Exam 3 Flashcards
High Vowels
Low F1
Low Vowels
High F1
Fronted Vowels
High F2
Backed Vowels
Low F2
List Resonant Consonants
/j w l r m n ŋ/
Resonants similarities to Vowels
- Periodicities
- visible Formants
Resonants differences from Vowels
- Lower F1
- Lower Amplitude
/j/
Low F1 & High F2
no steady state, only visible in transition
/w/
Low F1 and Low F2
no steady state, only visible in transition
/l/
Lighter Formants, lower intensities
Low F1 Low F2
/r/
Especially low F3
may see merge into F2
Nasals
/m n ŋ/
Velopharyngeal port opened.
Low and Strong F1,
other formants less intense
Obstruents
airflow restriction, aperiodic sound source
/f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ b p t d k g/
Fricative Consonants
Forcing air through a narrow constriction
Turbulent air stream
/ʃ ʒ/
~ 2500+ Hz
palatal alveolar
/s z/
~ 4000 Hz
Alveolar
/f v θ ð/
Energy is spread evenly
Stops
NEAR SILENCE
sudden closure creates transient burst
Bilabial low
Alveolar high
Velar Stop
~2,500 Hz
Alveolar
~4,000 Hz
Bilabial
> 1,000 Hz
Sound Source for Vowels & Resonant Consonants
Phonation in larynx
sound source= quasi periodic
Sound Source for Fricatives and Stop Bursts
Voiceless = aperiodic
Voiced = both aperiodic & quasi periodic
Diphthongs
Position changes during production.
Intrinsic Tongue Muscles
Shape Tongue Body
bunch, flatten, curl tip
Extrinisic
Move the Tongue body
forward, back, up down
Typical Vowel Acoustics
Voicebar = fundamental frequency, 100-300 Hz
F1 < 1000 Hz ~250-900 Hz
F2 800-2500 Hz
F3 is above 2000 Hz usually around 3000 Hz
Typial Male Vocal Tract length
17 cm
F1 = 506 Hz
F2 = 1518 Hz
F3 = 2530 Hz
Define Dysarthria
Group of neurological disorders in which muscles become weak or paralyzed or articulations become uncoordinated
Dysarthria effects on Vowels
Longer duration (slower speech rate)
smaller vowel space (less tongue movement)
Hearing Loss effects on Vowels
Reduced vowel space (esp F2)
Antiresonances
Filtering effect resulting in loss of acoustic energy in particular frequency region
Nasal Murmurs
low & strong F1 on spectrogram
