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Psyc 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

The ability to store and recall information

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2
Q

Information Processing Model

A

Proposes three stages of memory processing; sensory memories, short-term memories, and long-term memories

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3
Q

Encoding

A

Process of perceiving information, then organizing it in a meaningful way so it can be stored and recalled more easily.

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4
Q

Storage

A

Process by which encoded material is retained over time.

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

Process by which stored information is accessed.

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6
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Brief impressions from any of the senses temporarily stored, disappearing quickly if not transferred to short-term memory.

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7
Q

Short-term Memory

A

Immediate recollection of stimuli that have just been perceived. Unless transferred to LTM, information is retained only momentarily.

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8
Q

Long-term Memory

A

Information transferred from STM, may be stored for periods of time from minutes to years.

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9
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Visual sensory memory, fleeting impressions of what we see.

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10
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Auditory sensory memory, fleeting impressions of what we see.

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11
Q

Limits of STM

A

Fades in <= 20 seconds, Easily replaced by distractions, low capacity (7 chunks).

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12
Q

Chunking

A

Process of grouping items into longer meaningful units to make them easier to remember. Helps increase limited STM capacity

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13
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Recalling how to performs skills such as bicycling or swimming

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14
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Recalling specific facts, such as information read in a book. (Contains Episodic and Semantic Memory)

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15
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Autobiographical memories about one’s own life experiences

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16
Q

Semantic Memory

A

General knowledge about facts and concepts

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17
Q

Dual-Code Model

A

The theory that memories may be stored either in sensory codes or verbal codes.

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18
Q

Eidetic Imagery

A

Photographic memory, the rare ability to retain large amounts of visual material with great accuracy for several minutes. More common in children.

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19
Q

Mnemonic Devices

A

Memory systems that organize material in a way that makes it easier to remember (Every Good Boy Does Fine, Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally, etc.)

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20
Q

Clustering

A

Mnemonic device involving grouping items into categories.

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21
Q

Method of Loci

A

Also called a Memory Palace. Involves forming pictorial associations between items you wish to recall and specific locations along a route you may travel.

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22
Q

Narrative Story

A

Organizing information into a story.

23
Q

Acrostics

A

Sentences whose first letters serve as cues for recalling specific information (Every Good Boy Does Fine, Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally, etc.)

24
Q

Acronym

A

Meaningful arrangement of letters that provides a cue for recalling information.

25
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

System for remembering that involves rehearsing information without finding meaning in it

26
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

System for remembering that involves using mnemonic devices, is more effective than maintenance rehearsal.

27
Q

Recall

A

A subject’s ability to reproduce information they were previously exposed to.

28
Q

Recognition

A

A subject’s ability to recognize whether they have been exposed to information.

29
Q

Relearning

A

Technique for testing memory that measures how quickly a person can relearn material they had previously learned.

30
Q

Overlearning

A

Technique for memorizing material that involves rehearsing information that has been learned already.

31
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memories that you can recall through conscious effort.

32
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Memories that you cannot consciously recall, but contribute to explicit memories.

33
Q

False Memory

A

A memory of an event that never occurred. Can be planted i.e. the Lost in the Mall Experiment

34
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

The presentation of misleading information that leads people to erroneous reports of that misinformation.

35
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

When recollection of events or information is aided by the subject in the same context in which they first learned the information. (Drunk, High, etc)

36
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

A vivid recall for an event associated with intense emotion or uniqueness. (Presidential Assassination, 9/11 bombings, etc)

37
Q

Reasons we forget

A

Decay of the memory trace, Problems with interfering material, Neurological Disorders, Emotional and motivational conditions

38
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

When a later event interferes with the recall of earlier information.

39
Q

Proactive Interference

A

The phenomenon that occurs when earlier learning disrupts memory for later learning.

40
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Remembering the beginning and ending of a list more easily than the middle of the list.

41
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

A form of organic amnesia which causes memory loss for certain details or events that occurred before the brain trauma

42
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Memory loss for information processed after an individual experiences brain trauma.

43
Q

Suppression

A

When a person consciously tries to forget something.

44
Q

Repression

A

When a person unconsciously pushes unpleasant memories out of conscious awareness.

45
Q

Hebbian Rule

A

Information is transferred to long-term memory when new connections between neurons are formed.

46
Q

Long-Term Potentation

A

An increase in a neuron’s sensitivity to fire following a burst of signals to that neuron’s dendrites.

47
Q

Engram

A

A neural representation of a specific memory.

48
Q

Motivation

A

A condition or state that energizes and directs an organisms actions.

49
Q

Instinct

A

Innate, unlearned patterns of behavior that occur in every normal member of a species under certain conditions that is essential to a species survival.

50
Q

Flaws of Instinct Theory

A

Many so-called instinctual behaviors are derived from experiences throughout life.

51
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

Motivation originates with a need or drive that is experienced as an unpleasant aversive condition.

52
Q

Incentive

A

Any external stimulus that can influence behavior even when no internal drive state exists.

53
Q

Flaws of Drive Reduction Theory

A

Stimuli in our environment can energize us to behave a certain way without an internal drive state.

Psyc 101 (2 decks)

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