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Psychology 3313- Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

final exam material

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1
Q

Effects of one drug interacts with the effects of another drug; usually a multiplier effect

A

Potentiation

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2
Q

State of decreased sensitivity to a drug’s effects resulting from prior exposure

A

Drug tolerance

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3
Q

Daily changes (~24 hrs); e.g. human sleep-wake cycles

A

Endogenous circadian rhythms

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4
Q

Species capable of generating body heat internally (e.g. mammals); cooling> evaporation (sweat), heating> shivering

A

Endothermic/homeothermic

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5
Q

Input from temperature receptors in skin, organs, brain, immune system
Sends information to the hindbrain, which controls physiological mechanisms

A

Preoptic Area (POA)/ Anterior Hypothalamus (AH)

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6
Q

The behavioral manifestation of the underlying circadian rhythm

A

Chronotype

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7
Q

Main driver of rhythms for sleep and body temperature

Part of the hypothalamus, neurons inactive at night; begin to fire at dawn; fire steady pace all day

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

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8
Q

Small branch of optic nerve from retina to SCN, alters SCN’s setting; responds to average overall amount of light (not sudden changes)

A

Retinohypothalamic Path

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9
Q

Temporarily increased set point for body temperature;
directed by hypothalamus, adaptive to fight infection, any deviation causes activation of physiological mechanisms to keep homeostasis, increased temperature becomes the new normal

A

Fever

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10
Q

Motivation to eat

A

Hunger

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11
Q

Hormone released by the pineal gland; causes drowsiness,
release begins to increase 2-3 hours before bedtime
pineal gland directed by the SCN

A

Melatonin

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12
Q

Supply the body with energy/nutritional resources needed for survival

A

Eating

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13
Q

A state actively produced by the brain; characterized by decreased response to stimuli

A

Sleeping

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14
Q

Process of breaking down food and absorbing it into the body; GI tract

A

Digestion

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15
Q

Stage of sleep? Before sleep, alpha waves

A

Stage 1

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16
Q

Bacteria and other organisms within the GI tract

A

Gut Microbiome

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17
Q

Stage of sleep? Theta waves, K complex, sleep spindles

A

Stage 2

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18
Q

Tolerance to the effects of one drug that develops as the results of exposure to another drug that acts by the same mechanism

A

Cross Tolerance

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19
Q

Effects opposite of the drug, compensatory changes in brain tolerance, taking away the substance

A

Withdrawal

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20
Q

An increase in the sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to the drug

A

Drug Sensitization

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21
Q

Tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered

A

Conditioned Drug Tolerance

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22
Q

Stimuli that regularly predict the administration of the drug cause preemptive compensatory change to occur in the brain

A

Conditioned Compensatory Responses

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23
Q

Lowers levels of blood-borne fuels in preparation for the influx (ceph. phase)
Minimize increased levels of blood-borne fuels by utilizing and storing (absp. phase)
Promotes use of glucose as a primary source of energy

A

Insulin

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24
Q

Temperature regulation and other processes that keep body variables within a fixed range

A

Homeostasis

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25
Q

A single value/narrow range that the body strives to maintain

A

Set Point

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26
Q

Species active during the day, sleep at night

A

Diurnal

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27
Q

The adaptive way in which the body anticipates needs depending on the situation
Hypothalamus; beneficial short-term, potentially damaging long-term

A

Allostasis

28
Q

Species active at night, sleep during the day

A

Nocturnal

29
Q

The body continuously adapting. “overload”, processes of homeostasis continuously having to adapt

A

Allostatic Load

30
Q

Species most active at dawn/dusk; e.g. deer

A

Crepuscular

31
Q

Annual/yearly changes; e.g. migratory birds

A

Endogenous circannual rhythms

32
Q

The energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest

A

Basal Metabolism

33
Q

Fats

A

Lipids

34
Q

Breakdown of products in proteins

A

Amino Acids

35
Q

Most storage of food in the form of ?

A

fat

36
Q

A simple sugar; the breakdown product of complex carbs

A

Glucose

37
Q

Brain structure that deals with wakefulness

A

Posterior Hypothalamus

38
Q

Brain structure that deals with sleep

A

Anterior Hypothalamus

39
Q

Brain structure that manages arousal and wakefulness

A

Reticular Formation

40
Q

Brain structure that has control of various aspects of REM sleep

A

Caudal Reticular Formation Nuclei

41
Q

Interferes with spread of information from one neuron to the next one/one area of the brain to the next

A

GABA

42
Q

Any amount of sleep less than the recommended/required amount

When sleep duration is decreased, sleep efficiency is increased

A

Sleep Deprivation

43
Q

Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep

Slow onset, frequent waking, early waking

A

Insomnia

44
Q

Too much sleep

A

Hypersomnia

45
Q

Individual stops breathing frequently throughout the night, causing brief wakings (often not remembered)

A

Sleep Apnea

46
Q

Sleep apnea when something is blocking the airway during sleep

A

Obstructive sleep apnea

47
Q

Stage of sleep? Delta waves

A

Stage 3

48
Q

Stored in liver and muscles; readily converted to glucose

A

Glycogen

49
Q

The assumption that hunger is typically triggered by a decline in the body’s energy reserves below their set point

A

Set Point Assumption

50
Q

Humans not normally driven to eat because of internal energy deficits
Drawn to eat by the positive incentive value
Degree of hunger felt at point in time depends on the interaction of all the factors that influence the positive incentive value of eating

A

Positive-incentive theories

51
Q

Preparatory phase; begins with sight, smells, thoughts of food

A

Cephalic Phase

52
Q

Energy is absorbed into the bloodstream, meeting immediate energy needs

A

Absorptive Phase

53
Q

Unstored energy from previous meal has been used and fat stores are used; ends with beginning of next cephalic phase

A

Fasting Phase

54
Q

Feeling of “fullness” when we’ve consumed enough energy, takes ~20 minutes

A

Metabolic Satiety

55
Q

Small amounts of food consumed before a meal increase hunger rather than reduce it

A

Appetizer Effect

56
Q

Stop eating a particular food when we’re tired of it (but may continue to eat a different food)

A

Sensory-specific satiety

57
Q

Primary role of hypothalamus with eating?

A

Regulation of metabolism

58
Q

Any substance that acts on the brain (CNS) to alter mood, behavior, thought, perception, consciousness

A

Psychoactive Drugs

59
Q

Binds to receptors in the hypothalamus, makes you feel full

A

Satiety Peptides

60
Q

Synthesized in the hypothalamus, makes you feel hungry

A

Hunger Peptides

61
Q

A monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and gut
Associated with a shift in food preferences away from fatty foods
Reduces amount of food consumed at each meal (not # of meals)

A

Serotonin

62
Q

Mechanism by which the body adjusts the efficiency of its energy utilization in response to levels of body fat

A

Diet-Induced Thermogenesis

63
Q

Released by fat stores
Provides negative feedback to the brain about amount of fat stores
Subcutaneous (under fat) stores

A

Leptin

64
Q

Released by pancreas
Levels within the brain relatively stable across time; correlated with fat
Visceral (around internal organs) fat

A

Insulin

65
Q

Body weight tends to drift around a natural “settling point”- the level at which various factors that influence body weight achieve an equilibrium
enduring change can alter set point

A

Settling Point Theory

66
Q

Sleep apnea where the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing during sleep, no visible obstruction

A

Central Sleep Apnea

Psychology 3313- Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

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