Exam 3 Flashcards
Low birth weight baby
Baby weighing less than 5.5lbs
Iron
Leading nutrient deficiency worldwide
Caused by poor intake of iron rich foods, blood loss (menstruating), high needs (like a pregnant woman)
Symptoms: fatigue, pale
RBCs are smaller (microcytic) and paler than usual and there aren’t as many of them
Toxic in high amounts
Heme Iron
Efficiently Absorbed
Food sources: meat, fish, poultry
Non-heme Iron
Not efficiently absorbed
Food sources: tofu, whole grains, dried fruit, beans
Folate
Important in first weeks of pregnancy-neural tube development
Spina Bifida
Food sources: enriched grains (white rice, pasta, bread), fruit, beans
Can also effect RBCs-causes big immature RBCs (B12 has same effect on RBCs) called macrocytic
Vitamin B12
Deficiency: Macrocytic anemia-big immature RBCs (like folate)
Stomach makes intrinsic factor which helps with B12 absorption in the ileum
Works with folate to help large immature RBCs to split into 2 regular sized RBCs
Groups at risk: Pernicious anemia=lack of a intrinsic factor (need B12 injections), elderly=lack of stomach acid/intrinsic factor, vegans, people with ileum problems
Dietary sources: animal meat, cereal
Vitamin K
Blood clotting
Bacteria makes some in LI, also gotten from food
Fat soluble
Deficiency: blood doesn’t clot
Dietary sources: Green vegetables, milk, liver
Water
Most essential nutrient
Body’s cooling system (perspiration)
Movement of electrolytes allows water to flow
Kidneys help with fluid balance
Osmotic Pressure
Charged molecules (Na+) pull water into and out of cells
Sodium
Electrolyte
Functions: movement of water
Food sources: fast food, processed food
Deficiency caused by excessive losses such as vomiting or excessive sweating
Potassium
Deficiency: muscle weakness, changes in heart rate
Food source: fresh fruit (banana) and veges
Hypertension
High Blood Pressure Risk factors: Treatment: weight loss, exercise, DASH diet D=Dietary A=Approach to S=Stop H=Hypertension
Weight status in fetus
<5.5lbs=underweight
Substances to avoid when pregnant
Alcohol
Drugs
Foodborn illness
Potential problems during pregnancy
Gestational diabetes
Pregnancy induced hypertension
Colostrum
First breastmilk
Rich in antibodies and beta-carotene
Yellowish and thick
Antibodies promote growth of good bacteria in baby’s GI tract b/c baby’s are born with sterile GI tract
Composition of breastmilk
High in fat (50% of calories in breastmilk come from fat)
Normal weight growth
Infants double weight in first 6 months and triple weight in first year
Food preference development
Offer child a lot of nutritious foods
May need to see a new food 8 times before they’ll try it=repeated exposure
Hyperactivity in kids
Caused by caffeine in candy/beverages NOT the sugar
Body composition changes in puberty
Females put on more fat
Males put on more muscle
Obesity in adolescence-how treatment is different than in adults
May not want them to lose weight-maintain weight instead so as they grow they’re BMI normalizes
Avoid restrictive diets
Why are elderly at risk for diminished food intake
Depression
Medications affecting appetite
Hard to cook-can’t carry a heavy pot
Why are elderly at risk for dehydration
Don’t have a strong thirst sensation
Kidneys have aged and don’t work as well
Food assistance programs
SNAP program-food stamps (debit card)
Meals on wheels delivers meals to house
What is considered a drink
12oz beer
5oz wine
Positives and negatives of alcohol
Alcohol doesn't have to be digested. It gets absorbed and goes to liver to get metabolized Vitamin B1 is almost always deficient in alcoholics Negatives: Provide a lot of calories (7cal/g) Fatty liver can develop into cirrhosis Fetal alcohol syndrome Positives: Improve appetite in elderly
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Distinctive facial characteristics
Mental retardation
Anorexia
Diagnosis criteria: intensive fear of gaining weight, refusal to maintain normal weight, excessive exercise and not eating a lot
Complications: Malnutrition related
Treatment: Important psychological component
Bulemia
Diagnosis criteria: Binging and purging
They are normal body weight
May abuse laxatives and diuretics and over exercise
Complications: Purging related
Treatment: Important psychological component
Binge eating
Diagnosis criteria: Compulsive over eating, most common eating disorder
Complications: Obesity/weight gain related
Treatment: Important psychological component
Benefits of activity
Increase HDL (good cholesterol)
Lowers blood pressure
Lower risk of heart disease
Increase bone density (weight bearing exercise)
Decreases risk of obesity
Decreases risk of certain types of cancer
Water vs Sports drink
Over an hour of workout=sports drink
Under an hour of workout=water
Negatives of anabolic steroids and growth hormone
Both cause increase in muscle size
Liver damage
Cardiovascular events
Cancer risk
What to eat before working out
Meal rich in carbs
Low in fiber and fat
Fuel sources in exercise
A few seconds worth of energy from ATP and phosphocreatine
Hour walk=mostly carbs, some fat
Protein is used to repair muscle tissue (only a little is used for fuel)
Food insecurity
Correlated to obesity-fast food is cheaper
People living in poverty and the homeless
WIC
Women, infants and children up to age 5
Provides formula to infants
Coupons for specific foods-rich in nutrients they need
School lunch/breakfast program
Free lunch/breakfast for kids
Depends on family income
Congregate meals
Free noon meals at community center or church
Allows elderly to get out of the house and eat with other people
Elderly tend to eat more when they’re with others
Zinc
Dietary source: foods high in protein
Excess will decrease copper absorption
Immune system
Groups at risk: people taking too much iron, copper, fiber
Copper
Iron metabolism
Deficiency: anemia-microcytic like iron deficiency
Groups at risk: people taking too much zinc
Dietary sources: beans, seeds, nuts
Intrinsic factor
Made in stomach
Hooks up to B12 and helps absorption
How much should a normal weight woman gain when pregnant
25-35lbs
Advantages of breast-feeding
Nutritional quality
Protection from infections and allergies
Mother-infant bonding
Convenience and low cost
Infant formula
Has nutrients baby needs to grow
Cow milk is not appropriate in the first year of life b/c it does not have all the needed nutrients
Symptoms of alcohol poisoning
Cold and clammy skin
Bluish tint to skin
Irregular breathing
Loss of consciousness
Binge drinking
5 or more drinks for men and 4 or more for women on one occasion
Can cause alcohol poisoning
Life expectancy vs Lifespan
Life expectancy=maximum number of years of human life (has stayed about the same-116 yrs old)
Lifespan=average time a person can expect to live (has increased over time)
Cirrhosis
Damage to liver cells-from alcohol and filling with fat
Ammonia increases in blood-can’t get rid of the nitrogen if liver doesn’t work properly
Can also be caused by obesity
Fatty liver
Excess alcohol is converted to fat and stored in liver
Female Athlete Triad
Female athletes who train strenuously
1) Amenorrhea
2) Disordered eating behaviors
3) Osteoporosis (stress fractures)
