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Psychology 3313- Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

ch 6-8, 10-11

1
Q

Controls the digestive system and other organs

A

Smooth Muscle

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2
Q

Each level of the hierarchy composed of different neural structures, each performing a different function

A

Functional Segregation

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3
Q

Fibers produce less vigorous contractions without fatigue, aerobic

A

Slow-Twitch Muscles

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4
Q

Adapt rapidly, they respond to sudden displacements of the skin, but not to constant pressure

A

Fast Adapting Receptors

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5
Q

Fluid at the front of the eye; constantly replenished

A

Aqueous Humor

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6
Q

A synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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7
Q

Each muscle fiber requires information from ? axon but a single axon may innervate many muscle fibers

A

one

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8
Q

Cancerous; difficult/impossible to remove/destroy completely; remaining tissue continues to grow

A

Malignant Tumor

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9
Q

Senses external stimuli applied to the skin

A

Exteroceptive System

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10
Q

A blockage of blood flow

A

Thrombosis

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11
Q

A specialized sensory neuron will signal the same perceptual information regardless of how its stimulated

A

Law of Specific Nerve Energies

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12
Q

Interpretation of sensory information by the brain

A

Perception

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13
Q

Amnesia following a non-penetrating blow to the head

initial stage- may last seconds or minutes, severe cases last much longer

A

Coma

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14
Q

Changes curvature (accommodation) to refract light on the back of the eye

A

Lens

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15
Q

Ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting conditions

A

Retinex Theory

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16
Q

The act of smelling, the sense of smell

A

Olfaction

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17
Q

Organized according to the map of the body

A

Somatotopic

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18
Q

Occurs under the site of impact with an object

A

Coup Injury

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19
Q

Proprioceptors parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch

A

Muscle Spindles

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20
Q

Surgically removable; little risk of regrowth; non-cancerous

A

Benign tumors

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21
Q

The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye
On average, humans will respond to wavelengths from about 380-780 nm

A

Human Visible Spectrum

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22
Q

Hearing ? with age

A

worsens/decreases

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23
Q

Conversion of raw, incoming sensory information into neural information

A

Transduction

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24
Q

Damage to the outer ear, tympanic membrane, or middle ear

A

Conductive Deafness

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25
Q

Fibers produce fast contractions but fatigue rapidly; anaerobic

A

Fast-Twitch Muscles

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26
Q

A type of proprioceptor that responds to increases in muscle tension

A

Golgi tendon organ

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27
Q

Integrating a continuous and rapid stream of information into discrete perceptual events/episodes

A

Temporal Integration

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28
Q

Control movement of the body in relation to the environment

A

Skeletal Muscles

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29
Q

General goals

A

Association Cortex

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30
Q

Size/color/shape perceived as consistent across conditions

A

Perceptual Constancy

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31
Q

Pathology: Gradual loss of neurons in the substantia nigra/loss of dopamine-releasing axons to the striatum
Treatment: L-dopa

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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32
Q

Ventilate the middle ear space to ensure its pressure is near normal environmental air pressure, drain any accumulated secretions, infection, or debris from the middle ear

A

Eustachian Tube

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33
Q

Tumors that originate in some other area of the body; carried to the brain via the bloodstream

A

Metastatic Tumors

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34
Q

Sudden onset cerebrovascular disorder; disruption of blood supply to an area of the brain

A

Stroke

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35
Q

Area of dysfunctional tissue covering the infarct

A

Penumbra

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36
Q

Groups of neurons of the auditory system respond to a sound by firing action potential potentially out of phase with another, so when combined, a greater frequency of sound can be sent to the brain to be analyzed

A

Volley Theory

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37
Q

Seizure that begins at a focal point in the brain, firing in synchronous bursts

A

Focal Seizure

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38
Q

A bundle of nerve fibers that carry hearing information between the cochlea and the brain

A

Auditory Nerve

39
Q

Three, small, fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that help with balance

A

Semicircular Canals

40
Q

Occurs on the opposite side of the area that was hit

A

Contrecoup Injury

41
Q

Distinct neuropathology resulting in dementia; cumulative effects of recurrent mild to moderate blows to the head
Symptoms: memory impairment, erratic behavior, depression, impulsive behavior, suicidal
Risks: Timing (repeats in a certain window), age (<12), number of years playing a sport

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

42
Q

Adapt slowly and respond to gradual skin indentation and skin stretch

A

Slow Adapting Receptors

43
Q

Receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and transmits it to the incus

44
Q

Seizures that involve the whole brain

A

Generalized Seizure

45
Q

The way we store information while we’re working on it

A

Working Memory

46
Q

Transmits sound from the pinna to the ear drum

A

Auditory Canal

47
Q

Conscious memories

A

Explicit Memories

48
Q

The frequency of the auditory nerve’s impulses corresponding to the frequency of a tone, which lets us detect its path

A

Frequency Theory

49
Q

A physical trace for a memory in the brain

50
Q

Separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea and the scala media and tympani

A

Basilar Membrane

51
Q

Detection of physical energy in the environment

52
Q

A fixed sequence of movements

A

Motor Program

53
Q

Transforms sounds into neural messages

54
Q

The membrane that transfers vibrations from the ossicles to the fluid of the cochlea

A

Oval Window

55
Q

Transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window

56
Q

Facilitates hearing by transmitting sound vibrations from the air to the bones in the middle ear

A

Tympanic Membrane

57
Q

Memories that are expressed by performance without conscious recall or recognition

A

Implicit Memories

58
Q

Movement from short term to long term memory

A

Consolidation

59
Q

Mostly densely packed with cones; best visual acuity

60
Q

Refracts the light to focus it on the back of the eye

61
Q

Dilation and weakening in the wall of a cerebral artery

62
Q

We perceive color in terms of opposites

A

Opponent-Process Theory

63
Q

Loss of memory for events occurring after the amnesia-inducing brain injury

A

Anterograde Amnesia

64
Q

Receives information from the primary sensory system

A

Secondary Sensory System

65
Q

Cerebral blood vessel ruptures; blood leaks into surrounding brain tissue

A

Cerebral Hemorrhage

66
Q

A disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head; no evidence of contusion or other structural damage

A

Concussion

67
Q

Receives information from the thalamus

A

Primary Sensory System

68
Q

Heart muscles that have properties of skeletal and smooth muscles

A

Cardiac Muscles

69
Q

Each eye sees a slightly different image

A

Binocular Disparity

70
Q

Many types of receptors in the skin

A

Cutaneous Receptors

71
Q

Color is perceived through the relative response of three types of cones, each maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths

A

Trichromatic Theory

72
Q

Clusters of 50-100 taste receptor cells on the tongue

A

Taste Buds

73
Q

Time it takes for rods to become maximally responsive after removing bright light

A

Dark Adaptation

74
Q

Acts as a funnel to assist in direct sound further into the ear

75
Q

Receives vibrations from the malleus, to which it’s connected laterally, and transmits them to the stapes

76
Q

Why don’t we see the blind spot? (2)

A

Our brains fill in the information for us

There are no rods or cones in the blind spot

77
Q

Release of ? causes the muscle to contract

A

acetylcholine

78
Q

Dark area in the center of the eye

79
Q

Membrane covering the back of the eye

80
Q

Disruption of blood supply to an area of the brain

A

Cerebral ischemia

81
Q

Opening that modifies the amount of light permitted through the pupil; colored part of the eye

82
Q

Area of dead/dying brain tissue caused by the stroke

83
Q

Blockage carried larger vessel to a smaller one, blocking the artery

84
Q

Thickening of the arterial walls, collection of fat deposits

A

Arteriosclerosis

85
Q

A sensory cell specialized for the reception of smell

A

Olfactory Cell

86
Q

One of the small, round, or cone-shaped protuberances on the tongue that contain taste buds

87
Q

Loss of memory for events or information learned before the amnesia-inducing brain injury

A

Retrograde Amnesia

88
Q

One or more axons connected to a dendrite bombarded with a rapid series of stimuli; leaves some of the synapses potentiated

A

Long term potentiation (LTP)

89
Q

Receives information from the secondary sensory system, also from other sensory systems

A

Association Sensory Cortex

90
Q

A mass of cells that grow independently from the rest of the body

91
Q

Gel-like mass between lens and retina
Maintains interocular pressure
Provides nutrition to the eye
Stagnant, unchanging

A

Vitreous Humor

92
Q

Damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve

A

Nerve Deafness

93
Q

Our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane

A

Place Theory

Psychology 3313- Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

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