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Forage and crop science > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How did crested wheatgrass get its name?

A

because of the distinctive ‘crested’ seed spike

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2
Q

What are is the description/ characteristics of crested wheatgrass?

A 
o	Introduced
o	Bunchgrass
o	Very deep-rooted
o	Very long-lived
o	Good seed producers
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3
Q

What are some other characteristics of Crested Wheatgrass?

A 
o	Cures poorly (negative characteristic)
	Directly linked to low quality
	Stemmy
	Not a lot of leaves 
	Does not make a good hay
	Not popularly planted in rangeland systems
o	Good grazing tolerance
	Sometimes overgraze with come back
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4
Q

What are adaptations of crested wheatgrass?

A

o North Great Plains, Intermountain West higher elevation further south
o Minimum annual precipitation - 9 inches
o Drought Tolerance- Excellent, standard > fairway type
 Excellent drought tolerance due to root system
o Wet Tolerance - little
o Salt tolerance – low to moderate

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5
Q

What are the varieties of crested wheatgrass?

A

o Diploid: Fairway, Ephraim, Roadcrest
 Called Fairway types because used on fairways of golf courses
 Roadcrest: is a relatively new species, found on roadsides, sod forming (rhizomes)
• Low maintenance species
o Tetraploid: Nordan, Summit, Krik (Standard)
o Siberian: P-27
 Extremely drought tolerant (7 inches precipitation)
o Hybrid: Hycrest (Fairway type x Standard type)

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6
Q

What are the uses and management?

A 
o	Establishment
	Excellent seedling vigor
	Variety selection important
	Downy brome a problem
•	Drought tolerant species also, timing is very important
o	Pasture/ grazing
	Excellent tolerance to grazing
	Early spring grazing- limited regrowth (poor 6-8 weeks)
•	Green up > 1 month early
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7
Q

What are the guidelines for Range Seeding’s?

A

• Choose better sites
• Do small test seeding (Has to pencil out and be profitable)
• Need to eliminate all competitive species by fallowing
• Seed with legumes in alternate rows or cross drilled
o Alternate rows: Can plant one row then alternate the other
 CrW- Leg- CrW- Leg
o Cross drilled: one direction is CrW and the other direction is Leg
• Wait until seed heads appear to start grazing

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8
Q

What is the scientific name and origin of Russian Wildrye?

A 
Elymus junceaus
Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski (new name)
Origin: Russia, introduced to U.S in 1926
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9
Q

What are some varieties of Russian Wildrye?

A

Vinall, Bozoisky, Bozoisky Select

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of russian wildrye?

A
  • Bunch Grass
  • Most of the leaves are basal
  • Very deep and extensive root system
  • Very long- lived (30 years or more)
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11
Q

What are adaptations of russian wildrye?

A

o Minimum annual precipitation – 9 inches
o Drought tolerance- excellent
o Winter hardiness- excellent
o Salt tolerance- good

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12
Q

What is the biggest limitation for russian wildrye?

A

poor seedling vigor

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13
Q

What are some uses and management of russian wildrye?

A

o Establishment
 Slow due to poor seedling vigor
 Need to be seeded in wide rows (>16” wide, row to row)
 Not recommended on sandy soils
• Why? (Dries out quickly, Needs to be plants > 16”)
o Lot of open space for wind erosion (soil erosion)
o Pasture/ grazing
 Excellent tolerance to grazing
 Early, like crested wheatgrass
 Better regrowth than CWG
 Seed legumes in separate rows or cross drill
• Other uses: Low maintenance

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14
Q

What does the cool season root system do?

A

is so extensive and close to grow, does not allow weeds to become established

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15
Q

What is an economic dryland pasture mix?

A 
•	15% crested wheatgrass, Hycrest
•	15% crested wheatgrass, Nordan
•	15% perennial ryegrass
•	20% smooth bromegrass
•	20% orchardgrass, Paiute
•	15% Russian Wildrye
16 lbs/ acre of the aboved at $3.30/ lb = $52.80 for acre
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16
Q

What is the scientific name of Forage Kochia?

A

Kochia prostrata- a semi-evergreen shrub,

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17
Q

is forage kocha perennial or annual?

A

perennial, >10 years, prostrate

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18
Q

What are some characteristics of forage kochia?

A

 Very drought tolerant
 Good salinity tolerant
 Perennial, in contrast to weed kochia
 Preserves nutrients well
• Dr. Blair Waldron: scientist working on forage kochia all of his life
• Is known as queen of dessert
 Therefore, excellent potential for winter forage
 Potential for use as a reclamation species in disturbed areas
 A secondary use- as a fire break
• Forage kochia green strip stopped wildfire in Idaho. Adapted from Harrison et. al., 2002

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19
Q

Where is forage kochia reccommended for planting?

A

sites with 6 inches of precipitation per year

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20
Q

What are two cultivars of forage kochia?

A

immigrant and snowstorm

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21
Q

What are the concepts of annual/ grain forages?

A
  • Perennials should be the backbone of the forage program
  • Annuals can be used to fill gaps
  • Annuals are sometimes thought of as complementary forages
  • Refinement of forage program considers animal needs over 12 months
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22
Q

Annual forages are important- why?

A 
•	Supplemental forage
•	Emergency feed
o	Seedling failure
o	Drought, winterkill, hail, grasshoppers
•	Rotations for weed control
•	Extending the grazing season
•	Renovation process
•	Silage
•	Cover crop/ green manure
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23
Q

What are some advantages to annuals?

A 
•	Easier to establish
•	Faster-growing
o	4-6 weeks
•	Greater production
•	Flexibility (ex. Grazing, stockpile, hay; - as insurance crop)
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24
Q

What is the seasonality of forage production (annuals)?

A
  • Variation in grasses
  • Legume- grass mixture
  • Dryland/limited irrigation or range land
  • Weather patterns
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25
Q

What are some cultural practices for cereal crops?

A

• Winter vs. spring types
o Winter type is seed is planted in the fall and survives the winter
• Seed barley and oats early spring
• Use hay barley varieties (ex. Haybet, Westford, Horsford)
• Second crop planting for fall/early spring grazing
• Oats/barley vs. winter wheat, rye, triticale
• Grazing and/or haying for companion crop

26
Q

T or F. oats are the most popular annual crop in wyoming

A

true

27
Q

T or F. a hay barley variety has beards

A

False, no beards

28
Q

T or F. Barley has long, clasping, smooth, and sharp pointed auricle

A

true

29
Q

T or F. Wheat has longer somwhat hairy auricles

A

False, shorter

30
Q

T or F. Rye has a smooth leaf- sheath

A

false, hairy

31
Q

T or F. Triticale has membrane like ligules

A

true

32
Q

T or F. oats have no auricles

A

true

33
Q

Cultural practices for foxtail millet

A

• Foxtail (Setaria italic) vs. other millets
o Proso (Panicum miliacium) for grain
o Pearl (Pennisetum americanum) for warmer climates
• Plant based on soil temperature
• Not suited for horses (diuretic effect)
• Good yield (average over 2.3 tons/acres)
• Suited to leaving in windows
• Excellent cash crop
Foxtail millet- dense growth

34
Q

Cultural practices for sorghums and sudangrass:

A
  • Warm-season crops
  • Include forage sorghum, sudangrass and hybrids of the two
  • Require higher temperature than corn
  • Year-to-year yields more variable than corn
  • WUE similar to corn, but has more drought resistance
  • Nitrates and prussic acid are potential problems with these crops
35
Q

Cultural practices for corn:

A

• Most corn grown for grain or silage
• Grazing types are available
o Cargill HS 50A- male sterile
o Baldridge hybrids- less grain
• Grazing corn grown very similarly to grain or silage corn
• Corn is the most popular crop for silage and is a staple for dairy farms
• It is also a popular feedlot forage

36
Q

What are Forbs?

A

• Forage species (herbaceous) other than grasses, legumes, and woody species grown under cultivated conditions
o Consist relatively small number of forage species
o Occupy fewer acreages than either grasses or legumes
o Differ greatly in palatability and nutritive value
• Forbs include most naturally occurring poisonous plants
o However they are important as source of nutrients to livestock and wildlife

37
Q

Forage Brassicas

A

• Mustard family (Brassicaceae)
• Includes several important vegetable and oilseed species
o Ex. Cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, oilseed rape
• Forage brassicas have been used for more than 600 years
o Ex. Turnips, swedes, forage rape, kale, brassica hybrids (“Tyfon”)

38
Q

Brassicas are useful as forage because:

A
  • Frost tolerance
  • Can grow in cooler periods of fall or winter when cool-season perennial grasses and legumes have limited growth
  • Provide high quality feed
  • Massive roots can preserve nonstructural carbohydrates
  • Easy to establish from seeds
39
Q

Turnip

A
  • Short-season crop requires 80-90 days
  • Young plants are succulent (more moisture and less fiber) and leafy
  • Mature plants develop large bulbous or tapered roots (nutritious)
  • Variety: Purple top (most common) Tyfon (cross between Chinese cabbage and turnip)
  • Grazing takes place first in top and then in roots
40
Q

Kale

A
  • Two types: Stem Kale and Stemless Kale
  • Most cold tolerance, survive as low as 10 degrees F
  • Variety: Maris Kestral, Fruner, Ring (stem kale), Premier (stemless)
41
Q

Adaptations of Kale

A
  • Tolerate wide range of temperature
  • Adapt wide range of soils (pH 5.5-7.0)
  • Best suited to well-drained soils
  • Have very good drought tolerance
  • Roots can reach at 5 ft or more depth
  • Accumulate high levels of nutrients in leaves
42
Q

Forage (brassicas) quality: of kale?

A

• CP: 15-25% in leaves and stems
• CP: 6-15% in roots
• Digestibility 75-95%
o Forbs can be used as a supplemental crop
• Mineral nutrients are sufficient (except Cu, Mn, and Zn) for ruminants
• High level of K in troublesome, can limit the availability of Mg, thus can develop hypomagnesemic tetany
• Sulfur- compound presents in brassicas can lead to poor animal performance, ex. Glucosinolates can put pregnant animals at great risk

43
Q

management and utilization of kale

A

• Management practices will be similar to small-seeded grasses
• Clean-tilled firm seedbed and weed free conditions are required
• Seeding rates varies: ex. 1.5-3.0 lb/A for turnip and swedes, whereas 3.5-4.0 lb/A for forage rape and kale
• Planting depth: 0.25-0.5 in.
• Row spacing: 6-8 in.
• Planting time: Spring to mid –summer
• Sod seeding (interseeding) is possible in perennial pasture if special care is taken, such as, removing existing growth by cut or applying light dose of herbicides (ex. Ghyphosate) to suppress growth
• Fertilization: should be applied based on soil test results
o N dose may be 50-100 lb/A
o P and K may also be added depending on soil conditions

44
Q

Forage Chicory:

A

• Short-lived perennial
• Native to Europe, western and central Asia, North Africa and South America
• Introduced into US in late 1700s
• Dried and ground chicory roots are used as coffee substitute
• Tolerate wide range of soils and environmental conditions
• Mostly grow in spring, summer, and early fall
• Modest drought tolerant
• Do not tolerate water-logged conditions
• Has rosette (leaves grow internode in the crown at top of taproot)
o Small little leaves from the ground that make a rose like structure
• Seeding rate: 4-5 lb/A (pure stand); 2-3 lb/A (mixture)
• Rotational grazing after 80-100 days of establishment is preferred
• The development of flowering on stem is referred to as Bolting

45
Q

Fodder and Sugar Beet

A

o Shoots are used for grazing after beets are harvested

o Shoots can contain about 14-16% CP; have digestibility 55-65%

46
Q

Kochia

A

o Generally considered as cropland annual weed
o Has potential for grazing or harvested hay
o Yields: up to 2.5 tons/A (dryland) and 6.5 lb/A (irrigated)

47
Q

Establishment of Forage

A

o Return to forage production
o Increase yield
o Increase desirable species
o Improve sustainability and profitability
o Establishment success involves an understanding of the needs of forage and of several proven methods

48
Q

importance of forage

A

• The basis for several years’ production is determined within 2-3 weeks after planting
• Perennial forage seedings are more expensive than other crops
• The failure rate of forage seedings is higher than with other crops
• Therefore, the cost of failure is substantial
• Half the job is planning- site selection, fertilization, weed management, species and variety selection and planting methods
o 7Ps (Anowar’s slogan)
 1. Pre, 2. Prior, 3. Planning, 4. Prevents, 5. Poor, 6. Pasture, 7. Performance

49
Q

The most important factors in relation to stand establishment:

A
  • Soil pH
  • Soil Fertility
  • Seedbed preparation
  • Time of planting
  • Depth of planting
  • Seeding rate
  • Quality of seeds
  • Weed control
50
Q

Reason for greater seedling failures:

A
  • Most forages are small-seeded
  • Easy to seed too deep
  • Soil surface dries quickly
  • Bare soil blows
51
Q

Site Selection: Matching species with soil Characteristics

A

soil surveys, soil tests, previous crop experience

52
Q

Adaptations related to persistence

A 
o	Soil
o	Climate
o	Relevant pest
o	High yield 
o	Intended use
53
Q

certified seed

A

o Guaranteed purity- genetics
o Free of noxious weeds
o Fewer other weeds

54
Q

seed treatment

A 
o	Fungicide
o	Coated on the seed (seed coating)
	Protected from seedling damage and disease
o	Legume inoculation
	1/3 of actual seed wt
•	10lbs, coated
•	10/0.66=15lbs
55
Q

Pure Live Seed (PLS) is the best indicator

A

PLS= % Germination x % Purity/100

56
Q

pound bulk seed needed

A

=lb/ace recommended/% PLS

57
Q

Mixture of species: Most seeding’s are mixtures of two or more species
o Why?

A

 More uniform production
 Increased quality
 Increased palatability and intake
• Increased digestibility: grass has more fiber (tissue has more hard content), Legume are leafy with less fiber and high quality
• Just feed legume= cattle bloat, grass mixture can help with this
• Are able to eat a 50/50 mix well
 Decreased N fertilizer needs
• Do not need to add any N with grass and legume is mixed 50/50
 Longer stand life
• Longevity is very important
o Comes from good management
 Variation in soils
 Greater soil protection
 Easier curing of hay
• Forage kochia is a good mix with crested wheat grass

58
Q

Alfalfa vs Alfalfa- Grass

A

o Consider market or use:
 Dairymen want max. protein- pure alfalfa
 Use as protein supplement – pure alfalfa (30% protein)
 Horse hay- generally mixture preferred
• Horse does not do well grazing pure alfalfa because one stomach
• Can be done because of the hindgut
o Alfalfa and Alfalfa-grass about same yield
o Other legumes generally enhance more with grass

59
Q

Why not complex mixtures?

A

o Expensive

o Stands narrow to 2 or 3 species

60
Q

Recommendations

A

o Seed only 1 or 2 legumes and 1 or 2 grasses
o Seed based on adaptation, yield, quality, intended use
o Consider compatibility

61
Q

Fertilization

A

o Look at soil test results
o Opportunity to incorporate P (Phosphorus)
 Produce 1 ton of biomass use 10 lbs of P

62
Q

Nitrogen of planting

A

o If low soil test, up to 20 lb/A recommended
o Supplies Nitrogen until legumes start fixing Nitrogen
o Small amount common with companion crops
o Tillage stimulates some Nitrogen- mineralization
o Small amount if straw plowed down
o Encourages weeds more than forage*

Forage and crop science (2 decks)

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