Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Watershed Ecology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is urbanization characterized by

A
  • increase in human habitation
  • increase in per capita energy consumption
  • extensive modification of the landscape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is urbanziation defined

A
  • areas with greater than or equal to 50,000 people, and a periurban or suburban fringe with greater than or equal to 600 people per square mile
  • greater than 75% of the us population lives in urban areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 main causes of stream impairment

A

1) agriculture

2) urbanization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many streams and rivers are impaired by urbanization?

A

-greater than 130,000 km of rivers and streams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Urban land expansion rates are _______ urban population growth rates

A
  • higher than or equal to

- urban growth is becoming more expansive rather than compact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

By 2030, global urban land cover will increase an estimated ____

A

1.5 million km^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The most rich countries have low _____

A
  • population density
  • more land per person
  • suggests that urban land expansion is slowing in these regions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Four ways to measure urbanization

A

1) Urban land cover
2) Urban population density
3) Fragmentation
4) Compactness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Urban land cover (way to measure urbanization)

A

-total built-up area of cities, sometimes including open spaces within and on the urban fringe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Urban population density (way to measure urbanization)

A

-ratio of the total city population to the total built-up area it occupies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fragmentation (way to measure urbanization)

A

-relative amount and spatial structure of the open spaces that are fragmented by the expansion of cities into surrounding countryside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Compactness (way to measure urbanization)

A

-the degree to which the city footprint approximates a circle rather a sprawly shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the gradient paradigm

A
  • analyzes the ecology of urbanization

- works well because of the common structure of urban areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Urban-rural gradients

A

-examines the ecological role of humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Urbanization produces an array of experimental manipulations such as changes in:

A
  • disturbance regimes
  • biota
  • landscape structure
  • physiological stresses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Physical effects of urbanization in hydrology

A
  • flashier and higher peak flow
  • increased runoff
  • reduced floodplain inundation
  • reduction in permeability/infiltration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hydrologic effects of increased impervious surface cover

A
  • decrease in infiltration and evapotranspiration
  • increase in runoff
  • floods reach peak more rapidly
  • Reduced groundwater recharge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stormwater management programs are designed to:

A

-maintain quality and quantity of stormwater runoff to pre-development levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

NPDES

A
  • National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

- controls water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Temperature impacts of urbanization

A
  • cities can be warmer than the surrounding country side
  • heat island effect
  • due to removal of vegetation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

______% of urban wastewater in developing countries is untreated

A

80-90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chemical pollutants

A
  • heavy metals
  • pesticides
  • organic contaminants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bacterial densities are ____ in urban streams. Why?

A
  • higher

- increased fecal bacteria from waste water treatment and sewer effluent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

algal diversity _____ as proportion of urban land use inreases. Why?

A
  • increased nutrient/light levels increase algal biomass

- decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Macroinvertebrate response to urbanization

A

-decrease in taxa richness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Adverse effects of N pollution are the result of contributions of these 4 major areas:

A

1) acidic deposition
2) acidification and overfertilization of forested ecosystems
3) acidification and fertilization of fresh water ecosystems
4) coastal eutrophication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Point sources of nutrients

A
  • wastewater effluent
  • runoff and infiltration from animal feedlots
  • storm sewer outfalls from big cities
  • runoff from big construction sites
28
Q

Nonpoint sources of nutrients

A
  • runoff from agriculture
  • runoff from pasture and range
  • land conversion
  • atmospheric deposition
29
Q

What is the most critical element in coastal ecosystems and why

A
  • nitrogen

- drives primary production in estuaries

30
Q

Eutrophication impacts

A
  • increased biomass of phytoplankton
  • dissovled oxygen depletion
  • shift in phytoplankton to harmful species
  • death of coral reefs
  • increased incidence of fish kills
31
Q

Estuary eutrophication

A
  • N and P loading of freshwater increases eutrophication in estuaries
  • global warming may make estuaries switch from N sink to N source
32
Q

Riparian zone attributes

A
  • structured by dynamic physical drivers
  • collection points for resources
  • high species diversity, productivity, nutrient recycling
33
Q

Buffer ecosystem functions and services

A
  • physical (flood attenuation, windbreaks)
  • Biogeochemical (nutrient retention)
  • Biological (wildlife corridors)
34
Q

Nutrient retention functions associated with buffers include:

A
  • N fixation
  • Microbial immobilization
  • Soil storage
  • groundwater mixing
35
Q

Denitrification

A
  • only process within a riparian buffer that removes N from system
  • microbial transformation of nitrate to gaseous from allows it to diffuse to the atmosphere
36
Q

Lakeshore buffer benefits

A
  • nutrient filtration, habitat

- prevents shoreline erosion

37
Q

Why are salamanders important

A
  • they are a flagship species of riparian zones
  • linking aquatic and terrestrial habitats
  • one of the best indicator species
38
Q

Susquehanna river basin compact

A

-provides the mechanism to guide basin-wide conservation, development, and administration of water resources

39
Q

Who presented on the NYC water supply

A

Rene Germain

40
Q

Where does NYC get its water from?

A
  • Catskill/Delaware watersheds
  • Croton watersheds
  • water travels up to 125 miles before reaching the city
41
Q

Cholera Epidemic

A
  • NYC faces growing pains related to water quality and quantity
  • 19th century water blues
  • recording of zombies
42
Q

Catskill watershed

A
  • two reservoirs
  • supplies about 45% of NYC daily water consumption
  • currently unfiltered
43
Q

Delaware watershed

A
  • constructed 1937-65
  • required intervention of the supreme court
  • four large reservoirs supplying about 50% of NYC daily water consumption
  • unfiltered
44
Q

Why is the cannonsville reservoir bad

A
  • displaced 5,500 people and claimed 26 communites

- put this whole civilization under water

45
Q

What are the 2 reservoirs in the catskill watershed

A

-Schohaire and Ashokan reservoirs

46
Q

What are the 4 reservoirs in the delaware watershed

A
  • Cannonsville
  • Pepacton
  • Neversink
  • Roundout
47
Q

Catskill/delaware system

A
  • 1 billion gallons per day
  • 9 million residents
  • high water quality
48
Q

Why isnt the catskill/delaware system filtered?

A

-high forest cover and low urbanization

49
Q

Why is the NYC watershed unique?

A

-its primarily owned by private landowners

50
Q

Who presented on save the rain?

A

-Madison Quinn

51
Q

Some ways to save the rain

A
  • green roof
  • porous parking lot-runoff diversions
  • biorentention
  • rain garden
52
Q

Traditional grey infrastructure

A
  • flood control dams and reservoirs
  • levees
  • floodwalls
  • channel modifications
53
Q

Flood control dams and reservoirs

A
  • capture and retain incoming flood waters

- release a lower flow rate downstream from controlled spillways

54
Q

Levees

A
  • river training walls to prevent flooding

- walls are sloped and vegetation cleared to reduce roughness and flood height

55
Q

Flood walls

A
  • vertical, often made of concrete
  • space efficient but expensive
  • protect dense or valuable real estate
56
Q

Channel modifications

A
  • armours banks with rip rap to reduce erosion

- dredging and straightening

57
Q

Challenges to traditional structural approaches to flood risk reduction

A
  • increasing risks from pop growth, climate change, aging infrastructure
  • increased demand for ecosystem services
58
Q

Principles of a green infrastructure approach

A
  • work with natural processes

- pan and implement flood management with a river basin perspective

59
Q

Land management methods to retain runoff and floodwaters

A
  • Reforestation
  • Agriculture BMPs
  • Slowing urban runoff
  • Acquiring floodplain land for natural flood storage
60
Q

Who presented on FloodSmart communities?

A

-Stevie Adams from TNC

61
Q

Conversion of natural floodplains can lead to

A
  • at risk development
  • reduced or eliminated flood storage of the floodplain
  • altered hydrology downstream
62
Q

Flood smart approach

A
  • watershed approach to floodplain management
  • community-specific assessments
  • systematic decision making
  • combines wide range of expertise with local needs and knowledge
63
Q

Who presented on urban green infrastructure

A

Madison Quinn

64
Q

Interbasin water transfers

A
  • transfer of water from one watershed to another via pipelines, canals, aqueducts
  • increases water supply in a receiving watershed
65
Q

Riparian forest buffers

A
  • designed combinations of trees, shrubs, grasses, and more adjacent to, or within a stream channel
  • designed to mitigate the impact of land use on the stream
66
Q

Wild and Scenic rivers act

A
  • created in response to the glory years of dam building

- 860,000 modified river miles (24% of US rivers)

67
Q

Wetland delineation

A
  • determination of precise boundaries on the ground through surveys
  • requries assessment of vegetation, hydrology, and soils

Watershed Ecology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions