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Dental Hygiene 3020 Test 1 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a primary risk factor for gingivitis, inflammatory periodontal diseases, and dental caries

A

dental biofilm

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2
Q

what is an integral aspect of the dental hygiene diagnosis?

A

assessment

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3
Q

heterotrophic microorganism that can live and grow in the presence of free oxygen, some are obligate, others facultative

A

aerobe

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4
Q

heterotrophic microorganism that lives and grows in complete( or almost complete) absence of oxygen; some are obligate, others facultative

A

anaerobe

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5
Q

dynamic, complex, multispecies communities of microorganisms that colonize the oral cavity/ unique characteristics allow biofilms to adapt to a variety of every changing environments; characteristics include: tenacious adherence to surfaces, protective EPS, three-dimensional structures with complex nutrient and communication pathways

A

biofilm

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6
Q

white or cream-colored “cheesy” mass that can collect over dental biofilm on unclean, neglected teeth; it is composed of food debris, mucin, bacteria sloughed epithelial cells.

A

materia alba

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7
Q

a thin acellular tenacious film formed of proteins, carbs, and lipids

A

acquired pellicle

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8
Q

where does pellicle tend to form

A

over exposed tooth surfaces and prostheses; pellicle is positioned as the interface between the tooth surfaces and the oral environment

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9
Q

where is pellicle thickest

A

near the gingival margin and areas undisturbed by the activities of chewing, swallowing, and speaking

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10
Q

how fast does pellicle form?

A

within minutes after eruption or after all soft and hard deposits have been removed from the tooth surfaces; fully formed within 30-90 minutes

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11
Q

what is composition of pellicle

A

glycoproteins that are selectively absorbed by the hydroxyapatite of the tooth surface

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12
Q

initial attachment of bacteria to the pellicle is by _____ ______ of microorganisms that originate from the oral mucosa

A

selective adherence

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13
Q

what has a high affinity for the hydroxyapatite tooth surface and initiate the process of pellicle formation

A

salivary proteins

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14
Q

____ _____ is continuous with the supragingival pellicle and can become embedded in tooth structure, particularly where the tooth surface is partially demineralized or rough from iatrogenic dentistry

A

subgingival pellicle

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15
Q

along with tooth surfaces, biofilm communities also form on :

A

oral mucosa, surfaces of tongue, and tonsils; their presence especially on the tongue and tonsils may contribute to malodor

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16
Q

during biofilm formation, organisms that colonize within the first few hours and primarily what kind?

A

gram positive cocci and rods

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17
Q

stages of biofilm formation: (5 stages)

A 
formation
bacterial multiplication and colonization
matrix formation(EPS)
biofilm growth
maturation
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18
Q

in stage 4 of biofilm growth, enhancement of cell to cell communication process takes place, what is that called

A

quorum sensing

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19
Q

how is quorum sensing activated?

A

by specific genes located on the surface of bacterial cells within biofilm

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20
Q

what stage of biofilm formation is this? bacterial colonies mature and release planktonic cells to spread and colonize other areas within oral cavity; bacteria can disperse as single cells or in clumps

A

maturation stage 5

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21
Q

the pellicle, EPS, biofilm architecture, and resulting environment promote what organisms

A

anaerobic gram-negative bacterial growth activity

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22
Q

what day in biofilm formation is this? Early biofilm consists of primarily gram + cocci; streptococci, which dominate the bacterial population, include streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguis

A

day 1-2

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23
Q

what happens day 2-4 of biofilm formation?

A
  • cocci still dominate, more gram + filamentous form and slender rods join surface of cocci colonies
  • more filamentous forms grow into the cocci layer and replace many of the cocci
  • people who form biofilm slowly will exhibit more cocci and fewer filamentous forms
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24
Q

mixed flora appears comprised of rods, filamentous forms, and fusobacteria
-biofilm near gingival margin thickens as more mature flora develops; gram - spirochetes and vibrios proliferate; as biofilm spreads coronally, newer/younger biofilm primarily coccal

A

days 4-7

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25
Q

what days in biofilm formation does vibrios and spirochetes appear, along with the white blood cells increasing and inflammation(can be observed in gingival tissues)

A

days 7-14

26
Q

for days 14-21 of biofilm formation, which organisms are most prevalent?

A

vibrios and spirochetes

27
Q

what day is this of biofilm formation: densely packed filamentous microorganisms can arrange themselves perpendicular to the tooth surface in a palisade; biofilm matures and thickens, more gram - anaerobes appear, which are protected by the biofilm architecture and environment; gingivitis is evident clinically

A

days 14-21

28
Q

supragingival flora is predominately what organisms?

A

gram positive aerobes

29
Q

what species populate early “healthy” supragingival biofilm

A

streptococcus and actinomyces species closely aligned with lactobacillus and candida species as flora matures

30
Q

subgingival flora is predominantly what organisms?

A

gram negative anaerobes and motile organisms of periodontal disease

31
Q

what organisms are found in subgingival biofilm

A

actinomyces, tanneralla forsythia, fusobacterium nucleatum and cluster of B-cytophagflavo bacterium-bacterodes

32
Q

a disease of the dental calcified structures(enamel, dentin, and cementum) characterized by demineralization of the mineral components and dissolution of the organic matrix

A

dental caries

33
Q

which organisms are cariogenic?

A

strep mutans and streptococcus sobrinus and lactobacilli

34
Q

which organism initiates and the caries process and which contributes to the progression of a carious lesion

A

mutans

lactobacilli

35
Q

how long does it take to get pH back to normal?

A

1-2 hours

36
Q

what is biofilm pH before eating?

A

6.2-7.0; pH is lower is the caries susceptible person and higher in caries resistant person

37
Q

what is the critical pH for enamel demineralization

A

4.5-5.5

38
Q

what is the critical pH for root surface demineralization is

A

6.0-6.7; especially relevant for patients with multiple areas of recession and xerostomia

39
Q

what makes materia alba different from biofilm?

A

materia alba is unorganized, biofilm is organized

40
Q

dental biofilm mineralized by crystals of calcium phosphate mineral salts between previously living microorganisms

A

calculus

41
Q

on clinical crowns coronal to the margin of the gingiva; on implants, complete and partial dentures(calculus)

A

supragingival calculus

42
Q

most frequent site of supragingival calculus

A

lingual surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth and facial surfaces of maxillary first and second molars, opposite the openings of the ducts of the submandibular and parotid salivary glands,and on crowns of teeth out of occlusion, nonfunctioning teeth, teeth neglected during daily biofilm removal, dentures, prostheses and tongue piercings

43
Q

on the clinical crown apical to the margin of the gingiva and extending nearly to the clinical attachment on the root surface and on dental implants, (calculus)

A

subgingival calculus

44
Q

sources of minerals for supragingival calculus

A

saliva

45
Q

sources of minerals for supragingival calculus

A

gingival crevicular fluid and inflammatory exudate supply the minerals for the subgingival deposits

46
Q

biofilm accumulates on _____ anterior mandibular teeth

A

crowded

47
Q

biofilm develops more rapidly on rough or smooth tooth surfaces?

A

rough; attach easier on calculus, poorly contoured restorations, and removable appliances

48
Q

deposits of biofilm may extend over an entire crown of a tooth that is ______, out of occlusion, or not actively used during mastication

A

unopposed

49
Q

which inorganic elements are common in biofilm

A

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium are more concentrated in biofilm than in saliva and also fluoride

50
Q

what organic elements are common in biofilm?

A

carbohydrates and proteins

51
Q

coronal to the gingival margin, what kind of biofilm is that?

A

supragingival biofilm

52
Q

forms on the external surfaces of the oral epithelium and attached gingiva, what kind of biofilm is that?

A

gingival biofilm

53
Q

located between the epithelial attachment and the gingival margin, within the sulcus or pocket, what location of biofilm is that?

A

subgingival biofilm

54
Q

what kind of biofilm develops in pits and fissures of the teeth?

A

fissure biofilm

55
Q

the major inorganic components of calculus are:

A

calcium, phosphorus, carbonate, sodium, magnesium, and potassium

56
Q

about 2/3 of the inorganic content of calculus is made up of

A

crystals, hydroxyapatite, it also contains various amounts of bryshite, whitelockite, and octacalcium phosphate

57
Q

what is the most highly mineralized tissue in the body; contains 95-97% inorganic salts

A

dental enamel

58
Q

what percentage of inorganic salts does dentin have

A

65%

59
Q

what percentage of inorganic salts does cementum have

A

45-70%

60
Q

mature calculus has app. how much inorganic content

A

70-80%

Dental Hygiene 3020 Test 1 (5 decks)

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