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Psyc 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Intelligence

A

The global capacity of a person to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with their environment.

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2
Q

Mental Age

A

The average mental ability displayed by people of a given age.

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3
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

A measurement derived by dividing an individual’s mental by their chronological age, then multiplying by 100.

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4
Q

Intellectual Extremes

A

Low End - Intellectual Disability

High End - Giftedness

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5
Q

Stanford-Binet Test

A

A test developed by Lewis Terman who revised binet’s scale and adapted questions to American students.

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6
Q

Who invented the original IQ test and why?

A

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, for measuring children’s intellectual skills for early 20th century French schools.

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7
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

A

An intelligence test developed by David Wechsler in the 1930s with subtests grouped by aptitude rather than age level.

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8
Q

Main Areas of the WAIS

A
  1. Verbal Comprehension
  2. Perceptual Reasoning
  3. Working Memory
  4. Cognitive Processing Speed
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9
Q

Steps for developing Intelligence tests

A
  1. Developing Test Items
  2. Evaluating the Test Items
  3. Standardizing the Test
  4. Establishing Norms
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10
Q

Developing Test Items

A

Start with a large pool of potential test items.

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11
Q

Evaluating the Test Items

A

Separate effective test items from those that are ineffective or misleading.

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12
Q

Standardizing the Test

A

Ensuring consistent administration across all samples and populations to obtain accurate data.

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13
Q

Establishing Norms

A

Should be a bell-shaped curve when represented on a graph.

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14
Q

Reliability

A

The dependable consistency of a test over time, or the consistency in responses among similar items on the same assessment.

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15
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Method for evaluating test reliability by giving a subject the same test more than once.

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16
Q

Alternate-forms reliability

A

Method of assessing test reliability in which subject take two different forms of a test that are very similar in content and level of difficulty.

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17
Q

Validity

A

The ability of a test to measure accurately what it is supposed to measure.

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18
Q

Criterion-related validity

A

Comparing people’s test scores with their scores on other measures already known to be good indicators of the skill or trait being assessed.

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19
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Comparing test performance to other criteria that are currently available.

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20
Q

Predictive validity

A

Deterimining the accuracy with which tests predict performance in some future situation.

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21
Q

Aptitude Tests

A

Tests designed to predict an individual’s ability to learn new information or skills.

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22
Q

Achievement Tests

A

Tests designed to measure an individual’s learning (not the ability to learn new information).

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23
Q

Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence

A

G-factor (General Intelligence) and S-factor (Specific Abilities)

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24
Q

R. Cattell’s Theory of Intelligence

A

G-factor was split into Fluid intelligence (ability to solve problems without past experience) and Crystallized intelligence (ability to acquire and apply knowledge)

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25
Q

L.L. Thurstone’s Theory of Intelligence

A

There are seven attributes that make up intelligence: Verbal comprehension, Numerical ability, Spatial relations, Perceptual speed, Word fluency, Memory, Inductive reasoning

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26
Q

J.P. Guilford’s Structure of Intellect Theory

A

Intelligence is comprised of 5 kinds of mental operations, 5 kinds of contents, and 6 kinds of products. 150 kinds of intelligence in total.

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27
Q

Steinberg’s Theory of Intelligence

A

People go through six steps when solving intelligence test problems: Encoding, Inferring, Mapping, Application, Justification, Response

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28
Q

Analytic Intelligence

A

Involves mastering a sequence of components or steps in the process of solving complex verbal, mathematical, or spatial reasoning problems.

29
Q

Creative Intelligence

A

The ability to combine experiences in insightful ways that lead to novel or creative solutions to complex problems.

30
Q

Practical Intelligence

A

Shown in people who seem to be “street smart” and have skills to accomplish a variety of tasks.

31
Q

Personality

A

Distinctive patterns of behavior, emotions, and thoughts that characterize an individual’s adaptations to his or her life.

32
Q

Cattell’s 16 personality factores (Theory)

A

A theory that defines personality by 16 primary source traits, each of which has a polar opposite.

33
Q

Surface Traits

A

Dimensions or traits that are usually obvious and visible and that tend to be grouped in clusters that are related to source traits.

34
Q

Source Traits

A

Basic underlying traits that are the center or core of an individual’s personality.

35
Q

Hans and Sybil Eyseneck’s Three Personality Factors

A

Extraversion vs Introversion, High vs Low Neuroticism, High vs Low Psychoticism

36
Q

Five Factor Model of Personality

A

OCEAN: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

37
Q

Anxiety

A

Free-floating fear or apprehension that may occur with or without an easily identifiable source.

38
Q

Defense mechanism

A

An unconscious maneuver that shields the ego from anxiety by denying or distorting reality.

39
Q

Repression

A

The defense mechanism where ideas, feelings, or memories that are too painful to deal with on a conscious level are banished to the unconscious.

40
Q

Rationalization

A

Individual substitutes self-justifying excuses or explanations for the real reasons for behaviors.

41
Q

Sublimation

A

When impulse-driven behaviors are channeled toward producing a socially valued accomplishment.

42
Q

Regression

A

An individual attempts to cope with an anxiety-producing situation by retreating to an earlier stage of development.

43
Q

Reaction formation

A

The ego unconsciously replaces unacceptable impulses with their opposites.

44
Q

Projection

A

An individual reduces anxiety created by unacceptable impulses by attributing those impulses to someone else.

45
Q

Displacement

A

A person diverts their impulse-driven behavior from a primary target to secondary targets that will arouse less anxiety.

46
Q

Id

A

The unconscious portion of the mind, contains the basic drives.

47
Q

Ego

A

Develops out of the id. Balances the demands of id, superego and reality.

48
Q

Superego

A

Has the task of overseeing the ego and making sure that it acts morally.

49
Q

Psychosexual development

A

According to Freud, the stages of development in which the focus of sexual gratification shifts from one body site to another.

50
Q

Stages of Development

A

Oral Stage, Anal Stage, Phallic Stage, Latency Period, Genital Stage

51
Q

Oral Stage

A

From birth to 12-18 months, during which the lips and mouth are the primary erogenous zone

52
Q

Anal Stage

A

From 12 months to 3 years, during which the erogenous zone shifts the from the month to the anal area.

53
Q

Phallic Stage

A

From 3 years to 5 or 6 years, during which the focus of sexual gratification is genital stimulation.

54
Q

Latency Period

A

From 5 years to Puberty, during which sexual drives remain unrepressed or latent.

55
Q

Genital Stage

A

Begins during puberty, during which sexual feelings that were dormant during the latency stage reemerge.

56
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

The attraction a male child feels toward his mother (and jealousy toward his father) during the phallic stage.

57
Q

Electra Complex

A

Female counterpart to the Oedipus complex.

58
Q

Problems with Freud’s Theories

A

Unable to be tested, defined, small & undiverse sample size, emphasized negative components, emphasized sex, focused on early experiences

59
Q

Personal unconscious

A

The part of the unconscious akin to Freud’s reservoir concept of all repressed thoughts and feelings.

60
Q

Collective unconscious

A

A universal memory bank that contains all ancestral memories, images, symbols, and ideas that humans have accumulated.

61
Q

Archetypes

A

Powerful emotionally charged universal images or concepts in Carl Jung’s theory of the collective unconscious.

62
Q

Social Perception

A

The way in which we perceive, evaluate, categorize, form judgments about the qualities of other people.

63
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Term used to describe the phenomenon that the first information we receive about a person often has the greatest influence on our perception of that person.

64
Q

Implicit Personality Theories

A

Assumptions people make about how traits usually occur together in other people’s personalities.

65
Q

Central Trait

A

In Gordon Allport’s trait theory of personality, a major characteristic such as honesty or sensitivity.

66
Q

Halo Effect

A

Tendency to infer other positive or negative traits from our perception of one central trait in another person.

67
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Theory that we attempt to make sense out of other people’s behavior by attributing it to either dispositional causes or external causes.

68
Q

Fundamental Attribution Factor

A

Tendency to overestimate dispositional and to underestimate situational causes of behavior.

Psyc 101 (2 decks)

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