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Human Nutrition > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Low birth weight baby

A

Baby weighing less than 5.5lbs

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2
Q

Iron

A

Leading nutrient deficiency worldwide
Caused by poor intake of iron rich foods, blood loss (menstruating), high needs (like a pregnant woman)
Symptoms: fatigue, pale
RBCs are smaller (microcytic) and paler than usual and there aren’t as many of them
Toxic in high amounts

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3
Q

Heme Iron

A

Efficiently Absorbed

Food sources: meat, fish, poultry

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4
Q

Non-heme Iron

A

Not efficiently absorbed

Food sources: tofu, whole grains, dried fruit, beans

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5
Q

Folate

A

Important in first weeks of pregnancy-neural tube development
Spina Bifida
Food sources: enriched grains (white rice, pasta, bread), fruit, beans
Can also effect RBCs-causes big immature RBCs (B12 has same effect on RBCs) called macrocytic

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6
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Deficiency: Macrocytic anemia-big immature RBCs (like folate)
Stomach makes intrinsic factor which helps with B12 absorption in the ileum
Works with folate to help large immature RBCs to split into 2 regular sized RBCs
Groups at risk: Pernicious anemia=lack of a intrinsic factor (need B12 injections), elderly=lack of stomach acid/intrinsic factor, vegans, people with ileum problems
Dietary sources: animal meat, cereal

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7
Q

Vitamin K

A

Blood clotting
Bacteria makes some in LI, also gotten from food
Fat soluble
Deficiency: blood doesn’t clot
Dietary sources: Green vegetables, milk, liver

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8
Q

Water

A

Most essential nutrient
Body’s cooling system (perspiration)
Movement of electrolytes allows water to flow
Kidneys help with fluid balance

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9
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Charged molecules (Na+) pull water into and out of cells

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10
Q

Sodium

A

Electrolyte
Functions: movement of water
Food sources: fast food, processed food
Deficiency caused by excessive losses such as vomiting or excessive sweating

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11
Q

Potassium

A

Deficiency: muscle weakness, changes in heart rate

Food source: fresh fruit (banana) and veges

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12
Q

Hypertension

A 
High Blood Pressure
Risk factors:
Treatment: weight loss, exercise, DASH diet
D=Dietary
A=Approach to
S=Stop
H=Hypertension
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13
Q

Weight status in fetus

A

<5.5lbs=underweight

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14
Q

Substances to avoid when pregnant

A

Alcohol
Drugs
Foodborn illness

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15
Q

Potential problems during pregnancy

A

Gestational diabetes

Pregnancy induced hypertension

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16
Q

Colostrum

A

First breastmilk
Rich in antibodies and beta-carotene
Yellowish and thick
Antibodies promote growth of good bacteria in baby’s GI tract b/c baby’s are born with sterile GI tract

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17
Q

Composition of breastmilk

A

High in fat (50% of calories in breastmilk come from fat)

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18
Q

Normal weight growth

A

Infants double weight in first 6 months and triple weight in first year

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19
Q

Food preference development

A

Offer child a lot of nutritious foods

May need to see a new food 8 times before they’ll try it=repeated exposure

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20
Q

Hyperactivity in kids

A

Caused by caffeine in candy/beverages NOT the sugar

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21
Q

Body composition changes in puberty

A

Females put on more fat

Males put on more muscle

22
Q

Obesity in adolescence-how treatment is different than in adults

A

May not want them to lose weight-maintain weight instead so as they grow they’re BMI normalizes
Avoid restrictive diets

23
Q

Why are elderly at risk for diminished food intake

A

Depression
Medications affecting appetite
Hard to cook-can’t carry a heavy pot

24
Q

Why are elderly at risk for dehydration

A

Don’t have a strong thirst sensation

Kidneys have aged and don’t work as well

25
Q

Food assistance programs

A

SNAP program-food stamps (debit card)

Meals on wheels delivers meals to house

26
Q

What is considered a drink

A

12oz beer

5oz wine

27
Q

Positives and negatives of alcohol

A 
Alcohol doesn't have to be digested. It gets absorbed and goes to liver to get metabolized
Vitamin B1 is almost always deficient in alcoholics
Negatives: 
Provide a lot of calories (7cal/g)
Fatty liver can develop into cirrhosis
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Positives: 
Improve appetite in elderly
28
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Distinctive facial characteristics

Mental retardation

29
Q

Anorexia

A

Diagnosis criteria: intensive fear of gaining weight, refusal to maintain normal weight, excessive exercise and not eating a lot
Complications: Malnutrition related
Treatment: Important psychological component

30
Q

Bulemia

A

Diagnosis criteria: Binging and purging
They are normal body weight
May abuse laxatives and diuretics and over exercise
Complications: Purging related
Treatment: Important psychological component

31
Q

Binge eating

A

Diagnosis criteria: Compulsive over eating, most common eating disorder
Complications: Obesity/weight gain related
Treatment: Important psychological component

32
Q

Benefits of activity

A

Increase HDL (good cholesterol)
Lowers blood pressure
Lower risk of heart disease
Increase bone density (weight bearing exercise)
Decreases risk of obesity
Decreases risk of certain types of cancer

33
Q

Water vs Sports drink

A

Over an hour of workout=sports drink

Under an hour of workout=water

34
Q

Negatives of anabolic steroids and growth hormone

A

Both cause increase in muscle size
Liver damage
Cardiovascular events
Cancer risk

35
Q

What to eat before working out

A

Meal rich in carbs

Low in fiber and fat

36
Q

Fuel sources in exercise

A

A few seconds worth of energy from ATP and phosphocreatine
Hour walk=mostly carbs, some fat
Protein is used to repair muscle tissue (only a little is used for fuel)

37
Q

Food insecurity

A

Correlated to obesity-fast food is cheaper

People living in poverty and the homeless

38
Q

WIC

A

Women, infants and children up to age 5
Provides formula to infants
Coupons for specific foods-rich in nutrients they need

39
Q

School lunch/breakfast program

A

Free lunch/breakfast for kids

Depends on family income

40
Q

Congregate meals

A

Free noon meals at community center or church
Allows elderly to get out of the house and eat with other people
Elderly tend to eat more when they’re with others

41
Q

Zinc

A

Dietary source: foods high in protein
Excess will decrease copper absorption
Immune system
Groups at risk: people taking too much iron, copper, fiber

42
Q

Copper

A

Iron metabolism
Deficiency: anemia-microcytic like iron deficiency
Groups at risk: people taking too much zinc
Dietary sources: beans, seeds, nuts

43
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Made in stomach

Hooks up to B12 and helps absorption

44
Q

How much should a normal weight woman gain when pregnant

A

25-35lbs

45
Q

Advantages of breast-feeding

A

Nutritional quality
Protection from infections and allergies
Mother-infant bonding
Convenience and low cost

46
Q

Infant formula

A

Has nutrients baby needs to grow

Cow milk is not appropriate in the first year of life b/c it does not have all the needed nutrients

47
Q

Symptoms of alcohol poisoning

A

Cold and clammy skin
Bluish tint to skin
Irregular breathing
Loss of consciousness

48
Q

Binge drinking

A

5 or more drinks for men and 4 or more for women on one occasion
Can cause alcohol poisoning

49
Q

Life expectancy vs Lifespan

A

Life expectancy=maximum number of years of human life (has stayed about the same-116 yrs old)
Lifespan=average time a person can expect to live (has increased over time)

50
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Damage to liver cells-from alcohol and filling with fat
Ammonia increases in blood-can’t get rid of the nitrogen if liver doesn’t work properly
Can also be caused by obesity

51
Q

Fatty liver

A

Excess alcohol is converted to fat and stored in liver

52
Q

Female Athlete Triad

A

Female athletes who train strenuously

1) Amenorrhea
2) Disordered eating behaviors
3) Osteoporosis (stress fractures)

Human Nutrition (2 decks)

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