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Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

People’s typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
-“A set of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive tendencies that people display over time and across situations and that distinguish individuals from one another

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2
Q

What are traits?

A

Relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behavior across many situations

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3
Q

What is a nomothetic approach to studying personality?

A

Aims to explain personality across individuals

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4
Q

What are the pros and cons of a nomothetic approach to studying personality?

A

Pro: allows for you to generalize across individuals
Con: may loose what makes someone unique

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5
Q

What is an idiographic approach to studying personality?

A

Aims to explain personality within an individual

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6
Q

What are the pros and cons of an idiographic approach to studying personality?

A

Pro: are focused on unique individuals that may loose w/nomothetic
Con: not clear how generalizable the results are

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7
Q

What are the main influences on personality?

A
  • Genetics
  • Shared environment
  • Nonshared environment
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8
Q

How can a shared environment influence personality? What is it? Give an example

A

Experiences that make individuals within the same family more alike
Ie: food, values, etc.

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9
Q

How can a nonshared environment influence personality? What is it? Give an example

A

Experiences that make individuals within the same family less alike
Ie: peer groups, age, parental differential treatment

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10
Q

What does reared together mean?

A

Raised together

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11
Q

What are two behavioral genetic designs?

A
  • Twin studies

- Adoption studies

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12
Q

What does a twin study measure within a behavioral genetic design context?

A

Analysis of how traits differ in identical vs fraternal twins

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13
Q

What does an adoption study measure within a behavioral genetic design context?

A

Analysis of how traits vary in individuals raised apart from their biological relatives

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14
Q

Twin studies on the influence of personality?

A

A genetic influence is suggested, along with environmental (non-shared) for both reared together and reared apart

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15
Q

Reared apart vs reared together on personality in twin studies? What does this suggest?

A

Slightly different, though quite similar

  • Suggests that a shared environment plays little or no role in adult personality
  • —therefore, a genetic AND non-shared influence
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16
Q

Adoption studies on the influence of personality? Why is this important?

A

Tend to show more similarity to biological parents

-suggests a genetic influence and a non-shared environmental influence

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17
Q

Conclusion from behavioral genetic designs on what influences personality?

A

Differences may not be from different parental treatment, etc.
-Little evidence for shared-environment influence

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18
Q

What are the four theories/models of personality?

A
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Behavioral
  • Social learning
  • Humanistic
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19
Q

What is the goal of the psychoanalytic theory? Who is the founder? What did (S)he believe?

A

Freud

  • To explain psychological causes of mental disorders
  • –believed that physical and mental problems may be caused by psychological causes
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20
Q

What are the three core assumptions of the psychoanalytic theory?

A
  • Psychic determinism
  • Symbolic meaning
  • Unconscious motivation
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21
Q

What is psychic determinism within the psychoanalytic theory?

A

All psychological events have a cause

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22
Q

What is symbolic meaning within the psychoanalytic theory?

A

No action is meaningless

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23
Q

What is unconscious motivation within the psychoanalytic theory?

A

We rarely understand what we do

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24
Q

What has a major influence on our lives, according to Freud?

A

Sex

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25
Q

What is the structure of the model of personality for psychoanalytic theory?

A
  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
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26
Q

What is the Id, according to the psychoanalytic theory? Give an example - what would someone ruled by their Id say?

A

Primitive impulses

  • unconscious; well below surface of awareness
  • Ie: sex drives, libido, etc.
  • –“I want what I want and I want it now”
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27
Q

What is the ego, according to the psychoanalytic theory? How would someone with an underdeveloped ego feel? Developed?

A

Sense of morality

  • almost entirely unconscious
  • –Underdeveloped: guilt-free
  • –Developed: feels guilt
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28
Q

What is the superego, according to the psychoanalytic theory?

A

Decision maker

  • One with most available to conscious (contact with outside world)
  • —some unconscious though
  • Operates with reality principle
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29
Q

What is the reality principle?

A

Control of the pleasure-seeking activity of the id in order to meet the demands of the external world
-Will delay immediate gratification until an appropriate outlet is found

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30
Q

What results from conflict within the Id, ego, and/or superego?

A

Stress results from conflict within these three

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31
Q

How can conflict within the Id, ego, and/or superego present itself?

A
  • Dreams

- Anxiety (and defense mechanisms)

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32
Q

How does conflict within the Id, ego, and superego present itself through dreams?

A

Wish fulfillment; expressions of Id’s impulses

  • Illustrate how ego and superego operate to keep Id in check
  • –disguises impulses as symbols (vary according to dreamer) bc see impulses as “threatening”
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33
Q

How does conflict within the Id, ego, and superego present itself through anxiety?

A

The ego tries to minimize anxiety via defense mechanisms

  • Types of defense mechanisms:
  • –Repression
  • –Denial
  • –Regression

-Protects us from being consciously aware

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34
Q

How does the ego use repression in order to try and minimize anxiety?

A
  • Threatening memories

- “motivated forgetting”

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35
Q

How does the ego use denial in order to try and minimize anxiety?

A

Refusing to acknowledge current events in our lives

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36
Q

How does the ego use regression in order to try and minimize anxiety? Example?

A

Returning, psychologically, to a younger and safer time

-Ie: bring an old toy to college

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37
Q

How many stages are there for psychosexual development? What are they?

A

5 stages

  • Oral
  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Latency
  • Genital
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38
Q

Oral stage of psychosexual development - age range, erogenous zone, conflict, consequences of fixation

A
  • Age: birth-12-18 m
  • Erogenous zone: mouth
  • Conflict: weaning (stopping breastfeeding)
  • Consequences: unhealthy oral behavior (chewing gum, smoking, overeating)
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39
Q

Anal stage of psychosexual development - age range, erogenous zone, conflict, consequences of fixation

A
  • Age: 18 m-3yrs
  • Erogenous zone: anus
  • Conflict: toilet training
  • Consequences: anal retentive/explosive (sloppiness, disorganization vs. anal retentive, excessive neatness)
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40
Q

Phallic stage of psychosexual development - age range, erogenous zone, conflict, consequences of fixation

A
  • Age: 3-6yrs
  • Erogenous zone: genitals
  • Conflict: oedipus/electra complex
  • Consequences: aggression/dominance
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41
Q

Latency stage of psychosexual development - age range, erogenous zone, conflict, consequences of fixation

A
  • Age: 6-12yrs
  • Erogenous zone: dormant
  • Conflict: none
  • Consequences: n/a
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42
Q

Genital stage of psychosexual development - age range, erogenous zone, conflict, consequences of fixation
-What is special about this zone?

A
  • Age: 12yrs+
  • Erogenous zone: genitals
  • Conflict: none
  • Consequences: if other probs not resolved, diff. w/attachment

—matures into romantic feelings towards others

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43
Q

What is the electra complex?

A

Girls loved father romantically and wanted to eliminate mother as a rival

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44
Q

What is the oedipus complex?

A

Boys loved mother romantically and wanted to eliminate father to have mother

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45
Q

What happens from the electra/oedipus complex if successful?

A

Eventually, the children get over it and transfix the “love” onto other opposite sex people and starts to relate to same sex parent
-realizes that mom/dad is more superior and will win

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46
Q

What are some of the critiques of the psychoanalytic theory?

A
  • Based findings on small group of people, so may not be generalizable
  • Hard to test for Id, ego, and superego -> therefore, many features are unfalsifiable
  • Little scientific results for defense mechanisms
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47
Q

Who are two major behavioral theorists?

A

Skinner and Watson

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48
Q

What did Watson believe?

A

Personality is the “end product of our habit systems”

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49
Q

Criticisms of behaviorism

A
  • motivation not considered

- doesn’t consider internal processes

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50
Q

Who was skinner? What did he believe?

A

A radical behaviorist

-believed that differences in our personalities stem largely from differences in our learning histories

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51
Q

What do radical behaviorists reject, unlike Freudians?

A

The notion that the first few years of life are especially critical in personality development
-While childhood matters, they believe that our learning histories continue to mold our personalities throughout the life span

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52
Q

What do radical behaviorists believe?

A

Personalities are bundles of habits acquired by classical and operant conditioning
-Personality DOES NOT CAUSE behavior, but consists of overt and covert behaviors

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53
Q

What are overt behaviors?

A

observable

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54
Q

What are covert behaviors? Give an example

A

unobservable

-Ie: thoughts and feelings

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55
Q

According to behaviorists, personality is under control of 2 major influences:

A
  • Genetic factors

- Contingencies in the environment (reinforcers and punishers)

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56
Q

What is one similarity between psychoanalysts and behaviorists?

A

Are both determinists

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57
Q

What are the behavioral theorist views on determinism?

A
  • Determinists: believe all of our actions are products of preexisting causal influences
  • Radical behaviorists: free will is an illusion
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58
Q

What do radical behaviorists think of free will?

A

Free will is an illusion
-We’re convinced that we’re free to select our behaviors only because we’re usually oblivious to the situational factors that trigger them

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59
Q

What are the behavioral theorist views on unconscious processing? More specifically, in terms of the similarities between skinnerians and freudians

A

Freudians and skinnerians agree that we often don’t understand the reasons for their behavior, but the views on WHY differ

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60
Q

What are skinnerian views on unconscious processing?

A

We’re “unconscious” of many things bc we’re often unaware of immediate situational influences on our behavior
-Ie: unaware why we are humming a song until we realize that it’s playing softly in the background

—initially unaware of the external cause of this behavior

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61
Q

What are the differences between skinnerians and freudians views on unconscious processing?

A

Freudian unconscious -> vast storehouse of inaccessible thoughts, memories, and impulses

Radical behaviorists -> no such storehouse bc unconscious variables that play a role in causing behavior lie outside, not inside, us

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62
Q

What is another term for a social learning theorist?

A

Social cognitive theorist

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63
Q

What do social learning theorists believe?

A

Place an emphasis on thinking is a cause of personality

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64
Q

What do social learning theorists think about Skinner?

A

They believe that he went too far in his wholesale rejection of the influence of thoughts on behavior

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65
Q

What do social learning theorists believe about thinking?

A

How we interpret our environments affects how we react to them
-If we perceive others to be threatening, we’ll typically be hostile and suspicious in return

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66
Q

What do social learning theorists believe about classical and operant conditioning?

A

They believe that they are not automatic reflexive processes, but are products of cognition
-As we acquire info in classical/operant conditioning,, we’re actively thinking about and interpreting what this info means

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67
Q

Social learning views of determinism?

A

Reciprocal determinism

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68
Q

What is reciprocal determinism? Give an example

A

The tendency for people to mutually influence each other’s behavior

  • Ie: high levels of extraversion -> meet new friends in intro psych class
  • –friends reinforce extraversion by encouraging us to go to parties we’d otherwise skip and parties give you more friends, further reinforcing the extraversion
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69
Q

Social theorist’s views on observational learning and personality?
-Give an example

A

Much of learning occurs by watching others

  • Therefore, parents and teachers play a sig role in shaping our personality
  • –We acquire both good and bad habits by watching and later emulating them

Ie: We can learn to behave altruistically by seeing our parents donate money to charities

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70
Q

Social theorist’s views on the sense of perceived control?

A

Emphasizes individuals’ sense of control over life events

-Locus of control

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71
Q

What is a locus of control?

A

The extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside their control

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72
Q

What is an internal?

A

Internal locus of control

-Life events are due largely to their own efforts and personal characteristics

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73
Q

What is an external?

A

External locus of control

-Life events are largely a product of chance and fate

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74
Q

What are the two main types of locus of control?

A
  • Internals

- Externals

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75
Q

What type of locus of control would someone who says “If I set my mind to it, I can accomplish just about anything I want” have?

A

Internal

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76
Q

Internals vs externals

A

Internals are less prone to emotional upset following life stressors than externals
-Are more likely to believe that they can remedy the situation on their own

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77
Q

What is a downside to having an external locus of control? What is one way to help this, though?

A

Almost all forms of psychological distress (i.e. depression or anxiety) are associated w/an external locus of control
-Feeling some measure of control over ones life helps

—^Causal relationship though!!!!! NOT developed

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78
Q

Critics of Skinner - what do they say?

A

The claim that our thoughts play no causal role in our behavior is implausible from an evolutionary perspective

  • Natural selection: enormous cerebral cortex, which is specialized for problem solving, planning, reasoning, etc.
  • –difficult to comprehend why our huge cortexes would have evolved if our thoughts were merely by-products of contingencies
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79
Q

Behavioral theories evaluated - Skinner vs Freud?

A

Skinner (and fellow radical behaviorists) agreed with Freud that our behavior is determined
-However, they believed that the primary causes of our behavior (contingencies) lie outside rather than inside us

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80
Q

Criticisms for social learning theory?

A

The claim that observational learning exerts a powerful influence over our personalities implies an important causal role of shared environment
-However, behavior-genetic studies have shown that the effects of shared environment on adult personalities are weak or nonexistent

Although believes that learning depends on cognition, processes seen in animals w/tiny cerebral cortexes
-Learning can occur in relatively simple animals

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81
Q

What do humanistic psychologists believe?

A

Rejected the strict determinism of psychoanalysis and behaviorists and embraced the notion of free will
-Believes that we are perfectly free to choose either socially constructive or deconstructive paths in life

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82
Q

What is the core motive in personality, according to humanistic psychologists?

A

Self-actualization

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83
Q

What is self-actualization?

A

The drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

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84
Q

Freudians vs humanist theorists

A

Freudians: self-actualization would be disastrous for society bc our innate drives, housed in the Id, are selfish and potentially harmful if not controlled

Humanist’s: human nature is inherently constructive, so self-actualization is a worthy goal

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85
Q

Who was Rogers? What did he believe?

A

Humanist theorist

-We could all achieve our full potential for emotional fulfillment if only society allowed it

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86
Q

What were two humanistic models?

A
  • Rogers’s model of personality

- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

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87
Q

What is Rogers’s model of personality?

A

According to Rogers, our personalities consist of three major components

  • Organism
  • Self
  • Conditions of worth
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88
Q

What does the organism represent within Rogers’s model of personality?

A

Our innate - and substantially genetically influenced - blueprint

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89
Q

What does the self represent within Rogers’s model of personality?

A

Our self-concept, the set of beliefs about who we are

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90
Q

What do the conditions of worth represent within Rogers’s model of personality?

A

The expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior
-Arise typically in childhood when others make their acceptance of us conditioned on certain behaviors but not others

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91
Q

Compare the organism to the Id

A

The organism is just like the Id, except Rogers viewed the organism as inherently positive and helpful towards others

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92
Q

Compare the conditions of worth with the superego

A

Emanate from our parents and society, and eventually we internalize them

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93
Q

Give an example of a situation demonstrating Rogers idea of our conditions of worth being influenced

A

Child likes to write poetry

  • When teased, develops conditions of worth: not worthwhile
  • When stops writing, teasing stops: is worthwhile
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94
Q

What is Incongruence?

A

When our personalities are inconsistent with our innate dispositions

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95
Q

Where does individual differences in personality stem from? What are some of the potential conflicts this can cause?

A

Stem largely from differences in the conditions of worth that others impose on us

  • Result in incongruence between self and organism
  • –No longer our genuine selves bc we’re acting in ways that are inconsistent w/our genuine personalities
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96
Q

Rogers vs Maslow

A

Rogers: Focused largely on individuals whose tendencies toward self-actualization were thwarted and therefore ended up with psychological problems

Maslow: Focused on individuals who were self-actualized

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97
Q

Who was Maslow? What did he believe?

A

A humanist theorist

  • Focused on self-actualized people, especially historical figures
  • Full self-actualization is a rare feat, something only 2% of people can accomplish
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98
Q

What are some characteristics of self-actualized people?

A
  • tend to be creative, spontaneous, and accepting of themselves and others
  • self confident but not self-centered
  • focus on real-world and intellectual problems
  • have few deep friendships rather than many superficial ones
  • crave privacy and can come off as aloof or even difficult to deal with
  • prone to peak experiences
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99
Q

Why can self-actualized people sometimes come off as aloof or difficult to deal with?

A

They’ve outgrown the need to be popular

-Not afraid to express unpopular opinions or “rock the boat” when necessary

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100
Q

What are peak experiences?

A

Transcendent moments of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world

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101
Q

Critics of Rogers?

A

Challenge the claim that human nature is entirely pos

  • the capacity for aggression and altruism is inherent
  • –THEREFORE, human nature is a mix of selfish and selfless motives

Results in terms of incongruence are hard to interpret
-The people who showed decreases in incongruence following therapy weren’t the same people who improved

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102
Q

What did Rogers research on incongruence show?

A

Incongruence is greater for those who are emotionally disturbed than it is for healthy individuals
-Difference decreases over the course of psychotherapy

-> Rogers interpreted this finding as reflecting a lessening of conditions of worth

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103
Q

Critics of Maslow?

A

His work was problematic on methodological grounds
-May have limited search for self-actualized historical figures who displayed the characteristics of creativity and spontaneity

—> Conformation bias

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104
Q

How may have Maslow developed conformation bias?

A

Because he wasn’t blind to his hypothesis concerning the personality features of self-actualized individuals, he had no way of guarding against this bias

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105
Q

Critics on humanistic models?

A

Difficult to falsify

-the claim that self-actualization is the central motive in personality is not scientifically testable

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106
Q

What is Rotter’s basic formula for predicting behavior?

A

Behavior potential = Expectancy + Reinforcement value

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107
Q

What is behavior potential in Rotter’s formula?

A

The likelihood of engaging in a particular behavior in a specific situation

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108
Q

What is expectancy in Rotter’s formula?

A

The subjective probability that a given behavior will lead to a particular outcome or reinforcer

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109
Q

What is the Reinforcement value in Rotter’s formula?

A

The degree to which we prefer one reinforcer over another

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110
Q

Who was Rotter? What did Rotter believe?

A

A social theorist

-Hypothesized that those with internal locus of control are less prone to being emotionally upset following stress

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111
Q

What is the trait theory?

A

Interested in the individual differences of personality
-Traits that are important and prevalent in society will be well-represented in the language

—Lexical approach

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112
Q

What is the lexical approach?

A

The most crucial features of human personality are embedded in our language

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113
Q

Trait models vs the other models of personality?

A

Trait models are interested in the STRUCTURE of personality

-Behavioral, social learning, and humanistic models are interested in the CAUSE of personality

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114
Q

What are the big five traits?

A

OCEAN

  • Openness to experience
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extroversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
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115
Q

What did a factor analysis tell us?

A

The big five traits

-OCEAN

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116
Q

High score on openness to experience? Low score?

A

High

  • curious
  • wide range of interests
  • independent

Low

  • practical
  • conventional
  • prefers routine
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117
Q

High score on conscientiousness? Low score?

A

High

  • hardworking
  • dependable
  • organized

Low

  • impulsive
  • careless
  • disorganized
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118
Q

High score on extroversion? Low score?

A

High

  • outgoing
  • warm
  • seeks adventure

Low

  • quiet
  • reserved
  • withdrawn
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119
Q

High score on agreeableness? Low score?

A

High

  • helpful
  • trusting
  • empathetic

Low

  • critical
  • uncooperative
  • suspicious
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120
Q

High score on neuroticism? Low score?

A

High

  • anxious
  • unhappy
  • prone to neg emotions

Low

  • calm
  • secure
  • even tempered
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121
Q

Personality traits associated with good grades in school?

A
  • high conscientiousness
  • low neuroticism
  • high agreeableness
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122
Q

Personality traits associated with physical health?

A

-High conscientiousness

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123
Q

Personality traits associated with Facebook posts?

A
  • High extroversion

- high openness to experience

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124
Q

What do personality traits influence?

A
  • the way we interact with others
  • the activities we pursue
  • our success in different areas, etc.
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125
Q

Are personality traits consistent across cultures?

A

No; personality traits can vary across culture, depending on what traits are valued in those societies

  • some underdeveloped regions have only 2 main traits
  • some countries (i.e. China, Germany, Finland, etc.) have more
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126
Q

Personality traits within collectivist cultures?

A
  • Personality traits are less predictive of behavior

- Behavior may be more influenced by social norms

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127
Q

Do personality traits change across time?

A

Personality traits are relatively consistent across time for individuals, but not a population

Population:

  • Openness, extroversion, and neuroticism tend to decrease from teens to 30s and then are stable
  • Conscientiousness and agreeableness tend to increase from teens to 3os and then are stable
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128
Q

Do personality traits change across situation?

A

We can’t use someone’s personality to predict how they’ll act in one specific situation
-We can’t look at one situation and conclude someone’s personality

—Personality traits can predict trends in behavior over a span of time, but cannot reliably predict behavior in one specific situation

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129
Q

What can affect behavior?

A
  • situational factors
  • mood
  • energy level
  • others behavior
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130
Q

What did Mr. Carson show us?

A

Power of situation to display personality traits

131
Q

Types of tests for personality assessment

A
  • Structured

- Projective

132
Q

Structured personality tests - what do they entail?

A

Questions answered in a fixed way

-easier to score and administer

133
Q

Approaches to structured personality test construction?

A
  • Empirical method

- Rationally/theoretically constructed

134
Q

What does the empirical method entail?

A
  • Data based
  • Criterion groups
  • Determines items that best identify these groups
  • –usually valid and reliable
135
Q

Con of empirical method? Why?

A

Can result in low face validity

  • If high, may tailor responses
  • > adv of high: can sometimes get suspicion from low validity
136
Q

State two examples of the empirical method being employed for personality tests

A
  • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

- California Psych Inventory (CPI)

137
Q

What is the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)? What is it? Evaluation of it? Criticisms?

A
  • Assesses symptoms of psych disorders
  • True/false format
  • Validity scales (x3)
  • Evaluation: tends to be valid and reliable
  • Criticisms: scales may overlap one another - not entirely independent
138
Q

What is the CPI (California Psych Inventory)?

A
  • Assesses personality in the normal range
  • Evaluation: high in validity and reliability
  • Criticism: issues with overlap -> correlation?
139
Q

What does the Rationally/theoretically constructed personality tests entail?

A
  • Starts with an idea of a personality trait

- Items developed based on that idea

140
Q

Examples of the Rationally/theoretically constructed personality tests? What do they measure?

A
  • NEO personality inventory
  • Tipi

^Measures the Big Five

141
Q

Projective personality tests - what do they entail? State an example (anything critique?)

A

Ambiguous stimuli

  • project aspects of personality onto stimuli
  • look at answers to infer aspects of personality

—Doodle exercise: low on validity

142
Q

Types of projective personality tests

A
  • Thematic apperception test
  • Human figure drawings
  • Graphology
  • Rorschach inkblot
143
Q

What does a thematic apperception test entail?

A

Story telling

144
Q

What does a human figure drawing test entail?

A

Draw him/her anyway you want

145
Q

What does the Rorschach inkblot test entail?

A
  • symmetrical inkblot

- participants report what the blot looks like

146
Q

Critiques of the Rorschach inkblot test?

A

Areas of low reliability and validity

  • low interrater reliability
  • low test-re-test reliability

Lack of incremental validity

147
Q

What is incremental validity?

A

Does it offer more than the other tests?

-seeks to answer if the new test adds much information that might be obtained with simpler, already existing methods

148
Q

Issues in personality tests?

A
  • P.T. Barnum Effect

- Scientific assessment

149
Q

What is the P.T. Barnum effect?

A

The tendency to apply descriptions that are applicable to many people specifically to ourselves

150
Q

How do we define mental illness?

A
  • Statistical rarity
  • Subjective distress
  • Impairment
  • Societal disapproval
  • Biological dysfunction

—Can’t just use one but can use all five

151
Q

How does biological dysfunction play into mental illness? Any exceptions?

A

Many mental disorders probably result from breakdowns or failures of physiological systems
-Exception: some specific phobias are acquired, not biological

152
Q

How does statistical rarity play into mental illness? Any exceptions?

A

Many mental disorders are uncommon in the population

-Exception: depression, anxiety, etc.

153
Q

How does subjective distress play into mental illness? Any exceptions?

A

Most mental disorders produce emotional pain for individuals afflicted with them
-Exception: manic phase of bipolar disorder

154
Q

How does impairment play into mental illness? Any exceptions?

A

Most psychological disorders interfere with everyday lives

-Exception: procrastination, disorganization, etc.

155
Q

How does societal disapproval play into mental illness? Any exceptions?

A

Societal attitudes shape our views of abnormality, so psychiatric diagnoses have often mirrored the views of the times (i.e. homosexuality)
-Exception: racism, messiness, rudeness, etc.

156
Q

What was the conception of psychological disorders in the middle ages?

A

Demonic model causing mental illness

157
Q

What was the conception of psychological disorders in the Renaissance?

A

Medical model

158
Q

What was the conception of psychological disorders in the 1800’s?

A

Moral treatment

159
Q

What are the conceptions of psychological disorders in the modern era?

A

Treatments with medicine and deinstitutionalization

160
Q

What is the demonic model?

A

View of mental illness in which behaving oddly, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body

161
Q

What is the medical model?

A

View of mental illness as due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment

162
Q

What is the moral model?

A

Approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness
-Tried to change poor conditions for those in asylums, homes, etc.

163
Q

What is deinstitutionalization?

A

Government policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals

164
Q

Pros and cons to deinstitutionalization?

A

Pro: some improved through at-home care
Con: some didn’t have adequate follow-up

165
Q

Purpose of psychiatric diagnosis?

A
  • Accurate diagnosis
  • –can better pinpoint problem and choose most effective treatment
  • Make it easier for mental health prof.’s to communicate
166
Q

Common misconceptions regarding diagnosis?

A
  • Pigeonholding
  • Unreliable
  • Stigmatizing
  • Invalid
167
Q

What is pigeonholding?

A

“Putting people into boxes”

  • According to this, when we diagnose people with a mental disorder, we deprive them of their uniqueness
  • > we imply that all people within the same diagnostic category are alike in all important respects
168
Q

Reality of “pigeonholding” misconception regarding diagnoses

A

A diagnosis only implies that all people with a particular diagnosis are alike in at least ONE important respect

169
Q

Reality of “stigmatizing” misconception regarding diagnoses

A

Little evidence that the diagnosis itself harms the person long-term

170
Q

Criteria for valid diagnosis

A
  • Distinguishes that diagnosis from other similar diagnoses
  • Predicts diagnosed individuals’ performance on lab tests
  • Predicts diagnosed individuals’ family history of psychiatric disorders
  • Predicts individuals’ natural history
  • Predicts diagnosed individuals’ response to treatment
171
Q

Criterion: distinguishes that diagnosis from other similar diagnoses - What would we expect in ADHD?

A

The symptoms can’t be accounted for by other diagnoses

172
Q

Criterion: predicts diagnosed individuals’ performance on lab tests - What would we expect in ADHD?

A

Poor performance on measures of concentration

173
Q

Criterion: predicts diagnosed individuals’ family history of psychiatric disorders - What would we expect in ADHD?

A

Higher likelihood of other relatives with ADHD

174
Q

Criterion: predicts individuals’ natural history - What would we expect in ADHD?

A

Continued difficulties with inattention

175
Q

Criterion: predicts diagnosed individuals’ response to treatment - What would we expect in ADHD?

A

Likelihood of responding positive to stimulant meds

176
Q

Diagnosis today?

A

DSM-5

  • 18 different classes of disorders
  • diagnostic criteria
  • decision rules
  • prevalence
177
Q

Criticisms of the DSM-5?

A
  • High levels of comorbidity
  • Medicalizes normality
  • Reliance on categorical rather than dimensional model
  • Vulnerable to political and social influence
178
Q

What is the DSM-5?

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

179
Q

In what way does the DSM-5 medicalize normality?

A

i.e. grief

180
Q

In what way does the DSM-5 allow for there be high levels of comorbidity? Give an example. Why could this be problematic?

A

A person diagnosed with depression may also be diagnosed (more likely to be) with anxiety
-Are they truly independent or just symptoms?

181
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

co-occurance of two or more diagnoses within the same person

182
Q

What is a categorical model? Give an example of one

A

Differs in kind rather than degree

  • Either has the disorder or does not (no in between)
  • Ie: Piaget’s theory of development
183
Q

What is a dimensional model? Give an example of one

A

Differs in degree rather than kind

-Ie: The Big Five model

184
Q

What are some anxiety-related disorders?

A
  • Generalized anxiety disorder
  • Panic disorder
  • Phobia’s
  • PTSD
  • OCD
185
Q

What does the generalized anxiety disorder entail?

A
  • Excessive anxiety and worrying occurring more days than not for at least 6 months
  • –may cause sig. distress and impairment
  • Difficult to control the worrying
  • Often diagnosed with another disorder
  • Often worry over the “little” things
  • Females more likely to experience this
186
Q

Common symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?

A
  • feeling restless or on edge
  • irritability
  • easily fatigued
  • muscle tension
  • sleep disturbances
187
Q

What does a panic disorder entail?

A

Repeated, unexpected panic attacks

188
Q

Common symptoms of a panic attack?

A
  • accelerated heart rate
  • trembling or shaking
  • sweating
  • shortness of breath
  • chest pain or discomfort
  • nausea
  • chills or heat sensation
189
Q

Common symptoms of a panic disorder?

A
  • persistent concerns about future attacks

- change in personal behavior to avoid them

190
Q

What is a panic attack? Relation to panic disorders?

A

A brief, intense period of extreme fear

-not only specific to panic disorders

191
Q

What do phobias typically entail?

A

“Irrational fears”

  • intense fear of an object or a situation that is greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
  • fairly common
  • 3 types
192
Q

What are the 3 types of phobias?

A
  • Agoraphobia
  • Specific phobia
  • Social anxiety disorder
193
Q

What is agoraphobia? Give some examples

A

Fear of being in a place or situation where escape would be difficult or embarrassing if one were to experience a panic attack

  • fear that they won’t be able to get help
  • Ie: crowds, movie theater, open spaces, outside of home, etc.
194
Q

What is a specific phobia? What does it entail?

A

Phobia of a specific object, place, or situation

  • the object of fear is unavoidable
  • fear is persistent for at least 6 months
  • changes behavior
  • can cause impairment
  • more common in females
195
Q

What is another term for social anxiety disorder?

A

Social phobia

196
Q

What is social anxiety disorder? What provokes it? What does it entail?

A

Fear of negative evaluations in social situations by others

  • social situations ~always provokes the anxiety
  • avoided and persistent (usually lasts 6 months or more)
  • can cause impairment
  • rates generally higher in females than males
197
Q

What is PTSD? What does it entail?

A

Marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event
-3 main types of symptoms

198
Q

Main types of symptoms of PTSD?

A
  • Re-experiencing symptoms
  • Avoidance symptoms
  • Hyperarousal symptoms
199
Q

What is a re-experiencing symptom? What may it entail?

A

Flashbacks

-can be accompanied by physical symptoms (sweating, inc. heart rate, etc.), bad dreams, etc.

200
Q

What are some avoidance symptoms?

A
  • emotional numbing
  • loosing interest in activities previously enjoyed
  • loosing memories related to event
  • avoidance of things that reminds one of the event
201
Q

What are some hyperarousal symptoms?

A
  • difficulty sleeping

- angry outburst

202
Q

What does OCD entail?

A

Repeated and lengthy immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both

203
Q

What is an obsession?

A

Persistent idea, thought, or urge that is unwanted, causing marked distress

204
Q

What is a compulsion?

A

Repetitive behavior or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress

205
Q

What are some learning models of anxiety related disorders?

A
  • Reinforcements

- Observations

206
Q

What are some cognitive factors of anxiety related disorders?

A
  • Anxious people think about world differences
  • –Catastrophize
  • Sensitivity to anxiety
  • –anxiety of fear-related sensations
207
Q

What does it mean if you’re catastrophizing?

A

Having an irrational thought a lot of us have in believing that something is far worse than it actually is

208
Q

What are some biological influences on anxiety related disorders? Give an example

A

Anxiety disorders may be genetically influenced

-Personality traits: neuroticism

209
Q

What are the major mood disorders?

A
  • Major depressive disorder
  • Bipolar disorder
  • Dissociative disorders
  • –Depersonalization/derealization disorder
  • –Dissociative amnesia
  • –Dissociative identity disorder
210
Q

What is the prevalence of a major depressive disorder?

A
  • average age of onset is 30
  • less common among elderly
  • women 2x more likely than men
211
Q

What is the course for a major depressive disorder?

A
  • reoccurant

- most episodes last 6m-1yr

212
Q

Common symptoms of major depressive disorder?

A

Lasts at least 2 weeks; felt usually everyday; must have at least 1/2 of (—-) symptoms

  • lack of motivation
  • difficulty sleeping (feeling tired or inc need for sleep)
  • lack of appetite
  • weight changes (weight loss or weight gain)
  • restlessness
  • feelings of guilt
  • —depressed mood
  • —loss of pleasure/interests
213
Q

What does one need in order to be diagnosed with a major depressive disorder?

A

5+ symptoms, with at least one being one of the two major ones

214
Q

What are two models for major depressive disorder?

A
  • Cognitive model

- Learned helplessness

215
Q

What is the cognitive model for major depressive disorder?

A

Depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations

-Becks cognitive triad

216
Q

What is Becks cognitive triad?

A

Negative views of:

  • self
  • world
  • future
217
Q

What is the learned helplessness model for major depressive disorder? Give an example

A

Tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control

  • Ie: Dogs in box
  • .5 is electrified, with barrier separating the two sides
  • light dims, warning of shock
  • when dog first restrained on electrified side, after released still didn’t jump to safe side
218
Q

What is the prevalence for bipolar disorder?

A
  • average age of onset is 18

- equal proportion of men and women

219
Q

What is Bipolar disorder?

A

Condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode

220
Q

Common symptoms of a manic episode?

A
  • inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
  • decreased need for sleep
  • talkativeness (rapid, loud, continuous, etc.)
  • flight of ideas (“racing thoughts”)
  • distractability
  • inc goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
  • risky behavior
221
Q

How may the symptom of “flight of ideas” present itself? What disorder is this a symptom of?

A

May result in disorganized or incoherent speech

-Bipolar disorder

222
Q

How may the symptom of “inc goal-directed activity” present itself? What disorder is this a symptom of?

A

Increase in sociability
-political, religious, sexual, etc.

-> bipolar disorder

223
Q

How may the symptom of “flight of ideas” present itself? What disorder is this a symptom of?

A

Restlessness
-increase in sociability

-> bipolar disorder

224
Q

When does a manic episode usually happen within someone with bipolar disorder?

A

Often precedes a depressive episode

225
Q

How may the symptom of “risky behavior” present itself? What disorder is this a symptom of?

A

Driving, investments, foolish spending, sexual improm.

-bipolar disorder

226
Q

What does a depressive episode within someone with bipolar disorder entail?

A

Usually follows a manic episode

-sadness, anxiety, helplessness, etc.

227
Q

Influences on bipolar disorder?

A

Heritable -> genetic influences

228
Q

What does a dissociative disorder entail?

A

Involves disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception

229
Q

What are some dissociative disorders?

A
  • Depersonalization/derealization disorder
  • Dissociative amnesia
  • Dissociative identity disorder
230
Q

What does a depersonalization/derealization disorder entail?

A

Marked by episode of depersonalization, derealization, or both
-sense of detachment from self or real world felt

231
Q

What does it mean to experience depersonalization?

A

When you feel detached from yourself, as though you’re living in a movie or dream or observing your body from the perspective of an outsider

232
Q

What does it mean to experience derealization?

A

The sense that the external world is strange or unreal

-often accompanies both depersonalization and panic attacks

233
Q

What does dissociative amnesia entail?

A
  • Inability to recall important personal info that cannot be explained by ordinary forgetfulness - most often related to a stressful experience
  • Dissociative fugue
234
Q

What is dissociative fugue?

A

Sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events
-may find self in new place with lack of memory

235
Q

What does dissociative identity disorder entail?

A

Condition characterized by the presence of 2+ distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behavior

  • differences in behavior across alters
  • women tend to develop the disorder more, and tend to have more alters
236
Q

What are the “states” in dissociative identity disorder often referred to as?

A

Alters

237
Q

Similarities between the alters in dissociative identity disorder?

A

Different alters appear to be completely distinct, but not completely
—if provide info to one alter, is “available” to other alters

238
Q

What are the different schools of thought for dissociative identity disorder? What questions arose from these?

A

Is DID a response to early trauma? Or is it a consequence of social and cultural factors?

  • Post-traumatic model
  • Sociocognitive model
239
Q

What is the post-traumatic model for dissociative identity disorder?

A

DID developed as a way to cope

240
Q

What is the sociocognitive model for dissociative identity disorder?

A

DID developed as a results of increased use of psychotherapies (i.e. hypnosis)

  • therapeutic responses may have caused an increase number in alters
  • believes that therapists, along with the media. may be creating alters rather than discovering them
241
Q

What are characteristic adaptations?

A

The ways in which underlying personality traits (basic tendencies) can be expressed in dramatically different ways

242
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

Condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, lead to distress or impairment
-among the least reliably diagnosed psychological conditions

243
Q

What is psychopathy? What does it entail?

A

Comprises traits such as callousness, manipulativeness, guiltlessness, recklessness, and narcissism

  • more common in men
  • history of conduct disorder (e.g. lying, stealing, etc.)
  • can observe and measure callous-unemotional traits in children
  • mask of sanity
244
Q

What trait may psychopathy be misdiagnosed with?

A

Overlaps moderately with DSM-5 antisocial personality disorder

245
Q

Why don’t we avoid psychopathic individuals?

A

“Mask” of sanity

  • superficial charm, sociable, charismatic
  • appearance of psychological well-being
246
Q

What are some potential causes of psychopathy?

A
  • Most likely not one single cause
  • Fear deficit
  • Underarousal
247
Q

What can cause a fear deficit?

A
  • Hyporeactive amygdala

- Impoverished reactions to classical conditioning paradigms

248
Q

Classical conditioning: what happens before, during, and after?

A
  • Before: neutral stimulus -> no response
  • During: neutral stimulus -> unconditioned stimulus -> unconditioned response
  • After: neutral stimulus -> conditioned response
249
Q

What can underarousal lead to? Who presents with this the most?

A
  • stimulus hunger
  • risk taking

—psychopath

250
Q

Common misconceptions in psychopathy?

A
  • most with psychopathic traits are not physically violent
  • psychopathy does not mean psychotic
  • psychopathic traits are not all maladaptive
251
Q

Why does psychopathy not mean psychotic?

A

Guiltlessness -> they rationally know that they have done, they just don’t really care

252
Q

What does borderline personality disorder entail?

A
  • disorder of stable instability
  • condition marked by emotional instability, deficits in the perception of self, and impulsivity
  • intense fears of abandonment and loneliness
  • chaotic lifestyles that are often self-destructive and manipulative (e.g. drug abuse, sexual promiscuity, etc.)
253
Q

What is a misnomer for borderline personality disorder?

A

Emotional disregulation disorder is a better term

254
Q

What are the interests and goals like for someone with borderline personality disorder?

A

Can shift dramatically

-unpredictable

255
Q

What are the interpersonal relationships like for someone with borderline personality disorder?

A

love to hate and hate to love

256
Q

Some potential causes of BPD?

A
  • Childhood problems with developing sense of self and bonding emotionally to others
  • –cold, distant mother?
  • Sociobiological model
  • Emotional cascade model
257
Q

What is the sociobiological model for BPD?

A

Inherit stress sensitivity that gives rise to lifelong emotional dysregulation

258
Q

What is the emotional cascade model for BPD?

A

Intense rumination about negative experiences gives rise to emotional cascades that promote self-destructive behaviors

259
Q

Characteristic adaptations of BPD?

A

Many individuals with BPD are married, successful, employed, etc.
-e.g. Marsha Linehan: pioneer in BPD research and has it herself

260
Q

Are personality disorders “hopeless”?

A
  • NOT untreatable
  • may see enhanced improvement with prolonged and intensive psychotherapeutic interventions
  • we may not be able to change traits, but we can change responses to situations, emotions, and behaviors
261
Q

How can we we can change responses to situations, emotions, and behaviors in terms of psychological disorders?

A
  • tolerance
  • acceptance
  • regulation
  • mindfulness
  • –The cognitive triangle
262
Q

What are the three pillars in the cognitive triangle?

A
  • Thoughts
  • Feelings
  • Behavior
263
Q

Common misconception about schizophrenia?

A

NOT the same as dissociative identity disorder

264
Q

What is psychosis?

A

A severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are so impaired that one loses contact with external reality

265
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for Schizophrenia?

A

2 or more of the following, each for a sig portion of time during a 1 month period, symptoms for 6 months:

  • delusions*
  • hallucinations*
  • disorganized speech*
  • grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
  • negative symptoms

—*=must have at least one to be diagnosed

266
Q

What does the symptom of delusions entail for Schizophrenia?

A

Strongly held beliefs that have no basis in reality

267
Q

What does the symptom of hallucinations entail for Schizophrenia?

A

Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli

268
Q

What does the symptom of disorganized speech entail for Schizophrenia?

A

Disjointed, peculiar

-word salad

269
Q

What does the symptom of grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior entail for Schizophrenia?

A

Problems with self care and hygiene

-catatonic behavior

270
Q

What does the symptom of negative symptoms entail for Schizophrenia?

A

Blunted affect, avolition (lack of motivation)

-persists over the course of the illness

271
Q

What is a word salad?

A

A confused mixture of seemingly unrelated words or phrases

272
Q

What are some catatonic behaviors?

A

Movement problems, bizarre postures, pacing, frenzied

273
Q

What is anosognosia?

A

Lack of insight

274
Q

What is the biggest reason as to why people with schizophrenia do not seek treatment?

A

Anosognosia

275
Q

What are some risk factors for schizophrenia?

A
  • gender (more common in men)
  • genetics
  • neural deterioration
  • dopamine hypothesis
  • diathesis stress model
276
Q

Explain the risk factor of neural deterioration for schizophrenia

A

Brain abnormalities -> enlarged ventricles

-cause or effect??? Not sure…

277
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis? How do we know this? Then vs now?

A
  • effects of antipsychotic drugs (antagonist)
  • responses to cocaine, amphetamines
  • –induce schizophrenia-like symptoms
  • Then: excess dopamine in people with schizophrenia
  • Now:abnormalities in dopamine receptors; other neurotransmitters??
278
Q

What is an antagonist, in dopamine hypothesis context?

A

A drug that blocks effects of dopamine

279
Q

What is the diathesis stress model?

A

Diathesis + stress = increased risk

280
Q

What is diathesis?

A

A hereditary predisposition to a disease/disorder

281
Q

Treatment for schizophrenia?

A
  • Therapeutic: CBT [- symptoms]

- Pharmacologic: Antipsychotics [+ symptoms]

282
Q

What is a prodrome? Give an example

A

An early symptom that may indicate disease onset

-Ie: a fever may indicate measles, but not a guarantee

283
Q

Prodrome and schizophrenia?

A

Prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia can mimic mood disorders

-~30% of prodromal patients develop schizophrenia

284
Q

What does psychotherapy entail?

A

A psychological intervention can:

  • help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems
  • improve the quality of people’s lives
285
Q

Who practices psychotherapy?

A
  • Licensed professionals

- Paraprofessionals

286
Q

Who is a paraprofessional? Examples?

A

A person with no professional training who provides mental health services
-Ie: crisis intervention centers or volunteers

287
Q

Who is the most effective, paraprofessionals or licensed professions?

A

Little difference in effectiveness between more and less experienced therapists

288
Q

Common factors that account for most of the change observed in therapy?

A
  • expectancy and placebo effects
  • technique and model factors
  • client variables and extra-therapeutic events
  • therapeutic relationship
289
Q

What are some psychotherapy approaches?

A
  • Insight therapies

- Behavioral and cognitive behavioral approaches

290
Q

What are some approaches with insight therapies?

A
  • psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

- humanistic

291
Q

What are some approaches with behavioral and cognitive behavioral approaches?

A
  • exposure therapies

- cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT)

292
Q

What is the goal of insight therapy?

A

Expand self-awareness or insight

293
Q

What does the psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach entail?

A
  • cause of abnormal behavior: traumatic/adverse childhood experiences
  • analyze distressing thoughts and feelings, recurring patterns, past events, and therapeutic relationship
  • insight into previously unconscious thoughts leads to symptom reduction
294
Q

What are some psychoanalytic key approaches?

A

Decrease guilt and frustration by making the unconscious conscious:

  • free association
  • interpretation
  • dream analysis
  • resistance
  • transference
  • working through
295
Q

What is free association?

A

Expressing oneself without any censorship

296
Q

What is transference, in terms of psychoanalysis?

A

Act of projecting intense unrealistic feelings from the past onto the therapist

297
Q

What is interpretation, in terms of psychoanalysis?

A

Therapist’s explanation of client’s unconscious

298
Q

What is resistance, in terms of psychoanalysis?

A

Client attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts

299
Q

What is working through, in terms of psychoanalysis?

A

Therapist helps client process his/her problems

300
Q

Is insight important?Any evaluations?

A

While gratifying, no

  • falsifiability?
  • –cannot rule out other hypothesis
301
Q

Is insight effective?

A
  • questionable

- interpersonal therapy (based on psychoanalysis) effective for certain disorders

302
Q

Are traumatic memories repressed?

A
  • evidence is weak
  • disturbing events usually more memorable
  • false memories can be created from memory retrieval techniques in patients that believe that they have repressed memories
303
Q

What do humanistic therapies entail?

A
  • overcome alienation
  • develop sensory and emotional awareness
  • assuming responsibility for decisions
  • living in the present, not attributing probs to the past
304
Q

What is one type of humanistic therapy? What does it entail?

A

Person-centered therapy

  • nondirective
  • therapist must:
  • –be authentic
  • –express unconditional regard
  • –have empathetic understanding of client
  • –show warmth
305
Q

What is the technique for person-centered therapy?

A

Reflective statements/avoid confrontation -> motivational interviewing

306
Q

Are humanistic theories effective?

A
  • self-actualization difficult to measure
  • more effective than no treatment
  • mixed feelings -> some say it’s as effective as CBT and some say it’s not more effective than the placebo
307
Q

Evaluation of therapeutic relationship within humanistic theories?

A
  • stronger predictor of success in therapy than specific techniques
  • self-help programs also successful—-is therapist necessary???
  • causal directions -> clients who get better then have stronger relationship w/therapist
308
Q

Goal of behavioral and cognitive behavioral approaches?

A

Address current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

309
Q

What does exposure therapy entail?

A

Confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear

  • systematic desensitization
  • flooding and response prevention
310
Q

What is systematic desensitization? What did it entail?

A

Clients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner

  • Reciprocal inhibition
  • counter-condition
  • anxiety hierarchy
311
Q

What does reciprocal inhibition entail within systematic desensitization?

A

client cannot experience two conflicting responses/relaxation techniques

312
Q

What does counter-condition entail within systematic desensitization?

A

pairing incompatible relaxation response with anxiety conditions a more adaptive response

313
Q

What does the anxiety hierarchy entail within systematic desensitization?

A

ladder of situations from least to most anxiety inducing

314
Q

Steps of systematic desensitization

A
  1. relaxation techniques
  2. relax and imagine least anxiety-provoking scenario on anxiety hierarchy
  3. move to next level when able to imagine prior scene w/o anxiety
  4. continues until able to confront most fear-inducing scene w/o anxiety
315
Q

Is systematic desensitization effective?

A
  • Dismantling (research procedure examining effectiveness of isolated component of a larger treatment/mechanism)
  • > no one component is necessary
316
Q

What does flooding and response prevention therapy entail?

A
  • Flooding: expose clients to top fear on anxiety hierarchy
  • Avoidance: maintains fear
  • Response prevention: therapist prevent clients from performing typical avoidance behaviors
317
Q

What is the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy?

A

Replace irrational cognitions and maladaptive behaviors with more rational cognitions and behaviors

318
Q

What are the 3 core assumptions of cognitive behavioral therapy?

A
  1. cognitions are identifiable and measurable
  2. cognitions are key in both healthy and unhealthy psychological functioning
  3. irrational beliefs or thinking can be replaces with more rational (realistic) cognitions
    - irrational thinking styles
319
Q

Examples of irrational thinking styles

A
  • all or nothing thinking
  • over-generalizing
  • jumping to conclusions
  • magnification (catastrophizing) and minimization
320
Q

What is one type of cognitive behavioral therapy?

A

Rational-emotive therapy

321
Q

What does rational-emotive therapy entail?

A

Change in how we think (cognitive) and how we act (behavioral)
-ABC’s

322
Q

What are the ABC’s of rational-emotive therapy? What do they entail?

A
  • Activating event: unpleasant internal/external event
  • Beliefs: our beliefs regarding the event
  • Consequences: emotional and behavioral reactions/consequences
323
Q

Give an example of an ABC (rational-emotive therapy) situation

A

A: Nobody responds to text in 2 mins
B:
-irrational: everyone hates me
-rational: they’ll respond - maybe hasn’t seen phone yet
C: to irrational, feeling depressed/may not send text again

324
Q

Cognitive Behavioral therapies evaluation?

A
  • more effective than no treatment or placebo
  • at least as effective as (and in some cases, more than) psychodynamic and person-centered therapies
  • equally as effective as behavioral treatments

Psych 111 (3 decks)

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