Exam 3 Flashcards
Who is another pioneer in humanistic psychotherapy?
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic Psychotherapy
Carl Rogers is a pioneered in the belief people are born with the tendency toward healthy growth like plants this tendency is called self-actualization.
What is the primary goal of Humanistic Psychotherapy?
to foster self-actualization the natural growth toward psychological wellness.
Positive Regard or as Roger’s called it “prizing”
the warmth, love, and acceptance of those around us. People need it like plants need sunlight.
What is this an example of “Parent loves her teenage daughter “no matter what.”
Unconditional positive regard. The therapist must prove this to their clients. full acceptance of the client
For Humanistic Psychotherapists what it the root of psychopathology and psychological health?
When people compare the selves they actually are (real self) to the selves they could be if they fulfilled their own potential (ideal self) they perceive a discrepancy which is called Incongruence.
What the 3 essential therapeutic conditions for the Humanistic approach?
- ) Empathy (strong emphasis)
- ) Unconditional Positive Regard
- ) Genuineness
Empathy
when the therapist is able to sense the client’s emotions, just as the client would, to perceive and understand the events of their lives in a compassionate way without judgment.
Conditional Positive Regard
Leads to conditional positive self regard which demonstrates that we are prized “only if” we meet certain conditions.
Genuineness
Therapist’s true feelings of empathy and prizing towards their client. The therapist is not putting up a front or faking it.
What makes the humanistic approach different from other therapy styles?
They view UPR, genuineness, and empathy as attitudes rather than behaviors. “How” therapists should “be” VERSUS “what” they should “do”
A therapist behavior that humanistic psychotherapists believe is significant during therapy?
Reflection - therapist rephrases or restates client’s statements to highlight client’s feelings or emotions. Shows the therapist’s appreciation of the client’s emotional experience as well
Who originally developed existential psychotherapy? The premise that each person is essentially alone in the world and that realization of this fact can overwhelm us with anxiety.
Rollo May, Victor Frankl, and Irvin Yalom
This type of therapy was founded by Fritz Pearls and emphasizes a holistic approach?
Gestalt therapy includes attending to client’s mental and physical perceptions by role-playing to encourage clients to reach their full potential.
What is a contemporary form of humanistic psychotherapy that has the most recent positive empirical evidence?
Motivational Interviewing developed by William Miller. A revised application of basic humanistic principles which can identify “sustain talk” where the client argues in favor of continuing problem behavior.
In the 1990s Martin Seligman lead this psychological movement
Positive Psychology - emphasizes human strengths and symptom reduction rather than pathology and the cultivation of happiness in psychotherapy.
Who was a pioneer in psychotherapy outcome research?
Carl Rogers - in the 1940s was the first to audio-record therapy sessions to use in training and research.
Who is the first historical figure for behavioral psychology (the clinical application of behavioral principles)? He was not a psychologist but a physiologist
Ivan Pavlov
This man argued that the lessons learned from Pavlov’s dogs could be applied to human behavior.
John Watson (psychology should refrain from focusing on the inner workings of the mind and should instead examine the ways in which conditioning shapes behavior.
Who created the Law of Effect which states that all organisms pay attention to the consequences of their actions? What is the Law of Effect the basis of?
E.L. Thorndike, it is also the basis of operant conditioning
B.F. Skinner made the case that _____ _____, the mechanism by which the Law of Effect influenced behavior, was a great influence on human behavior like classical conditioning.
operant conditioning
What is the primary goal of behavioral psychotherapy?
Observable behavior change
Behavior therapy places an emphasis on a _______ _______, the way the treatment of problem behaviors should be stated so it can have measurable outcomes.
Testable Hypothesis
Behavior therapy places an emphasis on a _______, regularly collected data on their clients to define problems with observable behaviors.
empiricism or empirical data
What are two classical conditioning techniques?
- ) Exposure Therapy
2. ) Systematic Desensitization
What are two operant conditioning techniques?
- ) Contingency management
2. ) Token economies
______ _______ is a setting which clients earn tokens for participating in predetermined target behaviors. It is used in the American criminal justice system.
Token Economy, these tokens can be exchanged for a number of reinforcements
Shaping (a type of operant conditioning)
reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior
What happens in exposure therapy?
real-life or imaginal versions of anxiety stimuli, or “face your fears” therapy where an anxiety hierarchy (the therapist creates a list with about 10 stimuli that might induce fear) is made.
What are 2 good treatments for anxiety disorders?
- ) Exposure therapy
2. ) Systematic desensitization
What application of exposure therapy has received substantial empirical support for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Exposure and response prevention
When the therapist takes a patient with fear of airplanes to an airport to relax when near an airplane? What type of exposure is this?
In vivo desensitization
What does systematic desensitization use that exposure therapy does not?
Relaxation training
Punishment
any consequence that makes behavior less likely to recur in the future
positive reinforcement
always increases behavior
getting something good
negative reinforcement = losing something bad such as pain
negative punishment
always decreases behavior
losing something good
positive punishment = getting something bad
Contingency management
change the consequences of behavior AND behavior will change. The “if…then…” statements that govern our behavior
Observational Learning
Learning from experiences of others also called modeling and social learning
What are two behavioral psychotherapy principles?
- ) Parent training - specific form of behavioral consultation in which parents seek help with with problematic behaviors of their children.
- ) Teacher training - like parent training but the emphasis is on behaviors that take place at school. In school’s use social skills training to have students practice listening to each other and role-playing to meet new people
Self Efficacy
A person’s perception of how well one can perform in a specific situation
” Are there things you are not doing now you typically do when not depressed? The most important question in behavioral activation, behavioral activation
In the day-to-day lives of depressed people, there is a shortage of positive reinforcement, so the goal is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client.
What are 4 steps of behavioral consultation?
- ) Problem Identification - target behavior is defined
- ) Problem Analysis - therapist identifies the reinforcement contingency that maintains current behavior
- ) Plan Implementation - consultee carries out recommended intervention
- ) Plan Evaluation - consultant and consultee measure client’s progress
This therapy has increased since the 1980s with pioneers such as Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis as leader in this movement?
Cognitive Therapy
What is the goal of cognitive therapy?
logical thought
What is the root of psychological problems in cognitive therapy?
The way we think about events determines the way we respond, so problems arise from illogical thoughts or interpretation of events
What are the 3 steps of the cognitive therapy process?
- ) Identify illogical thoughts
- ) challenge illogical thoughts
- ) Replace illogical thoughts with logical thoughts
What do cognitive therapists consider themselves as a therapy tool?
Teaching is a therapy tool because they believe one of their duties is to educate their clients about the cognitive approach and give homework
What are the differences between cognitive therapy versus psychodynamic?
Less sessions and cognitive emphasizes the client’s present problems
What are the differences between cognitive therapy versus humanistic?
More structured and less spontaneous
Who believed humans are rational and irrational, can be creative and grow and be self-destructive and make same mistakes over and over?
Albert Ellis
Albert Ellis believed humans have 4 kinds of irrational beliefs?
- ) Dogmatic demands
- ) awfulising
- ) low frustration tolerance
- ) self and other downing
What type of therapy did Albert Ellis create?
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Albert Ellis created the ABCDE model for understanding and recording the impact of cognitions on emotions.
Activating belief Belief Emotional Consequence Dispute (patient's irrational thoughts) Effective New Belief
Who created the type of cognitive therapy as a way to conceptualize and treat depression? What was his cognitive triad?
1.) Thoughts about self
2.) External world
3.) future
all contribute to our mental health
One example of Aaron Beck’s common thought distortions is patient believes recent breakup with her boyfriend is all her fault?
Personalization
Another one of Beck’s common thought distortions deals with expecting the worse which is unlikely to occur?
Catastrophizing
What are Beck’s 4 systems for survival?
- ) Cognitive
- ) Behavioral
- ) Affective
4) Motivational
In cognitive therapy what do the phrases “Nobody wants me around,” “I never have anything to say,” and “I’m not very nice looking” an example of?
Automatic thoughts
What is one logical fallacy and common thought distortion in cognitive therapy an example being “Because I’m not good at science, I am a lousy student?”
Overgeneralization
Another common thought distortion, an example is an Athlete suffers minor muscle pull, says his career is over! or an adult son calls his mother every day and she does not see any dependency problems
Magnification / Minimization
