EXAM 3

Question 1

Normal Ph range

Answer 1

7.35-7.45

Question 2

Normal range CO2

Answer 2

35-45

Question 3

Normal range HCO3 (bicarbonate)

Answer 3

22-26

Question 4

Sodium normal serum value

Answer 4

135-145 mEq/L

Question 5

Hypernatremia causes (high Sodium) causes

Answer 5

Dehydration, excessive NaCl IV administration

Question 6

Hypernatremia consequences

Answer 6

Thirst, confusion lethargy progressing to coma, neuromuscular irritability evidenced by twitching and convulsions

Question 7

Hyponatremia possible causes

Answer 7

Solute loss / water retention or both (Na loss through vomiting diarrhea burned skin gastric suction or excessive diuretics) deficiency of aldosterone addison’s disease excess ADH release excess H20 ingestion

Question 8

Hyponatremia consequences

Answer 8

Neurologic dysfunction due to brain swelling, mental confusion giddiness

Question 9

K+ (potassium) normal serum values

Answer 9

3.5-5.5 mEq/L

Question 10

Hyperkalemia (high potassium) causes

Answer 10

Renal failure, aldosterone deficit, rapid IV infusion of K+ severe tissue injury

Question 11

Hyperkalemia consequences

Answer 11

Nausea vomiting diarrhea bardycardia, arrhythmia / cardiac arrest, skeletal muscle weakness

Question 12

Hypokalemia (low potassium) causes

Answer 12

GI disturbance (vomiting diarrhea) gastric suction Cushing’s syndrome, starvation

Question 13

Hypokalemia consequences

Answer 13

Cardiac arrhythmia flattened T wave on ECG, muscle weakness, metabolic alkalosis, confusion nausea vomiting

Question 14

Ca2+ (calcium) normal values

Answer 14

4.5 - 5.2 mEq/L or 9 - 10.5 mg%

Question 15

Hypercalcemia (high calcium) possible causes

Answer 15

Hyperparathyroidism, excessive vitamin D, prolonged immobilization, renal disease (decreased excretion)

Question 16

Hypercalcemia (high calcium) consequences

Answer 16

Decreased neuromuscular excitability leading to cardiac arrhythmia and arrest, skeletal muscle weakness, confusion, stupor and coma, kidney stones, nausea and vomiting

Question 17

Hypocalcemia (low calcium) possible causes

Answer 17

Burns (calcium trapped in damaged tissue) hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, renal tubular disease, renal failure, hyperphosphatemia, diarrhea alkalosis

Question 18

Hypocalcemia (low calcium) consequences

Answer 18

Increased neuromuscular excitability leading to tingling fingers, tremors, skeletal muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions, depressed excitability of the heart, osteomalacia, fractures

Question 19

Mg2+ (Magnesium) normal values

Answer 19

1.4 - 2.2 mEq/L

Question 20

Hypermagnesemia (high magnesium) possible causes

Answer 20

Rare, renal failure when Mg is not excreted normally, excessive ingestion of Mg containing antacids

Question 21

Hypermagnesemia (high magnesium) consequences

Answer 21

Lethargy, impaired CNS functioning, coma, respiratory depression, cardiac arrest

Question 22

Hypomagnesemia (low magnesium) possible causes

Answer 22

Alcoholism, chronic diarrhea, severe malnutrition, diuretic therapy

Question 23

Hypomagnesemia (low magnesium) consequences

Answer 23

Trmors, increased neuromuscular excitability, tetany, convulsions