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Psych 111 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Emotions - what purpose do they serve?

A

Evolutionary functions

  • innate
  • universal
  • conserved
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2
Q

Evidence for evolutionary basis of emotions

A
  • emerge early w/o direct reinforcements
  • avoidance mechanisms (may be adaptive)
  • similarities w/nonhuman animals
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3
Q

What is the discrete emotions theory?

A

The theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in their biology

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4
Q

What supports the theory that emotions are universal?

A

Ekman’s research with primary emotions

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5
Q

How many primary emotions are there? What are they? What makes them a primary emotion?

A

Seven basic emotions:

  • happiness
  • disgust
  • sadness
  • fear
  • surprise
  • contempt
  • anger

—primary bc easier to distinguish from facial expressions

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6
Q

What are three aspects of the Discrete emotions theory?

A

Emotions are:

  • universal
  • physiological responses
  • display rules
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7
Q

What are display rules in terms of emotions? Give an example

A

Humans have all of the primary emotions, but may not express all of them due to cultural differences

  • does not influence the emotion itself, but rather the expression of it
  • ie: societal demands in western culture with boys crying
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8
Q

How do cognitive theories of emotion consider emotion?

A

They consider emotion to be a product of thinking

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9
Q

What are the three cognitive theories of emotion?

A
  • James-Lange
  • Cannon-Bard
  • Two Factor
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10
Q

What is the James-Lange theory? Give an example with a spider

A

Emotions are a result from interpretation of out bodily reactions to stimuli
-ie: person sees spider -> begins to shake -> interprets shaking as fear

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11
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory? What organ is supposedly responsible for this? Give an example with a spider

A

Emotion-provoking events lead simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions

  • –believed to be done through the Thalamus
  • ie: person sees spider -> begins to shake AND experiences fear at same time
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12
Q

What is the Two-factor theory? Give an example with a spider

A

Emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of aroused along w/an attribution of that arousal
-ie: person sees spider -> undiff. state of arousal (fear, happiness, etc.) -> attributes arousal to spider -> experiences fear

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13
Q

How does arousal and attraction correlate to each other? Give an example

A

Any type of arousal is more likely to lead to more attraction

  • ie: attractive female research assistant on solid bridge and wobbly bridge talking to passerbys
  • –> those approached on wobbly bridge was found more likely to call back
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14
Q

What is an example of an unconscious influence? What discovery did it lead to?

A

Subliminal presentation of emotional stimuli

-Mere exposure effect

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15
Q

Mere exposure effect - what is it?

A

Repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it

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16
Q

What are some examples of stimuli that are applicable to the mere exposure effect?

A
  • Faces
  • Shapes
  • Nonsense syllables
  • Chinese characters
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17
Q

What is one test used to detect lying? What does it rely on?

A

Polygraph test

-relies on the Pinocchio response

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18
Q

What is the Pinocchio response?

A

a perfect (supposedly) physiological or behavioral indicator of lying

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19
Q

What are the physiological signals that a polygraph measures? What do these signals traditionally reflect?

A

Reflect anxiety

  • perspiration
  • blood pressure
  • heart rate
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20
Q

What type of questions are asked in a controlled questions test?

A

yes/no questions

  • relevant
  • control
  • irrelevant
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21
Q

What do irrelevant questions do? Give an example

A

Establish a baseline (individual’s typical level of arousal)

-ie: Is your name Sam?

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22
Q

What are characteristics of control questions?

A

Broader in scope and may involve past

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23
Q

What are the three possible results of a polygraph test?

A
  • Not deceptive
  • Inconclusive
  • Deception detected
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24
Q

What does a test result of “not deceptive” mean, physiologically?

A

higher level of response for control questions

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25
Q

What does a test result of “inconclusive” mean, physiologically?

A

same level of response for control and relevant questions

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26
Q

What does a test result of “deception detected” mean, physiologically?

A

higher level of response for relevant questions

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27
Q

What are the two types of tests that can be administered with a polygraph?

A
  • The controlled question test

- The guilty knowledge test

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28
Q

What is “wrong” with the controlled questions test? Why is this significant?

A
  • False positives possible
  • –not admissible in most US courts
  • False negatives possible
  • –countermeasures
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29
Q

What does a false positive mean in a polygraph test?

A

Individuals who are truthful but read as lying

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30
Q

What does a false negative mean in a polygraph test?

A

Individuals who are lying but read as truthful

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31
Q

Are polygraphs admissible in most US courts? Why?

A

No - not specific towards lying, but to arousal (i.e. nervousness)

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32
Q

What does the Guilty Knowledge Test test for? How?

A

Recognition of concealed knowledge

-if guilty, should show a heightened physiological response to the correct multiple choice answer when read out loud

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33
Q

How accurate is the Guilty Knowledge Test? I.e. how many false positives and how many false negatives? Why?

A
  • Low false positive rate
  • High false negative rate
  • –maybe forgot, didn’t notice, or has same responses for entirety of question
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34
Q

Happiness - define

A

People’s sense of how satisfied they are with life

-“subjective well being”

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35
Q

How do we measure happiness?

A

Self-report scale

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36
Q

What do we think is related to happiness, but isn’t? Why?

A
  • Money
  • –rises, then plateau’s around ~75k
  • Youth
  • –may be due to positivity effect
  • Weather
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37
Q

What is the positivity effect?

A

Tend to remember pos. things over neg. things

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38
Q

What are some of the correlates with happiness?

A
  • Personal relationships
  • Longevity
  • Flow
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39
Q

How are personal relationships a correlate to happiness?

A

Positive social life

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40
Q

How is longevity a correlate to happiness?

A

Nun study

  • followed nuns as they aged -> all wrote autobiography when younger
  • –researchers looked at # of positivity in book and found a correlation btw. the # and age of death
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41
Q

What is Flow?

A

A state of optimal experience in which one engages in activities simply for the sake of the activity itself

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42
Q

What are some characteristics of someone experiencing flow?

A
  • Extreme concentration
  • –Lack of attention to time
  • Loss of self-consciousness
  • Provides goals/feedback
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43
Q

Are we good at predicting our/others’ happiness? Why?

A

Nope

  • Durability bias
  • Hedonic treadmill
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44
Q

Affective forecasting - define

A

Prediction of one’s emotional state in the future

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45
Q

Durability bias - define

A

Tend to believe good/bad moods will last longer than they do

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46
Q

Hedonic treadmill - define

A

The idea that our moods tend to adapt to external circumstances

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47
Q

Motivation - define

A

Psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction

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48
Q

What is the Drive reduction theory? Give examples.

A

Drives that motivate us in ways that minimize aversive states
-ie: thirst, hunger, sexual tension

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49
Q

According to the Drive reduction theory, what are we motivated to maintain?

A

Homeostasis

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50
Q

What does the strength of the drives, according to the drive reduction theory, depend on? What supports this?

A

Arousal

-Yerkes-Dodson Law

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51
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

A

Optimal level of performance btw. low and high arousal for both complex and simple tasks

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52
Q

What are two different theories under the umbrella of motivation?

A
  • Drive reduction theory

- Incentive theories

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53
Q

What are Incentive theories? Name three

A

Motivated by positive goals

  • Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation
  • Primary vs secondary needs
  • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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54
Q

Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation - define it

A

Internal vs external goals

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55
Q

Primary vs secondary needs - define it and give examples

A

Primary: biological necessities
-huger, thirst
Secondary: psychological desires
-independence, affiliation, etc.

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56
Q

What is necessary within Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

You have to satisfy the base before moving up

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57
Q

What are the levels within Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiological needs -> safety needs -> belonging needs -> esteem needs -> self actualization

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58
Q

What is an example of a physiological need?

A

Food, water

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59
Q

What is an example of a belonging need?

A

Affection

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60
Q

What is an example of an esteem need?

A

Feeling adequate, competent, etc.

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61
Q

What does it mean to accomplish self-actualization?

A

Self-fulfillment

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62
Q

Can you skip around in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? Give an example

A

It is possible to skip around, though not common

-Studying so hard for an exam that you forgot to eat

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63
Q

Which level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is fundamental? What does that mean?

A

Physiological needs are fundamental

-they have to be satisfied (generally) before one can focus on other goals

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64
Q

What are the three major principles of interpersonal attraction?

A
  • Proximity
  • Similarity
  • Reciprocity
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65
Q

How does proximity relate to interpersonal attraction?

A

Mere exposure effect

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66
Q

What is another term for proximity?

A

Propinquity

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67
Q

How does similarity relate to interpersonal attraction?

A
  • minimizes conflict
  • points of connection (mutual understanding)
  • feeling of acceptance
  • validation of views (feel better about self)
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68
Q

Similarity - define it

A

extent to which we have things in common w/others

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69
Q

What is Reciprocity?

A

The rule of give and take

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70
Q

What role, within attraction, does physical attractiveness play during first dates?

A

Best indicator for whether they would date again

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71
Q

What do both Men and Women value when it comes to attraction, according to self reports?

A

Intelligence, dependability, kindness

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72
Q

What do Men value when it comes to attraction, according to self reports?

A
  • Initial emphasis on physical characteristics

- Prefers youth (looks younger than they are)

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73
Q

What do Women value when it comes to attraction, according to self reports?

A
  • Financial resources

- Prefers those who look older than they are

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74
Q

What are two areas in which we see sex differences in terms of attraction?

A
  • Evolutionary models

- Social role theory

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75
Q

What are the sex differences in terms of attraction within evolutionary models?

A
  • Men: look for cues of health and fertility bc they produce lots of sperm
  • Women: more choosy bc they only produce one egg per month - want to maximize the chances that the child will be cared for
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76
Q

What are the sex differences in terms of attraction with the social role theory?

A

Men: bc don’t bare children, more opportunity to pursue higher position jobs
—women cannot bc they bare kids (time off, etc.)

As gender roles tend to change, so do preferences
-ie: in past, men looked bigger bc of role of the hunter/gatherer

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77
Q

What are two main factors when it comes to looking at attraction?

A
  • Sex differences

- Averageness

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78
Q

How does averageness affect attraction? Why?

A

Humans tend to rate “averaged photos” as more attractive

  • Mere exposure effect
  • Possible evolutionary causes
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79
Q

What is the main theory revolving around love?

A

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

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80
Q

What are the three main pillars of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love?

A
  • Intimacy
  • Passion
  • Commitment
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81
Q

What is considered to be passionate love?

A
  • Powerful longing

- Delirious happiness

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82
Q

What is considered to be compassionate love?

A
  • Deep friendship

- Sense of fondness

83
Q

How are passionate love and compassionate love related to each other?

A

They are seen as independent

-As time progresses, passionate -> compassionate

84
Q

What is intimacy, according to Sternberg?

A

Feeling really close to another person

85
Q

What is passion, according to Sternberg?

A

Infatuation

86
Q

What is commitment, according to Sternberg?

A

Empty love

-Wants to stay with person

87
Q

What love is formed with passion and intimacy?

A

Romantic

88
Q

What love is formed with intimacy and commitment?

A

Companionate

89
Q

What love is formed with passion and commitment?

A

Fatuous

90
Q

What love is formed with passion, intimacy, and commitment?

A

Consummate

91
Q

What is stress?

A

A response that strains our ability to cope effectively

92
Q

What three stages do we go through as we confront a stressor, according to the general adaptation syndrome?

A
  1. Alarm
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhaustion
93
Q

What is the General Adaptation Syndrome? How many stages?

A

The predictable way the body responds to stress

-3

94
Q

What occurs during the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome? List some examples of physiological responses

A

Flight or fight response triggered

Physiological responses (some):

  • adrenaline
  • muscles tense
  • pupils dilate
  • heart rate/breathing increases
  • blood pressure increases
  • chills/sweating
  • digestion may slow
95
Q

What occurs during the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A

Adapt to stressor or find ways to cope

IF stressor continues and unable to cope, may go into stage 3 (exhaustion)

96
Q

What occurs during the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A

Resistance breaks down

-unable to handle new stressors

97
Q

What is one analogy for stress?

A

Stress as a transaction -> interaction btw potentially stressful life events and how people interpret and cope with them

  • Primary appraisal: is the event harmful?
  • Secondary appraisal: how well can I cope?
98
Q

What are the different types of coping?

A
  • Problem focused coping

- Emotion focused coping

99
Q

What is problem focused coping?

A

Tackles problem/challenge head on

100
Q

What is emotion focused coping?

A

Try to engage in positive way

-attempts to minimize negative emotions around that event

101
Q

What are the different control techniques of coping?

A
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive
  • Informational
  • Decisional
  • Emotional
102
Q

Hardiness is a set of attitudes marked by…?

A
  • A sense of control
  • Commitment
  • Courage and motivation
103
Q

What is hardiness associated with?

A

Health

104
Q

What are three ways of coping?

A
  • Hardiness
  • Optimism
  • Rumination
105
Q

What is Optimism associated with?

A

Associated with:

  • productivity
  • health outcomes (i.e. better immune response)
106
Q

What is Rumination?

A

When you focus on how bad you feel and endlessly analyze the causes and consequences of your problems

107
Q

How is Rumination associated with coping? Any gender differences?

A

Those who ruminate usually struggle to find solutions to problems
-Women tend to ruminate more than men

108
Q

What is a Confederate?

A

A person who participates in the study but is working for the researcher

109
Q

What is social psychology?

A

The study of how people influence others’ behavior, beliefs, and attitudes

110
Q

What is the definition of attribution?

A

The process of assigning causes to behavior

111
Q

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?

A

The tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people’s behavior (rather than, i.e., situational causes)

—-Overestimate internal causes rather than external causes (broken bathroom stall lock example)

112
Q

What are three factors of social influence?

A
  • Conformity
  • Deindividuation
  • Obedience
113
Q

What is the definition of conformity?

A

The tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure

114
Q

What was one study that was done that tested conformity? Who was the main researcher? What was he interested in?

A

Asch Study

-Solomon Asch: interested in why people conform

115
Q

What was the Asch study?

A
  • Participants were called in in small groups (most were confederate’s)
  • In 12/18 trials, confederates gave the wrong answer
  • 75% of participants went along w/wrong answer at least once
  • –size of group matters, to an extent
116
Q

What is the definition of deindividuation?

A

The tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities

117
Q

What was one study that was done that tested deindividuation? Who was the main researcher?

A

Standford Prison Study

-Philip Zimbardo

118
Q

What was the Stanford Prison study?

A
  • Participants (all male) were volunteers for a study revolving “prison life” and were randomly assigned as prisoner or guard
  • Guards were given no specific instructions on how to be guards…just told to “maintain order”
  • By the end of the 2 weeks, participants had fully taken on the assigned role
  • –study had to be ended after 6 days due to harsh conditions
119
Q

What is the definition of obedience?

A

Adherence to instructions from those of higher authority

120
Q

What was one study that was done that tested obedience? Who was the main researcher? What was he interested in?

A

Milgrim experiments

-Stanely Milgrim: interested in how situational factors influence obedience

121
Q

What was the Milgrim experiment?

A

A study of “memory”

  • participant (“teacher”) in one room and confederate (“learner”) in another
  • “teacher” told to administer increasing voltage of shocks when “learner” gets a wrong answer
  • “confederate” starts to give wrong answers early on and responds to “shocks” via grunting, “ouch”, etc.
  • Results: all participants administered at least some shocks
  • –62% went up to highest voltage
122
Q

What is the definition of aggression?

A

Behavior intended to harm others, physically or verbally

123
Q

Why might someone display aggression?

A
  • Situational factors

- Dispositional factors

124
Q

What are some situational factors that may elicit aggression?

A
  • Interpersonal provokation
  • Frustration
  • Arousal
  • Alcohol and other drugs
  • Temperature
125
Q

What are some dispositional factors that may elicit aggression?

A
  • Personality traits
  • Sex differences
  • Cultural differences
126
Q

What is the definition of relational aggression?

A

Harming other people by harming their relationships

-ie: gossip, rumors, etc.

127
Q

What are the sex differences within dispositional factors that may elicit aggression?

A

Males tend to portray more physical aggression while some believe that females display more relational aggression

128
Q

What is the definition of attitude?

A

A belief that includes an emotional component

-“How do you feel about…?”

129
Q

Do attitudes predict behavior?

A

Yes, but only moderately - w/some exceptions

130
Q

What is the definition of cognitive dissonance?

A

Unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from 2 conflicting thoughts or beliefs

131
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory - give an example of a scenario

A

Look at notes for answer

132
Q

Attitude change study -> what happened? Why?

A
  1. Boring manual tasks
  2. Asked to tell new participant how great it was: gets $1 or $20

Those who got $1:

  • reported much more enjoyment
  • reported that would participate again more than those who got $20

-$1 folks had dissonance and had to resolve it, $20 peeps did not

133
Q

What study has been done that displays the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

Attitude change study by Festinger and Carlsmith

134
Q

What is social support?

A

Relationships with people and groups that con provide us with emotional comfort and personal and financial resources

135
Q

Where can you find social support?

A
  • Friends and family

- A group you are a part of

136
Q

What was a study that studied social support? What did they do? What were the findings?

A

Longitudinal test that measured the probability of dying - were social connections related to rates of dying?
-Less social support = higher mortality rates

137
Q

What is behavioral control?

A

The ability to do something to reduce the impact of a stressful situation or prevent its recurrence

138
Q

What are 6 ways to cope with stress?

A
  • Social support
  • Behavioral control
  • Cognitive control
  • Decisional control
  • Informational control
  • Emotional control
139
Q

What is an example of behavioral control?

A

Problem-focused coping

-Instead of avoidance or giving up, talk to coach

140
Q

What is cognitive control?

A

The ability to think differently about negative emotions that arise in response to stress providing events

141
Q

What is an example of cognitive control?

A

Emotion-focused coping

-Putting a positive on a situation

142
Q

What was one study that was done that looked at cognitive control?

A

Stimulated hijacking and captivity

  • problem focused coping condition vs emotion focused coping condition
  • –emotion focused coping group did better
143
Q

What is Decisional control?

A

The ability to choose among alternative courses of action

-If you are choosing among different options, feeling more in control

144
Q

What is Informational control?

A

The ability to acquire info about a stressful event

-“Tell me exactly what’s going to happen”

145
Q

What is Emotional control?

A

The ability to suppress and express emotions

-Being able to suppress/express as needed

146
Q

What is one study that looked at Emotional control as a method of coping?

A

Subjects asked to write in diary for 4 days

  • Experimental: write about trauma…get deep
  • Control: write about superficial things
  • –Blood was drawn after 6 weeks, with amount of visits to student health recorded
  • > Failing to confront trauma is leads to stress
  • –Experiment: less visits to student health
  • –Control: visits to student health went up
147
Q

What is social loafing? Why?

A

A phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups
-Diffusion of responsibility

148
Q

What is altruism?

A

Helping others for unselfish reasons

149
Q

What is bystander nonintervention?

A

When people see a victim in need but fail to help them

150
Q

Why does bystander nonintervention happen?

A
  • Pluralistic ignorance

- Diffusion of responsibility

151
Q

What is pluralistic ignorance?

A

A situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that most others accept it, and therefore go along with it

-error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do

152
Q

What is the definition of diffusion of responsibility?

A

Reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others

153
Q

When are we more likely to practice bystander intervention? What evidence supports this?

A

Across 3 experiments involving bystander intervention, the % of people helping when in groups was markedly lower than the % of people helping when alone

154
Q

What is the enlightenment effect?

A

Learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better

155
Q

What may influence our engagement in altruism?

A
  • empathetic
  • Enlightenment effect
  • Gender differences? Some say men are more likely to help than women
156
Q

What is the definition of self monitoring?

A

Personality train that assesses the extent to which people’s behavior reflects their true feelings and attitudes

157
Q

What is the definition of emotion?

A

Mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences

158
Q

What are cognitive theories of emotion?

A

Theories that emotions are products of thinking

159
Q

What is the somatic marker theory?

A

Theory proposing that we use our “gut reactions” to help us determine how we should act

160
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

Theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature info in the brain, altering our experience of emotions

161
Q

What is nonverbal leakage?

A

Unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior

162
Q

What is the definition of proxemics?

A

Study of personal space

163
Q

What is the integrity test?

A

Questionnaire that presumably assesses workers’ tendency to steal or cheat

164
Q

What is the broaden and build theory?

A

The theory that happiness predisposes us to think more openly

165
Q

What is the definition of self-esteem?

A

Evaluation of our worth

166
Q

What are positive illusions?

A

Tendencies to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do

167
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

A discipline that has sought to emphasize human strength

168
Q

What is defensive pessimism?

A

The strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally over-preparing for negative outcomes

169
Q

What is the glucostatic theory?

A

The theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose

170
Q

What is leptin?

A

A hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

171
Q

What is a set point?

A

A value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain

172
Q

What is the internal-external theory?

A

The theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal ones

173
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A

An eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight

174
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

An eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight

175
Q

What are the 4 phases within a sexual response?

A
  1. Excitement phase
  2. Plateau phase
  3. Orgasm (climax) phase
  4. Resolution phase
176
Q

What is the excitement phase of a sexual response characterized with?

A

The experiencing of sexual pleasure and noticing of physiological changes associated with it

177
Q

What is the plateau phase of a sexual response?

A

A phase in which sexual tension builds

178
Q

What is the orgasm (climax) phase of a sexual response?

A

Marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women

179
Q

What is the resolution phase of a sexual response?

A

The phase following an orgasm in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being

180
Q

What is corticosteroid?

A

A stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances

181
Q

What is a primary appraisal?

A

Initial decision regarding whether an event in harmful

182
Q

What is a secondary appraisal?

A

Perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal

183
Q

What is a hassle?

A

A minor annoyance or nuiance that strains our ability to cope

184
Q

What is the tend and befriend reaction?

A

A reaction that mobilizes people to nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) under stress

185
Q

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

A

The study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system

186
Q

What is the definition of psychophysiological?

A

Illnesses such as asthma and ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition

187
Q

What is the biopsychosocial perspective?

A

The view that an illness or a medical condition is the product of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors

188
Q

What is the Type A personality?

A

Personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile, and ambitious

189
Q

What is proactive coping?

A

Anticipation of problems and stressful situations that promotes effective coping

190
Q

What is aerobic exercise?

A

Exercise that promotes the use of oxygen in the body

191
Q

What is alternative medicine?

A

Health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine

192
Q

What is complementary medicine?

A

Health care practices and products used together with conventional medicine

193
Q

What is homeopathic medicine?

A

Remedies that feature a small does of an illness-inducing substance to activate the body’s own natural defenses

194
Q

What is biofeedback?

A

Feedback by a device that provides almost an immediate output of a biological function, such as heart rate or skin temp

195
Q

What is meditation?

A

A variety of practices that train attention and awareness

196
Q

What is the social comparison theory?

A

The theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others

197
Q

What is mass hysteria?

A

Outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion

198
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

Enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others

199
Q

What is the definition of conformity?

A

The tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure

200
Q

What is groupthink?

A

emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking

201
Q

What is a cult?

A

A group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause

202
Q

What is the inoculation effect?

A

An approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking them

203
Q

What is the definition of social loafing

A

a phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups

Psych 111 (3 decks)

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