Exam 3 Flashcards
final exam material
Effects of one drug interacts with the effects of another drug; usually a multiplier effect
Potentiation
State of decreased sensitivity to a drug’s effects resulting from prior exposure
Drug tolerance
Daily changes (~24 hrs); e.g. human sleep-wake cycles
Endogenous circadian rhythms
Species capable of generating body heat internally (e.g. mammals); cooling> evaporation (sweat), heating> shivering
Endothermic/homeothermic
Input from temperature receptors in skin, organs, brain, immune system
Sends information to the hindbrain, which controls physiological mechanisms
Preoptic Area (POA)/ Anterior Hypothalamus (AH)
The behavioral manifestation of the underlying circadian rhythm
Chronotype
Main driver of rhythms for sleep and body temperature
Part of the hypothalamus, neurons inactive at night; begin to fire at dawn; fire steady pace all day
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Small branch of optic nerve from retina to SCN, alters SCN’s setting; responds to average overall amount of light (not sudden changes)
Retinohypothalamic Path
Temporarily increased set point for body temperature;
directed by hypothalamus, adaptive to fight infection, any deviation causes activation of physiological mechanisms to keep homeostasis, increased temperature becomes the new normal
Fever
Motivation to eat
Hunger
Hormone released by the pineal gland; causes drowsiness,
release begins to increase 2-3 hours before bedtime
pineal gland directed by the SCN
Melatonin
Supply the body with energy/nutritional resources needed for survival
Eating
A state actively produced by the brain; characterized by decreased response to stimuli
Sleeping
Process of breaking down food and absorbing it into the body; GI tract
Digestion
Stage of sleep? Before sleep, alpha waves
Stage 1
Bacteria and other organisms within the GI tract
Gut Microbiome
Stage of sleep? Theta waves, K complex, sleep spindles
Stage 2
Tolerance to the effects of one drug that develops as the results of exposure to another drug that acts by the same mechanism
Cross Tolerance
Effects opposite of the drug, compensatory changes in brain tolerance, taking away the substance
Withdrawal
An increase in the sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to the drug
Drug Sensitization
Tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered
Conditioned Drug Tolerance
Stimuli that regularly predict the administration of the drug cause preemptive compensatory change to occur in the brain
Conditioned Compensatory Responses
Lowers levels of blood-borne fuels in preparation for the influx (ceph. phase)
Minimize increased levels of blood-borne fuels by utilizing and storing (absp. phase)
Promotes use of glucose as a primary source of energy
Insulin
Temperature regulation and other processes that keep body variables within a fixed range
Homeostasis
A single value/narrow range that the body strives to maintain
Set Point
Species active during the day, sleep at night
Diurnal
The adaptive way in which the body anticipates needs depending on the situation
Hypothalamus; beneficial short-term, potentially damaging long-term
Allostasis
Species active at night, sleep during the day
Nocturnal
The body continuously adapting. “overload”, processes of homeostasis continuously having to adapt
Allostatic Load
Species most active at dawn/dusk; e.g. deer
Crepuscular
Annual/yearly changes; e.g. migratory birds
Endogenous circannual rhythms
The energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest
Basal Metabolism
Fats
Lipids
Breakdown of products in proteins
Amino Acids
Most storage of food in the form of ?
fat
A simple sugar; the breakdown product of complex carbs
Glucose
Brain structure that deals with wakefulness
Posterior Hypothalamus
Brain structure that deals with sleep
Anterior Hypothalamus
Brain structure that manages arousal and wakefulness
Reticular Formation
Brain structure that has control of various aspects of REM sleep
Caudal Reticular Formation Nuclei
Interferes with spread of information from one neuron to the next one/one area of the brain to the next
GABA
Any amount of sleep less than the recommended/required amount
When sleep duration is decreased, sleep efficiency is increased
Sleep Deprivation
Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep
Slow onset, frequent waking, early waking
Insomnia
Too much sleep
Hypersomnia
Individual stops breathing frequently throughout the night, causing brief wakings (often not remembered)
Sleep Apnea
Sleep apnea when something is blocking the airway during sleep
Obstructive sleep apnea
Stage of sleep? Delta waves
Stage 3
Stored in liver and muscles; readily converted to glucose
Glycogen
The assumption that hunger is typically triggered by a decline in the body’s energy reserves below their set point
Set Point Assumption
Humans not normally driven to eat because of internal energy deficits
Drawn to eat by the positive incentive value
Degree of hunger felt at point in time depends on the interaction of all the factors that influence the positive incentive value of eating
Positive-incentive theories
Preparatory phase; begins with sight, smells, thoughts of food
Cephalic Phase
Energy is absorbed into the bloodstream, meeting immediate energy needs
Absorptive Phase
Unstored energy from previous meal has been used and fat stores are used; ends with beginning of next cephalic phase
Fasting Phase
Feeling of “fullness” when we’ve consumed enough energy, takes ~20 minutes
Metabolic Satiety
Small amounts of food consumed before a meal increase hunger rather than reduce it
Appetizer Effect
Stop eating a particular food when we’re tired of it (but may continue to eat a different food)
Sensory-specific satiety
Primary role of hypothalamus with eating?
Regulation of metabolism
Any substance that acts on the brain (CNS) to alter mood, behavior, thought, perception, consciousness
Psychoactive Drugs
Binds to receptors in the hypothalamus, makes you feel full
Satiety Peptides
Synthesized in the hypothalamus, makes you feel hungry
Hunger Peptides
A monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and gut
Associated with a shift in food preferences away from fatty foods
Reduces amount of food consumed at each meal (not # of meals)
Serotonin
Mechanism by which the body adjusts the efficiency of its energy utilization in response to levels of body fat
Diet-Induced Thermogenesis
Released by fat stores
Provides negative feedback to the brain about amount of fat stores
Subcutaneous (under fat) stores
Leptin
Released by pancreas
Levels within the brain relatively stable across time; correlated with fat
Visceral (around internal organs) fat
Insulin
Body weight tends to drift around a natural “settling point”- the level at which various factors that influence body weight achieve an equilibrium
enduring change can alter set point
Settling Point Theory
Sleep apnea where the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing during sleep, no visible obstruction
Central Sleep Apnea
