Exam 3 Flashcards by Allie Morsette

Describe individual and age differences in the endogenous sleep cycle

Individual
-Bed early/up early (lark)
-Bed late/up late (owl)
Age
-Children/adults: bed early/up early
Adolescents: bed late/up late

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Describe the brain areas, hormones, and proteins associated with the sleep/ wake cycle

Brain area: Suprachiasmatic nucleus (HYPTM)
Hormones: Melatonin (Pineal gland)
Proteins: ????????

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Describe the EEG and eye movements of each stage of sleep

Going from Stage 1 to REM sleep: eye movement increases and waves (B, A, T, D): high freq. low amp to low freq. high amp

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Describe brain areas associated with arousal and attention, describe how these brain areas interact

Locus coeruleus (Pons)
Pontomesencephalon (Reticular formation)

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Describe three biological hypotheses explaining why we dream

Activation-synthesis hypothesis: cortex synthesizes a story from pattern of spontaneous activity in parts of the cortex
Clinico-anatomical hypothesis: based on recent memory

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Differentiate and describe organizational and activational effects of sex hormones

Organizational effects: (pregnancy) whether brain and body will develop as male/female
Activational effects: any time of life (puberty)

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Describe the process by which sexual differentiation of the gonads occurs during early development

Male: Mullerian ducts have to be inhibited

Y chromosome introduces

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Describe the process by which sexual differentiation of the gonads occurs during early development

Male: Mullerian ducts have to be inhibited

Y chromosome introduces SRY gene to develop testes

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Describe the menstrual cycle in women

28 day cycle

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Describe the role of oxytocin and vasopressin.

Vasopressin: parental bonding
Oxytocin: Reproductive behavior (uterine contractions and milk production)

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Lark

People who sleep early/wake early

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Owl

People who sleep late/up late

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Shift work

People who have irregular sleep schedules

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Shift work

People who have irregular sleep schedules

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Jet lag

Disruption of circadian rhythm from crossing over the time zones
Going east phase advance
Going west phase delays

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Brain areas associated with sleep

Pontomesenceohalon (NTS-Acetylcholine, glutamate)
Locus coeruleus (NT-Norepinephrine)
Basal forebrain-Acetylcholine 
Hypothalamus
Dorsal raphe/pons-serotonin

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Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Area of the hypothalamus that regulates body temp and sleep rhythm
Damage=erratic rhythm

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Pineal gland

Produces melatonin (regulated by the hypothalamus)

EEG waves: Beta

Awake, cognitive processing

- High freq, low amp

EEG waves: Alpha

-Relaxation, drowsiness

EEG waves: Theta

-Sleep states, creative processing, problem solving

EEG waves: Delta

-Low freq, high amp waves

EEG waves: Delta

-Low freq, high amp waves

K-complex

Brain trying to keep you asleep

Sleep spindle

Group of waves signaling interaction between cells in the thalamus and cortex

Slow-wave sleep

- Indicate neuronal activity is synchronized | - Delta waves

REM is regulated by

serotonin (interrupts) and acetylcholine (promotes)

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Brain makes dream of pattern of events in cortex (PGO waves)

Clinico-anatomical (neurocognitive) hypothesis

Based on recent memory

Organizational effects

Whether body will develop as male or female (during pregnancy 3-4 mos.)

Activating effects

Changes that only happen during puberty

Testosterone:

growth of the testes, production of Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH)

Estradiol

Period regulation

Progesterone

Maintain pregnancy

SRY gene

make undifferentiated gonads turn into testes

Progesterone

Sustain pregnancy

SRY gene

make undifferentiated gonads turn into testes

Woffian ducts

Precursor to male

Müllerian ducts

Precursor to female

Sensitive period

(First trimester) Where body develops male or female

Aromatization hypothesis

Enzyme converts testosterone to estradiol

Why a female rodent is not masculinized by her own estradiol

High alpha-fetoprotein levels in blood bind to estradiol preventing it from entering cells

Medial preoptic area

Increases touch sensitivity in the penis to release dopamine