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Biology 181 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What directs cell respiration?

A

controlled by enzymes, made by cyclines.

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2
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

Image of chromosomes.

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3
Q

What is non-disjunction?

A

Chromosomes split abnormally.

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4
Q

What is a producer? Other name?

A

Make their own organic matter. Autotrophs.

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5
Q

What is a consumer? Other name?

A

Must consume food in order to make a usable energy. Heterotrophs.

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6
Q

Plants make —–, require —— and give off —–?

A

food, co2/water, oxygen.

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7
Q

Humans consume ——– and convert the energy into —- this process is call?

A

oxygen/glucose, ATP, cell respiration.

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8
Q

—-,—-, and —- are all nutrients that can be utilized via cell respiration to make ATP.

A

Carbs, Proteins and Lipids.

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9
Q

what are 2 types of cell respiration?

A

aerobic, anaerobic

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10
Q

——- respiration requires Oxygen.

A

aerobic

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11
Q

——- respiration does not require Oxygen.

A

anaerobic

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12
Q

what are the requirements for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6

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13
Q

what are the requirements for anaerobic respiration

A

A nutrient (Glucose)

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14
Q

What are 3 metabolisms involved in aerobic cellular respiration, and where do each occur?

A

Glycolysis (Cytoplasm), Citric Acid Cycle (Mitochondrial Matrix), Electron Transport Chain (Inner Mitochondrial Membrane).

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15
Q

What are the products of Gylcolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH

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16
Q

During the intermediate step ——- is converted to —— and —– is given off as a byproduct.

A

Pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA, CO2

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17
Q

What is required for the intermediate step?

A

molecular Oxygen.

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18
Q

—— is the cyclic molecule involved in the citric acid cycle also know as the Krebbs Cycle.

A

Oxaloacytate.

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19
Q

What are the products of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

NADH, FADH, 2 ATP, Oxaloacytate and a byproduct of CO2.

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20
Q

What is NADH?

A

Electron/Hydrogen shuttle.

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21
Q

How is NADH different from FADH?

A

FADH carries 2 Hydrogen.

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22
Q

What is the difference between NADH and NAD?

A

NADH has be reduced, positive. NAD has be oxidized, loss of electron.

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23
Q

—- and —- deliver High-energy — to the ETC.

A

NADH, FADH, Electrons.

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24
Q

The ETC uses high energy electrons the force Hydrogen into the ——? The H ions then diffuse through —-?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix. ATP Synthase.

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25
What happens to the electrons after they leave the ETC?
They are picked up by Oxygen then Hydrogen = create water.
26
What is the Location, Product and #of ATP produced for the following Metabolisms? Glycolysis, Intermediate step, Citric acid cycle, and ETC.
Glycolysis: Cytoplasm/ 2 ATP, 2 NADH,2 PYRUVATE. Intermediate step: Cytosol or Mitochondria/ 2 NADH(byproduct CO2)/ 0 ATP produced. Citric acid cycle: Mitochondrial Matrix/6NADH, 2 ATP, 2FADH, Oxaloacytate. ETC: Inner Mitochondrial Membrane, 34 ATP
27
When is the first time Oxygen is required in Cell respiration?
Intermediate Step.
28
Total # of ATP produced in Cell Respiration?
38
29
----- or ---- are products of Anaerobic respiration?
Lactic Acid or Ethanol Alcohol
30
List the product, # of ATP produced and location of the metabolisms Lactic acid and Alcohol.
Lactic Acid/ 2ATP/ Cytoplasm | Ethanol Alcohol/ 2ATP/ Cytoplasm
31
What is Phosphorylation?
Phosphate forced on ADP.
32
What is Chemiosmosis?
the production of ATP through the proton gradient "driving" the ATP synthase enzyme.
33
What is proton motive force?
H ions concentration gradient. Inner-membrane.
34
List 3 Producers.
Plant, Bacteria, Protists
35
Photosynthesis is composed of 2 primary phases know as?
the light phase, dark phase.
36
List 4 primary requirements of photosynthesis.
Energy, Water, Carbon, ATP.
37
List all the products of the Light Phase and the process associated.
ATP-Photophosphorylation NADPH- O2(byproduct)- Photolysis Proton Motive Force- Chemiosmosis
38
What is Carbon Fixation?
When CO2 and RUBP bond together.
39
What is Photolysis?
energy from the sun used to break apart water.
40
Where does the Dark Phase occur? List all the products of the Dark Phase.
``` Stroma. G3P/Glucose NADP+ ADP RUBP+Phosphate ```
41
------ and ----- are required for the light phase?
Photons and water.
42
What is the cyclic molecule in the Dark phase?
RUBP
43
What is Oxidation?
lose of elcetron.
44
What is Reduction?
gain of electron.
45
What is Stromata?
Guard cells
46
What is Stroma?
Fluid fills chloroplast and provides grounds for rnx.
47
What is grana?
Stack of thylakoid disks.
48
What is NADP reductase?
enzyme, adds electrons to NADP. negative NADP + positive Hydrogen= NADPH.
49
What is Mesodome?
Where the Chloroplast is located.
50
Is NADP reduced or oxidized during the light phase?
Reduced
51
Is NADPH reduced or oxidized during the light phase?
Oxidized
52
Is G3P reduced or Oxidized?
Reduced
53
When is O2 given off during photosynthesis?
Photolysis
54
When is CO2 used during Photosynthesis?
Dark Phase (Carbon Fixation)
55
What is CO2 used for during Photosynthesis?
Building blocks for C6H12O6
56
------ can be indirectly produced via Photosynthesis?
Galactose/Cellulose.
57
Dihybird cross ratio.
9:3:3:1
58
What is Pleiotrphy?
Individual alleles often have one or more effect on phenotype. EX: flowers are yellow and tall.
59
What is Epistasis?
One gene interferes with the expression of another gene. EX: coat color in lab retrievers.
60
What is Polyploidy and Aneuploidy?
Poly: Too many chromosomes Ane: irregular # of chromosomes
61
A ----- can determine an unknown genotype by crossing a ---- ----- organism with the unknown genotypic organism.
Test cross, Homoz recessive.
62
What are the genotypes for the following disorders? Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turners syndrome.
DS: Trisomie 21, 3 sets of chromosomes on set 21. KS: XXY TS: XO
63
What kind of cells go through Mitosis?
Somatic
64
What kind of cells go through Meiosis?
Gamete
65
What directs cellular growth and production?
DNA
66
How many chromosomes are found in 1 somatic cell?
46
67
How many Homologous chromosomes are found in one somatic cell?
23
68
What is the final product of mitosis?
4 cells that are 1N(23).
69
---- is normal non dividing state of cell in cell cycle.
Gzero
70
What happens in Interphase of cell cycle?
G1- Growth S- DNA duplicated G2- Growth
71
What are the phases of mitosis and what happens?
1. Pro phase- chromosomes condense, centrioles moving to polar ends. 2. Meta phase- line up on meta plate end to end. 3. Ana phase- sister chromids pull apart. 4. Telo phase- 2 seperate cells 5. Cytokenisis
72
What are the phases of meiosis 1 and what happens?
1. Pro phase1- crossing over/genetic diversity 2. Meta phase1- line up side by side 3. Ana phase1- homo chromosomes separate 4. Telo phase1- chromosomes arrive at the end of spindle.
73
What are the phases of meiosis 2 and what happens?
1. Pro phase2 2. Meta phase2- line up end to end 3. Ana phase2- sister chromosomes split apart 4. Telo phase2 5. Cytokenisis
74
When does crossing over occur?
Prophase 1
75
What kind of chromosomes cross over?
Homologous chromosomes
76
What is a cancer cell?
cell stuck in mitosis/cell cycle.
77
What is the point at which crossing over occurs called?
Chiasma
78
When do sister chromatids separate?
Anaphase 2
79
When do homologous chromosomes separate?
Anaphase 1
80
What is the final product of Meiosis?
4 gamete cells
81
When is dna replicated during?
S phase of interface in cell cycle.
82
What is mitosis?
process of making identical cells
83
What is meiosis?
gamete cells are produced by meiosis
84
Where does the cell go after cytokineses?
Gzero
85
Give an example of co-dominance.
Flower has both red and white pedals.
86
Give example of incomplete dominance.
Pink flower phenotype
87
What is a mutation?
Change in the dna code.
88
What are 2 x-linked disorders?
hemophilia, color blindness.
89
What is DNA polymerase?
enzyme that reads and duplicates DNA.

Biology 181 (2 decks)

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