EXAM 2

Question 1

Smallest respiratory passages

Answer 1

Bronchioles

Question 2

Separates the oral and nasal cavities

Answer 2

Palate

Question 3

Major nerve stimulating the diaphragm

Answer 3

Phrenic nerve

Question 4

Food passageway posterior to the trachea

Answer 4

Esophagus

Question 5

Closes off the larynx during swallowing

Answer 5

Epiglottis

Question 6

Windpipe

Answer 6

Trachea

Question 7

Actual site of gas exchange

Answer 7

Alveoli

Question 8

Pleural layer cover the thorax walls

Answer 8

Parietal pleura

Question 9

Autonomic nervous system nerve serving the thorax

Answer 9

Vagus nerve

Question 10

Lumen of the larynx

Answer 10

Glottis

Question 11

Fleshy lobes in the nasal cavity that increase its surface area

Answer 11

Conchae

Question 12

Closes the glottis during the Valsalva maneuver

Answer 12

Vocal folds

Question 13

Closes the nasopharynx during swallowing

Answer 13

Uvula

Question 14

The cilia of its mucosa beat upward toward the larynx

Answer 14

Primary bronchi

Question 15

Respiratory volume inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing

Answer 15

Tidal Volume (TV)

Question 16

Air in respiratory passages that does not contribute to gas exchange

Answer 16

Dead space volume

Question 17

Total amount of exchangeable air

Answer 17

Vital capacity

Question 18

Gas volume that allows gas exchange to go on continuously, always present in lungs even after a forceful exhale

Answer 18

Residual volume

Question 19

Amount of air that can still be exhaled (forcibly) after a normal exhalation

Answer 19

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Question 20

Sum of all lung volumes

Answer 20

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 21

Barring pneumothorax, this pressure is always lower than atmospheric pressure (that is, is negative pressure)

Answer 21

Intrapleural pressure

Question 22

Pressure of air outside the body

Answer 22

Atmospheric pressure

Question 23

As it decreases, air flows into the passageways of the lungs

Answer 23

Intrapulmonary pressure

Question 24

If this pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure, the lung collapse

Answer 24

Intrapleural pressure

Question 25

Rises well over atmospheric pressure during a forceful cough

Answer 25

Intrapulmonary pressure

Question 26

Also know as the intra-alveolar pressure

Answer 26

Intrapulmonary pressure

Question 27

Period of breathing when air enters the lungs

Answer 27

Inspiration

Question 28

Period of breathing when air leaves the lungs

Answer 28

Expiration

Question 29

Alternate flushing of air into and out of the lungs

Answer 29

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

Question 30

Exchange of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood

Answer 30

External respiration

Question 31

Respiratory control center in the pons

Answer 31

Pontine respiratory group

Question 32

Respiratory control centers in the medulla

Answer 32

VRG and DRG

Question 33

Responds to decreased oxygen levels in the blood

Answer 33

Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid bodies

Question 34

Respond to overinflation of the lungs

Answer 34

Stretch receptors in the lungs

Question 35

Integrates input from the peripheral stretch receptors and chemoreceptors

Answer 35

DRG

Question 36

The breathing rhythm center

Answer 36

VRG

Question 37

Basically acts to fine-tune respiratory rhythms generated by the medulla

Answer 37

Pontine respiratory group

Question 38

The largest lymphatic organ

Answer 38

Spleen

Question 39

Filter lymph

Answer 39

Lymph node

Question 40

What are three important characteristics of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 40

Self recognition, specificity and memory

Question 41

Define immunocompetence

Answer 41

The ability to produce a normal immune response when exposed to a specific antigen.

Question 42

Particularly large and important during youth, helps to program T cells

Answer 42

Thymus

Question 43

Collectively called MALT - mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

Answer 43

Tonsils

Question 44

Removes aged and defective red blood cells

Answer 44

Spleen

Question 45

Contains red and white pulp

Answer 45

Spleen

Question 46

Includes the adenoids

Answer 46

Tonsils

Question 47

Acts against bacteria breaching the intestinal wall

Answer 47

Peyer's patches

Question 48

What are the 4 main events of respiration?

Answer 48

Ventilation (normal breathing) External respiration gas exchange b/w air blood Internal respiration gas exchange b/w blood tissue Cellular respiration

Question 49

What 4 factors make unloading of oxygen from Hb at the tissue level happen more easily?

Answer 49

AT the tissue, higher temperature (skeletal muscles doing work) low pH (presence of lactic acid from work) High C02 and low O2 (from cellular respiration)

Question 50

What makes the loading of oxygen into Hb at the lungs happen more easily?

Answer 50

Lower temperature, higher pH, lower pCO2 higher pO2.

Question 51

Interferon

Answer 51

Released from virus infected cells to cause uninfected cells to make Anti Viral Protein

Question 52

Interleukin I

Answer 52

Comes from Antigen Presenting Cells during inspection by Helper CD4 T cells to activate to Helper T cells

Question 53

Interleukin II

Answer 53

Causes active Helper T cells to activate immune system response "time to fight now”

Question 54

Revers transcriptase

Answer 54

RNA virus enzyme that allows the cell to make viral DNA from viral RNA

Question 55

Lymphotoxin (granyzyme)

Answer 55

Degenerates DNA and organelles of target cell

Question 56

Perforin

Answer 56

Pokes hols in target cell so granzyme can leak in

Question 57

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 57

Volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal inhale

Question 58

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 58

volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal exhale

Question 59

Atmospheric pressure

Answer 59

760mm Hg