Exam 1

Question 1

Define Forages

Answer 1

edible plant parts, other than separated grain, providing livestock/wildlife nutrients, or can be harvested for feeding

Question 2

Define Grasslands

Answer 2

plant community in which grasses and/or legumes are the dominant vegitation

Question 3

Define Concentrates

Answer 3

grain, meal, by-products

Question 4

Define Hay

Answer 4

mechanically harvested, preserved by drying,stored for later feeding ex. loose -bales-stacks -windrows

Question 5

Define Silage

Answer 5

preserved by anaerobic fermentation 60-70% moisture processed to insure good fermentation

Question 6

Define Stover

Answer 6

Residue after grain harvest

Question 7

Define Range

Answer 7

species include indigenous; predominantly grasses, forbs, and shrubs. None to minimal fencing. Usually no cultivation, extensive production (acre/cow), low inputs, managed as natural ecosystem

Question 8

Define Pasture

Answer 8

species include indigenous, grasses, fobs, shrubs, and introduced.Smaller unites of fencing, cultivation is more common, production is intensive (cow/acre), some management including fertilization, irrigation, and re seeding

Question 9

Define silvopasture

Answer 9

managed pastureland with tree production

Question 10

Define morphology

Answer 10

Structure and arrangement of plant parts. growth habit and structure

Question 11

What percentage of earth surface is grasslands?

Answer 11

25-30%

Question 12

Define Structure

Answer 12

Form or shape of plant parts

Question 13

Define legume

Answer 13

Member of the Favaceae family, can fix atmospheric nitrogen symbiotically with N fixing bacteria (Rhizobia)
Often seeded into pasture as important component to increase forage quality and yield

Question 14

Define Plant Physiology

Answer 14

Processes and activities associated with functioning of a living plant

Question 15

what is Prostrate?

Answer 15

lateral growth of stem allows shoot apex to be remained in near ground, thus protecting shoot tips by cutting or grazing
ex. white clover

Question 16

Epigeal vs. Hypogeal

Answer 16

Epigeal: above ground emergence of cotlyedons, through sunlight cotyledons produce food for seeding by photosynthesis
Hypogeal: below ground emergence of cotlyedons, nodes are below ground so if young seedlings are cut or frosted back, regrowth for new buds takes place underground

Question 17

Define photosynthesis

Answer 17

is a process by which plants produce simple sugar by utilizing sunlight atmospheric carbon dioxide

Question 18

Define respiration

Answer 18

process by which plants oxidize sugars by utilizing oxygen to form lipids and proteins

Question 19

True or false. animals have been domesticated for 10,000 years

Answer 19

True

Question 20

where does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 20

Chloroplast in green cells, mainly in green leaves, some extent in green stems and fruits

Question 21

What is the green color due to?

Answer 21

pigment called chlorophyll that absorbs radiation

Question 22

T or F. All forages are either C3 or C4 plants

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What type of Acids are formed by C3, C4, and Cam plants?

Answer 23

C3: three carbon acid 3-Phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)
C4: four carbon acid Oxaloacetic acid

Question 24

Where does photosynthesis take place in a C3 plant? How does it happen? What enzyme is involved? (Cool Season)

Answer 24

Photosynthesis pathway is called Calvin-Benson pathway.
ribulose diphosphate carboxylase (called rubisco) is the enzyme involved.
Light Phase (temp independent)= photolsis+ photophospheylation
-Photolysis= traps light energy to accomplish water molecules into Hydrogen and oxygen
-Photophospheylation= oxygen is released as a gas and hydrogen is trap[ed by NADP. Then light energy to chemical energy is achieved by converting ADP to ATP
Dark Phase= Calvin cycle, greatly affected by temperature, is light independent

Question 25

What happens when photosynthesis exceeds transport capacity in C3 plants?

Answer 25

sugars are converted to starch

Question 26

Photorespiration of C3 plants

Answer 26

process by which ribulose 1,5 diphosphate is oxidized by adding of oxygen, resulting loss of CO2

Question 27

Where does photosynthesis take place in a C4 plant? How does it happen? What enzyme is involved? (warm season)

Answer 27

Photosynthesis pathway is called hatch-slack pathway.

low photorespiration rates, high water use efficiency, high suns energy us efficiency

Question 28

Which plant type will be more nutritive? Why?

Answer 28

C3 because of more meshophyll cells compared to C4

Question 29

Factors that affect photosynthesis process

Answer 29

Stomata: CO2 enter mesophyll cells by diffusion through stomata (CO2 influences photosynthesis)
Light or Radiation: C3 PS increases with light until CO2 saturates where C4 increases all day because they do not saturate
Temperatures: C3 start PS near freezing and increase until 68-77 degrees. C4 start at 52 and reach 95-104 degrees
Water: essential for PS, but 99% loss in transpiration to keep plant cool
Carbohydrate Reserves: glucose is produced by photosynthesis and is transported to different parts of plant and then stored in organs (roots, rhizomes, stolons)

Question 30

Why is alfalfa special?

Answer 30

C3 legume, has intermediate but wide range of tolerance

Question 31

Graph: why carbohydrate reserves decline after initial growth or cut?

Answer 31

because photosynthesis stops and there is no Carbohydrates being produced so the plant must use Carbs from storage

Question 32

What is the Benefits of a legume?

Answer 32

replenish soil with nitrogen. Often seeded into pasture as important component to increase forage quality and yield

Question 33

What is the importance of alfalfa?

Answer 33

1. one of the oldest domesticated crops
2. grown in all 50 states
3. highest feeding value of the forages

Question 34

What is the uses of alfalfa?

Answer 34

Stored feed, cubes and pellets, dehydrated products, silage/haylage, pasture, crop rotations, other (honey, sprouts, health, seed production)

Question 35

What are the three major types of alfalfa?

Answer 35

Medicago sativa spp. sativa (purple flower alfalfa)
Medicago sativa spp. falcata (yellow flower alfalfa)
Medicago sativa spp. media (purple/green/yellow flower)

Question 36

Scientific naming. Who first introduced it? How to? Importance?

Answer 36

Carolus Linnaeus
Two parts: 1st is genus always capitalized, second work is the species epithet always lowercased. Whole thing italicized
Common names of forage plants often differ within country and also within world, so a unique name is required for worldwide use. ex. alfalfa (USA) , Lucerne (GRB, AUS)

Question 37

T or F. Crop production started 100 years ago

Answer 37

False, 1000

Question 38

What are the six most well known grasslands?

Answer 38

Prairies, pampas, Steppes of Europe and Asia, Llanos of mexico, Savannas of southern US, veld of S. Africa

Question 39

Describe a grassland

Answer 39

Prairie: extend from rocky mountains to eastern N. Dakota into Canada and southward to mexico. divided into tall(east) grass and short (west) grass. 63% is still original native prairie

Question 40

Calculate AUM (animal unit Month)

Answer 40

20 Million AUM * 750 lbs= 7.5 Million tons
7.5 M tons * $50/ ton = $375 Million
$375 Million/ 20 Million AUM= $18.75/ AUM

Question 41

Festucoid vs, panicoid

Answer 41

Festucoid: cool season grasses, elongation of coloeptile
Panicoid: warm season grasses, elongation of subcoleoptilar internode

Question 42

Rhizomes vs. stolons

Answer 42

Rhizomes: underground lateral growth of plants modified stem that sprouts up
Stolons: above ground lateral growth of modes modifies stem that sprouts

Question 43

Raceme vs. Panicle vs. Spikes

Answer 43

Raceme: spiklets have short stalks (pediels)
Panicle: most common, branch and has pedicels
spikes: spikelets are sessile and directly attached to rachis