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IAFS 1000 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

supranational

A

larger institutions and groupings such as the European Union to which states authority or national identity is subordinated

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2
Q

international integration

A

the process by which supranational institutions come to replace national ones; the gradual shift of some sovereignty from the state to regional or global structures

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3
Q

neofunctionalism

A

a theory that holds that economic integration generates a “spillover effect:, resulting in increased political integration

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4
Q

security community

A

a situation in which low expectations of interstate violence permit political cooperation—like NATO

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5
Q

European Union

A

the official term for the European Community (formerly European Economic Community) and associated treaty organizations; has 28 members

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6
Q

Treaty of Rome

A

1957: the founding document of the European Economic Community, or common market, now subsumed by the European Union

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7
Q

Euratom

A

An organization created by the Treaty of Rome to coordinate nuclear power development by pooling research, investment, and management

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8
Q

free trade area

A

a zone in which there are no tariffs or other restrictions on the movement of goods and services across borders

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9
Q

customs union

A

a common external tariff adopted by members of a free trade ares, that is, participating states adopt a unified set of tariffs with regards to goods coming in from outside

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10
Q

common market

A

a zone in which labor, capital, and goods flow freely across borders

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11
Q

common agricultural policy (CAP)

A

a European Union policy based on the principle that a subsidy extended to farmers in any member country should be extended to farmers in all member countries

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12
Q

European Commission

A

a European Union body whose members, while appointed by states, are supposed to represent EU interests; they identify problems and propose solutions to the council of ministers

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13
Q

council of the EU

A

(i.e. council of ministers) a EU institution in which the relevant ministers of each member state meet to enact legislation and reconcile nations interests

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14
Q

European Parliament

A

a quasi-legislative body of the EU that operates as a watchdog over the European Commission and has limited legislative power

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15
Q

European Court of Justice

A

A judicial arm of the EU: has a right to overrule national law when it conflicts with EU law

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16
Q

Single European Act

A

1985: an act that set a target date at the end of 1992 for the creation of a true common marker in the European Community

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17
Q

Maastricht Treaty

A

1992: achieves common market, commits the EU to monetary union in future and attempts a common foreign policy

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18
Q

euro

A

aka the European Currency Unit (ECU); used by 19 EU members

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19
Q

Lisbon Treaty

A

2007: an EU agreement that replaces a failed attempt at an EU constitution with a similar set of reforms strengthening central EU authority and modifying voting procedures among the EU’s expanded membership

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20
Q

digital divide

A

the gap in access to information technologies between rich and poor and global north and global south

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21
Q

cultural imperialism

A

a term critical of US dominance of the emerging global culture

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22
Q

tragedy of the commons

A

a collective goods dilemma that is created when common environmental assets are depleted or degraded through the failure of states to cooperate effectively

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23
Q

enclosure

A

the splitting of a common areas of good into privately owned pieces, giving individual owners an incentive to manage resources responsibly

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24
Q

global warming

A

a slow, long-term rise in the average world temperature caused by the emission of greenhouse gases produced by burning fossil fuels–oil, coal, natural gas

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25
Q

UN environment program

A

(UNEP): a program that monitors environmental conditions and works with the World Meteorological organization to measure changes in global climate

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26
Q

greenhouse gases

A

carbon dioxide and other gases that, when concentrated in the atmosphere act like the glass of a greenhouse, holding energy in and leading to global warming

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27
Q

kyoto protocol

A

1997: the main international treaty on global warming, which entered into effect in 2005 and mandates cuts in carbon emissions (US not in)

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28
Q

ozone layer

A

the part of the atmosphere that screens out harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun; broken down by some chemicals

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29
Q

montreal protocol

A

1987: an agreement on protection of the ozone layer in which states pledged to reduce and then eliminate use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

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30
Q

biodiversity

A

the tremendous diversity of plant and animal species making up the earth’s ecosystems

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31
Q

international whaling commission

A

an IGO that sets quotas for hunting certain whale species; state participation is voluntary

32
Q

high seas

A

the portion of the oceans considered common territory and not under any exclusive state jurisdiction

33
Q

UN convention on the law of the sea

A

(UNCLOS) 1982: a world treaty governing use of the oceans; established rules on territorial waters and a 200 mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

34
Q

acid rain

A

rain caused by air pollution that damages trees and often crosses borders

35
Q

chernobyl

A

a city in Ukraine that was the site of a nuclear power plant meltdown in 1986

36
Q

demographic transtition

A

the pattern of falling death rates, followed by falling birth rates, that generally accompanies industrialization and economic development

37
Q

pronatalist

A

describing government policy that encourages or forces childbearing, and outlaws or limits access to contrceptives

38
Q

infant mortality rate

A

the proportion of babies who die within the first year of their life

39
Q

less-developed countries

A

the world’s poorest regions–the global south–where most people live, aka developing countries

40
Q

millennium development goals

A

UN targets for basic needs measure such as reducing poverty and hunger, adopted in 2000

41
Q

basic human needs

A

the fundamental needs of people for adequate food, shelter, health care, sanitation and education; meeting such needs may be thought of as both a moral imperative and a form of investment in “human capital” essential for economic growth

42
Q

malnutrition

A

a lack of needed foods including protein and vitamins; about 3 million children die each year from malnutrition causes

43
Q

subsistence farming

A

rural communities growing food mainly for their own consumption rather than for sale on local or world markets

44
Q

cash crops

A

agricultural goods produced as commodities for export to world markets

45
Q

urbanization

A

a shift of population from the countryside to the cities that typically accompanies economic development and is augmented by displacement of peasants from subsistence farming

46
Q

land reform

A

policies that aim to break up large landholdings and redistribute land to poor peasants for use in subsistence farming

47
Q

migration

A

movement between states; usually emigration form old state and immigration to new state

48
Q

refugees

A

people fleeing their countries to find refuge from war, natural disaster, or political persecution; international law distinguishes them from migrants

49
Q

remittances

A

money sent home by migrant workers to individuals in their country of origin

50
Q

economic surplus

A

a surplus created by investing money in productive capital rather than using it for consumption

51
Q

world-system

A

a view of the world in terms of regional class divisions, with industrialized countries as the core, poorest countries as the periphery, and no connections between the periphery

52
Q

resource curse

A

the difficulties faced by resource-rich developing countries, including dependence on exporting one or a few commodities whose prices fluctuate and the potential for corruption and inequality

53
Q

imperialism

A

the acquisition of colonies by conquest or otherwise

54
Q

neocolonialism

A

the continuation, in a former colony, of colonial exploitation without formal political control

55
Q

dependency theory

A

a theory that explains the lack of capital accumulation in the third world as a result of the interplay between domestic class relations and the forces of foreign capital

56
Q

enclave economy

A

a historically important form of dependency in which foreign capital is invested in a third world country to extract a particular raw material in a particular place

57
Q

economic development

A

the combined processes of capital accumulation, rising per capita income, the increasing of skills in the population, the adoption of new technological systems, and other related social and economic changes

58
Q

newly industrializing countries

A

third world states that have achieved self-sustaining capital accumulation, with impressive economic growth, i.e. Asian Tigers (South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore)

59
Q

import substitution

A

a strategy of developing local industries, often conducted behind protectionist barriers, to produce items that a country had been importing

60
Q

export-led growth

A

an economic development strategy that seeks to develop industries capable of competing in specific niches in the world economy

61
Q

microcredit

A

the use of very small loans to small groups of individuals to stimulate economic development

62
Q

technology transfer

A

third world states acquisition of technology and skills from foreign sources, usually in conjunction with FDI or similar

63
Q

brain drain

A

poor countries loss of skilled workers to rich countries

64
Q

default

A

failure to make a scheduled debt payment

65
Q

debt renegotiation

A

a reworking of the terms on which a loan will be repaid; frequently negotiated by third world debtor governments in order to avoid default

66
Q

Paris club

A

a group of first world governments that have loaned money to third world governments; meets periodically to work out terms of debt negotiation

67
Q

London club

A

a group of private creditors that have loaned money to southern governments; meets periodically to work out terms of debt negotiation

68
Q

IMF conditionality

A

an agreement to loan IMF funds on the condition that certain government policies are adopted

69
Q

foreign assistance

A

money or other aid made available to southern countries to help them speed up economic development or meet humanitarian needs

70
Q

Development assistance committee

A

(DAC) a committee whose members provide 95 percent of official development assistance to global south countries

71
Q

bilateral aid

A

government assistance that goes directly to global south states

72
Q

multilateral aid

A

government foreign aid from several states that goes through a third party

73
Q

UN development program

A

(UNDP) a program that coordinates the flow of multilateral development assistance and manages 6,000 projects around the world

74
Q

peace corps

A

an organization started by JFK in 1961 that provides US volunteers for technical development assistance in third world states

75
Q

oxfam america

A

a private charitable group that works with local third world communities to determine the needs of their own people and to carry out development projects; does not operate the projects but provides funding to local organizations to carry them out

76
Q

disaster relief

A

provision of short term relief in the form of food, water, shelter, clothing and other essentials to people facing natural disasters

IAFS 1000 (3 decks)

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