Q

thyroid gland

A

.

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13
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

.

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14
Q

pancreas

A

.

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15
Q

ovary

A

.

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16
Q

testes

A

.

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17
Q

what is the general name for organs that produce hormones?

A

endocrine glands

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18
Q

what name is given to regions that are receptive to hormones?

A

target areas

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19
Q

melatonin is secreted by what gland?

A

pineal gland

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20
Q

in what specific part of what gland is ADH stored?

A

posterior pituitary

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21
Q

what is the effect of TSH and where is it stored?

A

stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormones, anterior pituitary

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22
Q

what does glucagon do as a hormone and where is it produced?

A

breaks down glycogen to glucose increasing blood glucose levels, found in pancreatic islets.

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23
Q

which hormones in the adrenal gland control water and electrolyte balance?

A

corticosteroid hormones

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24
Q

what is the primary gland that secretes epinephrine?

A

adrenal medulla

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25
Q

where is growth hormone produced?

A

anterior pituitary

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26
Q

what is another name for t3?

A

triiodothyronine

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27
Q

what is another name for t4?

A

thyroxine

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28
Q

what connects the two lobes of they thyroid gland?

A

isthmus medial

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29
Q

does parathormone increase or decrease calcium levels in blood?

A

increase

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30
Q

interstitial cells of the testes produce what hormone?

A

testosterone

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31
Q

red blood cell

A

no nucleus, numerous

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32
Q

neutrophil (granulocyte)

A

three-to-five lobed nucleas

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33
Q

basophil (granulocyte)

A

indistinct nucleus, dark purple granules

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34
Q

eosinophil (granulocyte)

A

two-lobed nucleus, orange cytoplasmic granules

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35
Q

lymphocyte (agranulocyte)

A

blue cytoplasm frequently forming a halo around nucleus

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36
Q

monocyte (agranulocyte)

A

large cell with kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nucleus

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37
Q

platelet (agranulocyte)

A

small purple fragments

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38
Q

technique for scanning a blood smear

A

down, right, up, continue

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39
Q

differential white blood cell count

A

once you identify the various types of white blood cells on slide, tally up number, divide to see percentages in blood. can indicate a disease

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40
Q

formed elements

A

erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), thrombocytes (platelets)

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41
Q

what is the most common plasma protein?

A

albumin

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42
Q

most common blood cell

A

erythrocytes

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43
Q

what white blood cell is most numerous on a blood smear?

A

neutrophil

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44
Q

how many red blood cells are normally found per cubic mm of blood?

A

5 million

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45
Q

what is an average number of white blood cells found per cubic mm of blood?

A

7,000

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46
Q

B cells and T cells belong to what class of agranular leukocytes?

A

lymphocytes

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47
Q

function of platelets

A

clotting

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48
Q

formed elements constitute what percentage of total blood volume?

A

45%

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49
Q

in terms of volume, does blood usually contain more plasma or formed elements?

A

plasma

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50
Q

table 25.1

A

formed elements in blood

51
Q

blood type A

A

agglutinogens (antigens): A

agglutinins (antibodies): Anti-B

52
Q

blood type B

A

agglutinogens (antigens): B

agglutinins (antibodies): anti-A

53
Q

Blood type AB

A

agglutinogens (antigens): a and b

agglutinins (antibodies): none

54
Q

Blood Type O

A

agglutinogens (antigens): none

agglutinins (antibodies): anti-a, anti-b

55
Q

universal donor

A

O-, no antigens (agglutinogens

56
Q

universal recipient

A

AB+, no antibodies (agglutinins)

57
Q

blood typing procedure

A

obtain blood sample, put 2 drops of serum on (A,B,Rh), if clumps that is what you have.

58
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

occurs if Rh- mother has Rh+ baby. mother might develop antibodies against antigen in fetal blood after first baby. Rho-GAM must be injected during all next pregnancies to make sure antibodies don’t cross placenta.

59
Q

hematocrit (PCV) packed cell volume

A

percentage of red blood cells or total cell volume can be calculated after centrifuging a sample of blood. fill tube three quarters of tube length, seal off bottom with clay, red blood cells divided by total times 100.

60
Q

what is the name of a surface membrane molecule on a blood cell that causes an immune reaction?

A

antigen

61
Q

what is the average range of hemocrit for a normal female?

A

38-47%

62
Q

what is the average range of hemocrit for a normal male?

A

40-54%

63
Q

a person with blood type b- is injected with type a+ blood. from an immunological standpoint, what will happen after the injection?

A

it will agglutinate and cause clotting. clot b antigens with anti-b agglutinins.

64
Q

anemia

A

when blood is lost faster than it is replaced or when the production of RBC is low. decrease in hemoglobin

65
Q

what would happen if you used the same toothpick during a blood test?

A

you could transfer agglutination from one type to another.

66
Q

pericardium

A

27

67
Q

right atrium

A

27

68
Q

right ventricle

A

27

69
Q

left ventricle

A

27

70
Q

left atrium

A

27

71
Q

interventricular sulcus

A

27

72
Q

4 valves

A

27

73
Q

chordae tendinae

A

27

74
Q

papillary muscles

A

27

75
Q

interventricular septum

A

27

76
Q

superior vena cava

A

27

77
Q

inferior vena cava

A

27

78
Q

auricles

A

27

79
Q

coronary sulcus

A

27

80
Q

aorta vessels (veins and arteries)

A

27

81
Q

pulmonary vessels (veins and arteries)

A

27

82
Q

fossa ovalis

A

purpose as the foramen ovale: in a fetus allows oxygenated blood coming from umbilical vein

83
Q

identify base of heart

A

top

84
Q

identify apex of heart

A

bottom

85
Q

blood flow of heart

A

superior and inferior vena cava- right atrium- tricuspid valve- right ventricle- pulmonary semilunar valves- pulmonary trunk- pulmonary arteries-lung tissue- pulmonary veins- left atrium- bicuspid valve- left ventricle- aortic semilunar valves- aorta- body tissues- vena cava OR coronary arteries- heart tissue- coronary sinus and cardiac veins- right atrium

86
Q

where Is the heart located?

A

between lungs and mediastinum

87
Q

name of the layer that is superficial to the pericardial cavity?

A

parietal pericardium

88
Q

what is the innermost layer of the heart wall called?

A

endocardium

89
Q

what is the depression between the two ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart

A

interventricular sulcus

90
Q

are auricles extensions of the atria or the ventricles?

A

atria

91
Q

what three vessels take blood to the right atrium?

A

inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, coronary sinus

92
Q

where do the great cardiac vein and the small cardiac vein take blood

A

coronary sinus and right atrium

93
Q

what blood vessels nourish the heart tissue?

A

coronary arteries

94
Q

what structure separates the left atrium from the right atrium?

A

interatrial septum

95
Q

what is the name of the thin spot between the atria?

A

fossa ovalis

96
Q

the bicuspid valve is located between what two chambers of the heart?

A

left atrium and left ventricle

97
Q

name the structure between the atrioventricular valve and the papillary muscle

A

chord tendineae

98
Q

function of the aortic semilunar valve

A

valve that prevents back flow of blood from aorta into left ventricle

99
Q

another name for tricuspid valve

A

right atrioventricular valve

100
Q

what cell type makes up most of the myocardium

A

cardiac muscle

101
Q

what adaptation do you see in the walls of the left ventricle being thicker than those of the right ventricle?

A

pumps blood to whole body

102
Q

how does cardiac muscle resemble skeletal muscle?

A

both striated

103
Q

cardiac muscle

skeletal

A

involuntary

voluntary

104
Q

order of conduction. fig 28.1

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, papillary muscles

105
Q

PQ interval (28.3)

A

P wave, atrial depolarization

106
Q

QRS complex (28.3)

A

ventricular depolarization

107
Q

QT interval (28.3)

A

T wave, ventricular repolarization

108
Q

leads of a standard ECG

fig. 28.2

A

lead 1- RA-LA potential voltage across horizontal axis
lead 2- RA-LL potential voltage from base to apex
lead 3- LA-LL potential voltage along left side of heart

109
Q

the sinoatrial node has a common name. what is it?

A

pacemaker

110
Q

which two chambers of the heart contact last in a normal cardiac cycle?

A

atria

111
Q

after the av node depolarizes, what structures conduct the impulse to the myocardium of the ventricles?

A

heart blood

112
Q

what are the main events recorded by an ECG?

A

atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, ventricular repolarization

113
Q

why is the ECG event indicating atrial repolarization not seen in an ECG?

A

it is masked by a larger QRS

114
Q

what does a heart block do to impulse transmission in the heart?

A

damages the AV node or decreases transmission in AV bundle

115
Q

what consequences does fibrillation have fro cardiac muscle contraction and for the pumping efficiency of the heart? which is more serious- atrial or ventricular fibrillation?

A

blood isn’t pumped into entire body, ventricular fibrillation

116
Q

if a myocardial infarct (heart attack) destroyed a portion of the right or left bundle branches, what potential change might you see in an ECG?

A

increase time of QRS interval

117
Q

auscultation areas: fig 29.2

A

pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve, bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve

118
Q

decreasing heart rate is under the control of what nervous division?

A

parasympathetic

119
Q

what is the resting heart rate of the average person?

A

70-80 bpm

120
Q

what region in the heart depolarizes spontaneously?

A

SA node

121
Q

the movement of electrochemical impulses in the myocardium is called ___?

A

myogenic conduction

122
Q

what hear sound is produced by the closure of the atrioventricular valves in the heart?

A

Lubb

123
Q

a heart murmur is normally caused by what event?

A

imperfect closure of the valves

124
Q

when would a murmur occur in the lubb/dubb cycle is the AV valves were not closing properly?

A

Lubb

A&P2LAB (2 decks)

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