Exam 3

Question 0

Who is another pioneer in humanistic psychotherapy?

Answer 0

Abraham Maslow

Question 1

Humanistic Psychotherapy

Answer 1

Carl Rogers is a pioneered in the belief people are born with the tendency toward healthy growth like plants this tendency is called self-actualization.

Question 2

What is the primary goal of Humanistic Psychotherapy?

Answer 2

to foster self-actualization the natural growth toward psychological wellness.

Question 3

Positive Regard or as Roger’s called it “prizing”

Answer 3

the warmth, love, and acceptance of those around us. People need it like plants need sunlight.

Question 4

What is this an example of “Parent loves her teenage daughter “no matter what.”

Answer 4

Unconditional positive regard. The therapist must prove this to their clients. full acceptance of the client

Question 5

For Humanistic Psychotherapists what it the root of psychopathology and psychological health?

Answer 5

When people compare the selves they actually are (real self) to the selves they could be if they fulfilled their own potential (ideal self) they perceive a discrepancy which is called Incongruence.

Question 6

What the 3 essential therapeutic conditions for the Humanistic approach?

Answer 6

1. ) Empathy (strong emphasis)
2. ) Unconditional Positive Regard
3. ) Genuineness

Question 7

Empathy

Answer 7

when the therapist is able to sense the client’s emotions, just as the client would, to perceive and understand the events of their lives in a compassionate way without judgment.

Question 8

Conditional Positive Regard

Answer 8

Leads to conditional positive self regard which demonstrates that we are prized “only if” we meet certain conditions.

Question 9

Genuineness

Answer 9

Therapist’s true feelings of empathy and prizing towards their client. The therapist is not putting up a front or faking it.

Question 10

What makes the humanistic approach different from other therapy styles?

Answer 10

They view UPR, genuineness, and empathy as attitudes rather than behaviors. “How” therapists should “be” VERSUS “what” they should “do”

Question 11

A therapist behavior that humanistic psychotherapists believe is significant during therapy?

Answer 11

Reflection - therapist rephrases or restates client’s statements to highlight client’s feelings or emotions. Shows the therapist’s appreciation of the client’s emotional experience as well

Question 12

Who originally developed existential psychotherapy? The premise that each person is essentially alone in the world and that realization of this fact can overwhelm us with anxiety.

Answer 12

Rollo May, Victor Frankl, and Irvin Yalom

Question 13

This type of therapy was founded by Fritz Pearls and emphasizes a holistic approach?

Answer 13

Gestalt therapy includes attending to client’s mental and physical perceptions by role-playing to encourage clients to reach their full potential.

Question 14

What is a contemporary form of humanistic psychotherapy that has the most recent positive empirical evidence?

Answer 14

Motivational Interviewing developed by William Miller. A revised application of basic humanistic principles which can identify “sustain talk” where the client argues in favor of continuing problem behavior.

Question 15

In the 1990s Martin Seligman lead this psychological movement

Answer 15

Positive Psychology - emphasizes human strengths and symptom reduction rather than pathology and the cultivation of happiness in psychotherapy.

Question 16

Who was a pioneer in psychotherapy outcome research?

Answer 16

Carl Rogers - in the 1940s was the first to audio-record therapy sessions to use in training and research.

Question 17

Who is the first historical figure for behavioral psychology (the clinical application of behavioral principles)? He was not a psychologist but a physiologist

Answer 17

Ivan Pavlov

Question 18

This man argued that the lessons learned from Pavlov’s dogs could be applied to human behavior.

Answer 18

John Watson (psychology should refrain from focusing on the inner workings of the mind and should instead examine the ways in which conditioning shapes behavior.

Question 19

Who created the Law of Effect which states that all organisms pay attention to the consequences of their actions? What is the Law of Effect the basis of?

Answer 19

E.L. Thorndike, it is also the basis of operant conditioning

Question 20

B.F. Skinner made the case that _____ _____, the mechanism by which the Law of Effect influenced behavior, was a great influence on human behavior like classical conditioning.

Answer 20

operant conditioning

Question 21

What is the primary goal of behavioral psychotherapy?

Answer 21

Observable behavior change

Question 22

Behavior therapy places an emphasis on a _______ _______, the way the treatment of problem behaviors should be stated so it can have measurable outcomes.

Answer 22

Testable Hypothesis

Question 23

Behavior therapy places an emphasis on a _______, regularly collected data on their clients to define problems with observable behaviors.

Answer 23

empiricism or empirical data

Question 24

What are two classical conditioning techniques?

Answer 24

1. ) Exposure Therapy | 2. ) Systematic Desensitization

Question 25

What are two operant conditioning techniques?

Answer 25

1. ) Contingency management | 2. ) Token economies

Question 26

______ _______ is a setting which clients earn tokens for participating in predetermined target behaviors. It is used in the American criminal justice system.

Answer 26

Token Economy, these tokens can be exchanged for a number of reinforcements

Question 27

Shaping (a type of operant conditioning)

Answer 27

reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior

Question 28

What happens in exposure therapy?

Answer 28

real-life or imaginal versions of anxiety stimuli, or "face your fears" therapy where an anxiety hierarchy (the therapist creates a list with about 10 stimuli that might induce fear) is made.

Question 29

What are 2 good treatments for anxiety disorders?

Answer 29

1. ) Exposure therapy | 2. ) Systematic desensitization

Question 30

What application of exposure therapy has received substantial empirical support for obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Answer 30

Exposure and response prevention

Question 31

When the therapist takes a patient with fear of airplanes to an airport to relax when near an airplane? What type of exposure is this?

Answer 31

In vivo desensitization

Question 32

What does systematic desensitization use that exposure therapy does not?

Answer 32

Relaxation training

Question 33

Punishment

Answer 33

any consequence that makes behavior less likely to recur in the future

Question 34

positive reinforcement | always increases behavior

Answer 34

getting something good negative reinforcement = losing something bad such as pain

Question 35

negative punishment | always decreases behavior

Answer 35

losing something good positive punishment = getting something bad

Question 36

Contingency management

Answer 36

change the consequences of behavior AND behavior will change. The "if...then..." statements that govern our behavior

Question 37

Observational Learning

Answer 37

Learning from experiences of others also called modeling and social learning

Question 38

What are two behavioral psychotherapy principles?

Answer 38

1. ) Parent training - specific form of behavioral consultation in which parents seek help with with problematic behaviors of their children. 2. ) Teacher training - like parent training but the emphasis is on behaviors that take place at school. In school's use social skills training to have students practice listening to each other and role-playing to meet new people

Question 39

Self Efficacy

Answer 39

A person's perception of how well one can perform in a specific situation

Question 40

" Are there things you are not doing now you typically do when not depressed? The most important question in behavioral activation, behavioral activation

Answer 40

In the day-to-day lives of depressed people, there is a shortage of positive reinforcement, so the goal is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client.

Question 41

What are 4 steps of behavioral consultation?

Answer 41

1. ) Problem Identification - target behavior is defined 2. ) Problem Analysis - therapist identifies the reinforcement contingency that maintains current behavior 3. ) Plan Implementation - consultee carries out recommended intervention 4. ) Plan Evaluation - consultant and consultee measure client's progress

Question 42

This therapy has increased since the 1980s with pioneers such as Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis as leader in this movement?

Answer 42

Cognitive Therapy

Question 43

What is the goal of cognitive therapy?

Answer 43

logical thought

Question 44

What is the root of psychological problems in cognitive therapy?

Answer 44

The way we think about events determines the way we respond, so problems arise from illogical thoughts or interpretation of events

Question 45

What are the 3 steps of the cognitive therapy process?

Answer 45

1. ) Identify illogical thoughts 2. ) challenge illogical thoughts 3. ) Replace illogical thoughts with logical thoughts

Question 46

What do cognitive therapists consider themselves as a therapy tool?

Answer 46

Teaching is a therapy tool because they believe one of their duties is to educate their clients about the cognitive approach and give homework

Question 47

What are the differences between cognitive therapy versus psychodynamic?

Answer 47

Less sessions and cognitive emphasizes the client's present problems

Question 48

What are the differences between cognitive therapy versus humanistic?

Answer 48

More structured and less spontaneous

Question 49

Who believed humans are rational and irrational, can be creative and grow and be self-destructive and make same mistakes over and over?

Answer 49

Albert Ellis

Question 50

Albert Ellis believed humans have 4 kinds of irrational beliefs?

Answer 50

1. ) Dogmatic demands 2. ) awfulising 3. ) low frustration tolerance 4. ) self and other downing

Question 51

What type of therapy did Albert Ellis create?

Answer 51

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Question 52

Albert Ellis created the ABCDE model for understanding and recording the impact of cognitions on emotions.

Answer 52

``` Activating belief Belief Emotional Consequence Dispute (patient's irrational thoughts) Effective New Belief ```

Question 53

Who created the type of cognitive therapy as a way to conceptualize and treat depression? What was his cognitive triad?

Answer 53

1.) Thoughts about self 2.) External world 3.) future all contribute to our mental health

Question 54

One example of Aaron Beck's common thought distortions is patient believes recent breakup with her boyfriend is all her fault?

Answer 54

Personalization

Question 55

Another one of Beck's common thought distortions deals with expecting the worse which is unlikely to occur?

Answer 55

Catastrophizing

Question 56

What are Beck's 4 systems for survival?

Answer 56

1. ) Cognitive 2. ) Behavioral 3. ) Affective 4) Motivational

Question 57

In cognitive therapy what do the phrases "Nobody wants me around," "I never have anything to say," and "I'm not very nice looking" an example of?

Answer 57

Automatic thoughts

Question 58

What is one logical fallacy and common thought distortion in cognitive therapy an example being "Because I'm not good at science, I am a lousy student?"

Answer 58

Overgeneralization

Question 59

Another common thought distortion, an example is an Athlete suffers minor muscle pull, says his career is over! or an adult son calls his mother every day and she does not see any dependency problems

Answer 59

Magnification / Minimization