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Human Nutrition > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

Body can’t make on its own
Has to be gotten through the diet
9 out of 20 a.a.’s are essential
Provide a source of nitrogen for other compounds

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2
Q

Nonessential Amino Acids

A

Body can make
But can still be gotten through diet
11 out of 20 a.a.’s are nonessential
Provide a source of nitrogen for other compounds

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3
Q

Structure of amino acid

A

1) amine group:
always has a nitrogen
2) carbon skeleton:
central carbon with hydrogen(backbone), acid group, r-group(sidechain)

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4
Q

Function of a.a. r-group

A

1) differentiates one a.a. from another
2) determines the structure
3) determines the function of the a.a.

Some a.a.’s have similar r-groups which affects where they are absorbed

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5
Q

Dipeptide

A

2 a.a.’s linked together

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6
Q

Polypeptide

A

many a.a.’s linked together

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7
Q

Denaturation

A

straightening or uncoiling protein so the enzymes can get in and break apart the bonds

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8
Q

Transamination

A

transfer of an amine group (nitrogen group) to the carbon skeleton to form a different nonessential a.a.

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9
Q

Deamination

A

removal of the amine group from an a.a.

Could create glucose with C, H, O (if no carbs available)

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10
Q

Nitrogen excretion

A

Nitrogen goes to liver where it is converted to urea and sent to kidneys to be excreted

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11
Q

Complete protein

A

all 9 essential a.a.’s in the optimal ratios

Ex: meat, dairy, seafood

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12
Q

Incomplete protein

A

missing or has a low amount of one or more essential a.a.’s

Ex: nuts, grains, vegetables, beans

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13
Q

Complementary protein

A

combining 2 incomplete proteins to get all 9 essential a.a.’s
Ex: beans and rice

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14
Q

Animal protein vs plant protein

A

Animal protein:
more saturated fat and calories, less fiber
Plant protein:
less saturated fat and calories, more fiber

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15
Q

Kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition)

A 
getting calories (mainly carb) but not protein
Ex: child in third world country that relies on rice
impaired growth, mental retardation, impaired immune system, edema, intestinal malabsorption
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16
Q

Edema

A

swelling due to lack of protein

Protein pulls fluid back into the blood

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17
Q

Marmasmus (protein-energy malnutrition)

A

not getting calories (they’re starving)
Ex: starving child in third world country or anorexic child in U.S.
Also deficient in all other nutrients

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18
Q

Vitamin B6

A

1) Water soluble
2) Functions in a.a. metabolism, heme synthesis (RBC, hemoglobin)
3) Deficiency symptoms: anemia (deficiency is rare)
4) Dietary sources: meat, fish, poultry, nuts, potatoes, green vegetables, purple fruits, bananas

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19
Q

Anabolism

A

Building body compounds

Ex: making muscle, gaining fat

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20
Q

Catabolism

A

Break down the basic building units for energy and excretion

Ex: breaking down fat/muscle for energy (losing weight)

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21
Q

Glucose

A

only carb we get energy from

six carbons

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22
Q

Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

A

1) Water soluble
2) Coenzyme (works with an enzyme) for energy metabolism/plays a role in metabolism or neurotransmitter
3) Deficiency symptoms: Beriberi, dementia and amnesia, weakness
Alcoholics are at high risk for deficiency
4) Dietary sources: whole grains, enriched grains, green leafy vegetables, legumes, pork

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23
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

sensitive to light, air and heat

1) B1, B2, B6, niacin, biotin, C

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24
Q

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

A

1) Water soluble
2) transfer of energy to ATP
3) Deficiency symptoms: weakness, dry skin
4) Dietary sources: enriched flour products, milk, green leafy vegetables
Very sensitive to light (can be lost in glass milk bottles)

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25
Q

Niacin

A

1) Water soluble
2) transfer of energy from ATP, formation of fatty acids
3) Deficiency symptoms: Pellagra (4 D’s)-dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
4) Dietary sources: whole grains, enriched flour/grains, protein with tryptophan

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26
Q

Pantothenate

A 
Pan=everywhere
Found in almost all foods
1) Water soluble
2) aerobic energy metabolism
3) Deficiency symptoms: weakness
4) Dietary sources: whole grains, meat, milk
27
Q

Biotin

A

1) Water soluble
2) energy metabolism
3) Deficiency symptoms: weakness
4) Dietary sources: meat, milk, egg yolks, nuts
Groups at risk=people that eat a lot of raw egg whites

28
Q

Chromium

A

1) Trace mineral
2) enhances ability of insulin to move glucose from blood into cells (works with insulin to move glucose out of blood)
3) Deficiency symptoms: rise in blood glucose levels
4) Dietary sources: whole grains, mushrooms, nuts, cereals

29
Q

Iodine

A

1) Trace mineral
2) synthesis of thyroid hormones (regulate body temperature and metabolic rate)
3) Deficiency symptoms: goiter
4) Dietary sources: iodized salt, seafood, dairy foods, some vegetables (depending on soil content)
Groups at risk=lack of iodized salt intake, people who live in places with low iodine content (in the soil)

30
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

calories your body burns to keep you alive
Ex: heartbeat, kidney filtering waste
The more muscle you have, the higher your metabolic rate
60-75% of total energy expenditure

31
Q

Physical activity

A

we have the most control over this

15-35% of the total energy expenditure

32
Q

Thermic effect of food (TEF)

A

About 100 calories/day
Energy costs associated with digestion, absorption, and metabolism of food
5-10% of daily energy expenditure

33
Q

Android

A

Apple shape
Lots of visceral fat
More common in men

34
Q

Gynecoid

A

Pear shape
Excess hip/femoral fat
More common in women
Harder to lose

35
Q

Measures of body fat (technology)

A

1) skinfold measurements
2) under water weighing (hydrostatic)
3) BOD POD (air displacement)
4) bioelectric impedance
5) dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

36
Q

Thrifty gene theory

A

hypothesis suggesting that some people have a gene that causes them to be energetically thrifty (thrifty gene) and expend less energy at rest and during physical activity

37
Q

Set-point

A

each person is “programmed” to weigh a certain amount of to have a particular level of body fat

38
Q

Body fat

A

the number of fat cells times the amount of fat in fat cell

39
Q

Energy regulating hormones (hunger hormones)

A

1) Leptin-made by fat cells, decreases appetite

2) Ghrelin-made in stomach (is a protein that acts as a hormone), stimulates appetite

40
Q

What is the energy deficit to lose 1 lb/week

A

500kcal/day

41
Q

Xenical

A

limits fat absorption by inhibiting the release of fat digesting enzyme

42
Q

Neoplasm

A

new growth

43
Q

Benign neoplasm

A

Pose no problems (except locally)
Cells adhere to one another
Do not invade into other tissues

44
Q

Malignant neoplasm

A

Cancerous
Resists treatment
Harmful cells don’t adhere, they invade surrounding tissue

45
Q

Carcinogen

A

Initiators

Cancer causing substance (initiates cancer)

46
Q

Promoter

A

increases cell division, does not cause cancer

47
Q

Dietary fiber

A

Anti-promoter and anti-carcinogen

Fiber dilutes things and keeps them moving through the GI tract to be excreted

48
Q

Antioxidants

A

Vitamins A, C, E
beta-carotene and selenium
Donate an electron to free radicals and neutralizes them

49
Q

Phytochemicals

A

Act as antioxidants

NOT NUTRIENTS

50
Q

Free radical

A

A molecule that is missing an electron
They bounce around the body looking for another electron and can damage cell DNA (and LDL) causing cancer long term

Oxidation produces free radicals

51
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

A

1) Water soluble
2) immune functions, collagen formation, increases iron absorption
3) protects the lungs, LDL cholesterol, regenerates vitamin E
4) Deficiency symptoms: scurvy
5) Dietary sources: citrus fruits, tomato, dark green vegetables
Groups at risk=smokers, alcoholics, physical stress
Easily destroyed by air and heat

52
Q

Vitamin E

A

1) Lipid soluble
2) Protects cell membrane
3) Deficiency symptoms: anemia (fragile RBCs)
4) Dietary source: plant oils
Groups at risk (same for all fat soluble vitamins): preterm infants, people eating little fat, people with fat malabsorption

53
Q

Vitamin A

A

1) Lipid soluble
2) Vision-especially night vision
Plays a role in the cells surrounding the eye and create moisture and mucus to keep the eye from drying out
3) Deficiency symptoms: night blindness, Xeropthalmia (disintegration/drying out of eye)
Stored in liver
VISION

54
Q

Beta-carotene

A

Phytochemical

Can be converted into inactive form of vitamin A

55
Q

Osteoblasts

A

build bones

56
Q

Osteoclasts

A

chew away at bone tissue

57
Q

Bone turnover

A

Build bone density in first 30 years of life
34-45yrs bone density stays the same
Over 45 yrs-start to lose bone density
After menopause-estrogen levels drop, bone density decreases at a higher rate

58
Q

Blood calcium

A

If not enough in blood (from diet) we get it from the breaking down bones
Functions requiring blood calcium: nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, vascular control (blood pressure)

59
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone mineral and protein

Hard but very brittle bone tissue that breaks easily

60
Q

Fluoride

A

1) Water soluble
2) Health of teeth
3) Found in drinking water (not bottled water) and toothpaste

61
Q

Vitamin D

A

Produced by body when exposed to sunlight
1) Lipid soluble
2) Acts as a hormone-enhances calcium levels
3) Deficiency symptoms: rickets-bones aren’t strong enough to hold up body weight so they bow
CALCIUM

62
Q

Osteomalacia

A

soft bones
not the same as osteoporosis
osteo=bone, malacia=soft

63
Q

Lipid soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E

Human Nutrition (2 decks)

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