Exam 3 Flashcards
supranational
larger institutions and groupings such as the European Union to which states authority or national identity is subordinated
international integration
the process by which supranational institutions come to replace national ones; the gradual shift of some sovereignty from the state to regional or global structures
neofunctionalism
a theory that holds that economic integration generates a “spillover effect:, resulting in increased political integration
security community
a situation in which low expectations of interstate violence permit political cooperation—like NATO
European Union
the official term for the European Community (formerly European Economic Community) and associated treaty organizations; has 28 members
Treaty of Rome
1957: the founding document of the European Economic Community, or common market, now subsumed by the European Union
Euratom
An organization created by the Treaty of Rome to coordinate nuclear power development by pooling research, investment, and management
free trade area
a zone in which there are no tariffs or other restrictions on the movement of goods and services across borders
customs union
a common external tariff adopted by members of a free trade ares, that is, participating states adopt a unified set of tariffs with regards to goods coming in from outside
common market
a zone in which labor, capital, and goods flow freely across borders
common agricultural policy (CAP)
a European Union policy based on the principle that a subsidy extended to farmers in any member country should be extended to farmers in all member countries
European Commission
a European Union body whose members, while appointed by states, are supposed to represent EU interests; they identify problems and propose solutions to the council of ministers
council of the EU
(i.e. council of ministers) a EU institution in which the relevant ministers of each member state meet to enact legislation and reconcile nations interests
European Parliament
a quasi-legislative body of the EU that operates as a watchdog over the European Commission and has limited legislative power
European Court of Justice
A judicial arm of the EU: has a right to overrule national law when it conflicts with EU law
Single European Act
1985: an act that set a target date at the end of 1992 for the creation of a true common marker in the European Community
Maastricht Treaty
1992: achieves common market, commits the EU to monetary union in future and attempts a common foreign policy
euro
aka the European Currency Unit (ECU); used by 19 EU members
Lisbon Treaty
2007: an EU agreement that replaces a failed attempt at an EU constitution with a similar set of reforms strengthening central EU authority and modifying voting procedures among the EU’s expanded membership
digital divide
the gap in access to information technologies between rich and poor and global north and global south
cultural imperialism
a term critical of US dominance of the emerging global culture
tragedy of the commons
a collective goods dilemma that is created when common environmental assets are depleted or degraded through the failure of states to cooperate effectively
enclosure
the splitting of a common areas of good into privately owned pieces, giving individual owners an incentive to manage resources responsibly
global warming
a slow, long-term rise in the average world temperature caused by the emission of greenhouse gases produced by burning fossil fuels–oil, coal, natural gas
UN environment program
(UNEP): a program that monitors environmental conditions and works with the World Meteorological organization to measure changes in global climate
greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide and other gases that, when concentrated in the atmosphere act like the glass of a greenhouse, holding energy in and leading to global warming
kyoto protocol
1997: the main international treaty on global warming, which entered into effect in 2005 and mandates cuts in carbon emissions (US not in)
ozone layer
the part of the atmosphere that screens out harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun; broken down by some chemicals
montreal protocol
1987: an agreement on protection of the ozone layer in which states pledged to reduce and then eliminate use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
biodiversity
the tremendous diversity of plant and animal species making up the earth’s ecosystems
international whaling commission
an IGO that sets quotas for hunting certain whale species; state participation is voluntary
high seas
the portion of the oceans considered common territory and not under any exclusive state jurisdiction
UN convention on the law of the sea
(UNCLOS) 1982: a world treaty governing use of the oceans; established rules on territorial waters and a 200 mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
acid rain
rain caused by air pollution that damages trees and often crosses borders
chernobyl
a city in Ukraine that was the site of a nuclear power plant meltdown in 1986
demographic transtition
the pattern of falling death rates, followed by falling birth rates, that generally accompanies industrialization and economic development
pronatalist
describing government policy that encourages or forces childbearing, and outlaws or limits access to contrceptives
infant mortality rate
the proportion of babies who die within the first year of their life
less-developed countries
the world’s poorest regions–the global south–where most people live, aka developing countries
millennium development goals
UN targets for basic needs measure such as reducing poverty and hunger, adopted in 2000
basic human needs
the fundamental needs of people for adequate food, shelter, health care, sanitation and education; meeting such needs may be thought of as both a moral imperative and a form of investment in “human capital” essential for economic growth
malnutrition
a lack of needed foods including protein and vitamins; about 3 million children die each year from malnutrition causes
subsistence farming
rural communities growing food mainly for their own consumption rather than for sale on local or world markets
cash crops
agricultural goods produced as commodities for export to world markets
urbanization
a shift of population from the countryside to the cities that typically accompanies economic development and is augmented by displacement of peasants from subsistence farming
land reform
policies that aim to break up large landholdings and redistribute land to poor peasants for use in subsistence farming
migration
movement between states; usually emigration form old state and immigration to new state
refugees
people fleeing their countries to find refuge from war, natural disaster, or political persecution; international law distinguishes them from migrants
remittances
money sent home by migrant workers to individuals in their country of origin
economic surplus
a surplus created by investing money in productive capital rather than using it for consumption
world-system
a view of the world in terms of regional class divisions, with industrialized countries as the core, poorest countries as the periphery, and no connections between the periphery
resource curse
the difficulties faced by resource-rich developing countries, including dependence on exporting one or a few commodities whose prices fluctuate and the potential for corruption and inequality
imperialism
the acquisition of colonies by conquest or otherwise
neocolonialism
the continuation, in a former colony, of colonial exploitation without formal political control
dependency theory
a theory that explains the lack of capital accumulation in the third world as a result of the interplay between domestic class relations and the forces of foreign capital
enclave economy
a historically important form of dependency in which foreign capital is invested in a third world country to extract a particular raw material in a particular place
economic development
the combined processes of capital accumulation, rising per capita income, the increasing of skills in the population, the adoption of new technological systems, and other related social and economic changes
newly industrializing countries
third world states that have achieved self-sustaining capital accumulation, with impressive economic growth, i.e. Asian Tigers (South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore)
import substitution
a strategy of developing local industries, often conducted behind protectionist barriers, to produce items that a country had been importing
export-led growth
an economic development strategy that seeks to develop industries capable of competing in specific niches in the world economy
microcredit
the use of very small loans to small groups of individuals to stimulate economic development
technology transfer
third world states acquisition of technology and skills from foreign sources, usually in conjunction with FDI or similar
brain drain
poor countries loss of skilled workers to rich countries
default
failure to make a scheduled debt payment
debt renegotiation
a reworking of the terms on which a loan will be repaid; frequently negotiated by third world debtor governments in order to avoid default
Paris club
a group of first world governments that have loaned money to third world governments; meets periodically to work out terms of debt negotiation
London club
a group of private creditors that have loaned money to southern governments; meets periodically to work out terms of debt negotiation
IMF conditionality
an agreement to loan IMF funds on the condition that certain government policies are adopted
foreign assistance
money or other aid made available to southern countries to help them speed up economic development or meet humanitarian needs
Development assistance committee
(DAC) a committee whose members provide 95 percent of official development assistance to global south countries
bilateral aid
government assistance that goes directly to global south states
multilateral aid
government foreign aid from several states that goes through a third party
UN development program
(UNDP) a program that coordinates the flow of multilateral development assistance and manages 6,000 projects around the world
peace corps
an organization started by JFK in 1961 that provides US volunteers for technical development assistance in third world states
oxfam america
a private charitable group that works with local third world communities to determine the needs of their own people and to carry out development projects; does not operate the projects but provides funding to local organizations to carry them out
disaster relief
provision of short term relief in the form of food, water, shelter, clothing and other essentials to people facing natural disasters
