Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Abnormal Psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Eating Disorders: Part 1

A

Yuh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Body Image (1m10s)

*Percentage of normal weight women
think they are overweight? _____

  • Percentage of college women diet? ____
  • Percentage of college men diet? ____
A

38%

66%
42%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Body Image in the U.S. (6m)

*Americans spend >$30 billion per year on
weight loss products

*The American govt. spends ~$30 billion per
year on all education, employment, and
social services programs combined

*Most diets [fail/are successful]

A

fail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Eating disorders (9m55s)

  • Characterized by a severe disturbance in eating behavior
  • Overvaluation of ______ and ______
  • Primary types:
  • ________ ________ (AN)
  • ________ ________ (BN)
  • _____ _______ _______ (BED)
A

weight, shape

Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge Eating Disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q 
Anorexia Nervosa (11m10s)
-Characterized by intense fear of gaining \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and excessive \_\_\_\_\_\_ loss.
A

weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Anorexia Nervosa (20s) LISTEN AGAIN

*Criterion A: Restriction of ______ intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly LOW body ______ in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical weight.

*Criterion B: Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming
___, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight
gain, even though _________

*Criterion C: Distorted ________ of body shape and size,
or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the
current low body weight.

A

energy
weight

fat
underweight

perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anorexia Nervosa Subtypes (4m55s)

  • Restricting subtype
  • Persistent efforts to _____ food intake
  • Binge‐eating/purging type
  • Binge
  • -‘Out of control’ _________ of an amount of food far GREATER than what most people would eat in the same amount of time, under same circumstances
  • Purge
  • -________ of the food eaten
  • –Self‐induced vomiting; misusing laxatives, diuretics, and enemas
  • Other compensatory behaviors
  • -Excessive exercise or fasting
A

limit

consumption

Removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anorexia Nervosa (7m10s)

*Distorted thinking:
“I have a rule when I weigh myself.If I’ve gained
then I starve the rest of the day. But if I’ve lost,
then I starve too.”

“Anorexia is not a self‐inflicted disease, it’s a self‐
controlled lifestyle.”

“It’s not deprivation, it’s liberation”

A

Yup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_______ _______ (9m30s)
-Characterized by ‘uncontrollable binge eating’ and
recurrent inappropriate behaviors to prevent weight
gain.

A

Bulimia Nervosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bulimia Nervosa Diagnostic Criteria (10m00s)

*Criterion A: Recurrent episodes of ______ eating

*Criterion B: Recurrent and inappropriate
efforts to _________ for the effects of binge
eating

*A and B Most Important

*Criterion C: Must take place at least once a week for 3 months

*Criterion D: Self‐evaluation is unduly influenced by body
shape or weight

*Criterion E: Not due to _______

A

binge

compensate

anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or false:

-AN always trumps BN

A

Truth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Binge Eating Triggers (13m10s)

  • Stress
  • Eating
  • Being alone
  • Craving specific foods
  • Thinking of food
  • Going home
  • Going to a party
  • Feeling bored and lonely
  • Feeling hungry
  • Drinking alcohol
  • Going out with romantic partner
  • Eating out
  • RESTRAINED EATING
  • Pretty much ANYTHING that
A

Yuh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bulimia vs. Anorexia (15m15s)

  • Bulimia Nervosa
  • Tend to be of _______ weight, or even ________.

*Binge‐eating/purging subtype of AN should be considered another form of BN?

*If both diagnoses are met, _________ ________ is
diagnosed (i.e.,Criterion E for BN)

*___ trumps ___!

A

normal, overweight

anorexia nervosa

AN > BN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

BINGE EATING DISORDER (16m45s)
-Characterized by __________ eating during a discrete
period of time and a feeling of lack of control over
eating.

A

excessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Binge Eating Disorder (BED) (17m10s)

*Criterion A: Recurrent episodes of ______ eating

  • Criterion B: __+ of the following:
  • Eating much more rapidly than normal
  • Eating to the point of feeling uncomfortably full
  • Eating large amounts of food when not hungry
  • Eating alone due to embarrassment about how much one is eating
  • Feelings of disgust, guilt, or depression after overeating
  • Criterion C: Marked distress regarding binge eating
  • Criterion D: Binge eating 1/week for 3 months
  • Criterion E: No __________ behaviors
A

binge

3+

compensatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prevalence (18m10s)

  • _______ _______ disorder is the most common eating disorder
  • Lifetime prevalence of 3.5% in women, 2% in men
  • Prevalence is 6‐8% in obese individuals
  • Bulimia Nervosa
  • 1‐2% for women, 0.5% for men
  • Anorexia Nervosa (______ common)
  • 0.9% in women, 0.3% in men
A

Binge eating disorder –> most common

LEAST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

*Age of Onset and Sex Differences (20m30s)

  • Peak Age of Onset
  • AN: 19‐20 yrs
  • BN: 16‐20 yrs
  • BED: 18‐20 yrs
  • Gender Ratio
  • __:__females to male
  • Current research is suggesting__:__ female to male
A

10: 1
3: 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Note about MEN + EDs (22m15s)

  • 10% of people with eating disorders are men
  • Males exhibit similar symptoms to females
  • History of being overweight
  • Mixed evidence about sexual orientation as a risk factor
  • Cultural confounds to identifying compensatory behaviors
  • -E.g., physical activity
A

Yuh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Other Risk Factors for men? (25m10s)

  • Sports
  • -Wrestling (cutting weight quickly)
  • Gymnastics
A

Yuh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A new ED that’s more common in men? (28m10s)

  • _______ ________
  • -Focused on your body not being muscular enough
A

Muscle Dysmorphia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Other Concerns Masking EDs? (37m35s)

  • Orthorexia
  • Obsession with _____ eating and _______
  • ___________ (42m45s)
  • Modulating your intake before/after an eating episode to compensate for calories
  • Drive for leanness (44m55s)
  • Potentially a lesser form of muscle dysmorphia…
A

clean, exercise

Drunkorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Medical Complications and Physical Consequences (46m40s)

*Anorexia can lead to:
 Death from heart arrhythmias
 Kidney damage
 Renal failure
 amenorrhea/ low testosterone
 Dry skin, brittle hair and nails
 Yellow skin
 Lanugo: downy hair on body and face
 Susceptibility to cold
 Low blood pressure
 Thiamin (vitamin B1) deficiency
 Osteoperosis later in life
A

Yuh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Medical Complications and Physical Consequences (47m30s)

*Bulimia can lead to:
-_________ imbalances
-Hypokalemia (low ________)
-Damage to hands, throat, and teeth from induced
vomiting

A

Electrolyte

potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Course and Outcomes (49m00s) Listen again

*AN variable

  • Löwe and colleagues
  • (2001) – AN

*21 years after first seeking treatment

A

Yuh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Course and Outcome (51m30s)

  • Anorexia and Suicide
  • Suicide is the _______ highest cause of death
  • 4‐5%
  • Completed suicide are __x higher
  • Better prognosis for BN and BED than AN
  • 70% with BN tend to recover, 60‐70% with BED

*However, residual symptoms often ______, and
high rates of diagnostic crossover

A

second

50x

remain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Comorbidity (54m00s)

*__________ (as many as 50%)

*Obsessive‐compulsive disorder

*Substance abuse disorders (particularly in
BN and the binge‐eating/purging subtype of AN)

  • Personality disorders
  • Self‐harm behaviors
  • Anxiety Disorders (for BED)
A

Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cultural Considerations (54m30s)

  • Eating disorders are not limited to _______ culture
  • Culture plays a role in clinical presentation
  • AN, BED not “culture bound” but BN may be

Historically…

  • Being ________ = risk factor
  • Being African American = _______ factor
A

Western

Caucasian

protective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Lecture 2 - EATING DISORDERS: PART II

A

YUH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Biological Causal Factors (1m30s)

  • Genetics
  • __x greater lifetime risk for relatives of those with eating disorder
  • AN :11.3x
  • BN: 4.4‐9.6x
  • BED: 1.9‐2.2x
  • Twin Studies (3m40s)
  • Genetics account for up to __% of AN risk
  • 59‐83% BN risk
  • 41‐57% BED risk

*Just because you have the predisposition, doesn’t mean you will develop the disorder

A

10

88

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

*Biological Causal Factors (5m30s)

  • Gene x Environment
  • ________ (mood regulation, appetite, impulsivity, sleep)

-Dopamine (individuals w/ AN in particular)
–People w/ AN doesn’t have the same biological reward
when they eat chocolate, for example.

  • Puberty
  • -Males and females are at the same risk of developing an ED before puberty, but when puberty hits, _______ are more likely to develop the ED than men.
  • Temperament (8m30s)
  • Harm avoidance‐‐> AN
  • -They don’t want to do things that are risky or anxiety provoking.
  • Perfectionism –> AN, BN
  • -“Has to be a certain way,” strong desire to have things just right. Rigid.
  • Novelty seeking–> BN
  • -More impulsivity than other ED (b/c of binge-purge patterns they engage in, and those binge/purge cycles are not planned out…
A

Serotonin

females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Sociocultural Factors (10m15s)

  • Media Influences
  • Magazine models
  • Diet advertisements

*Barbie?

A

Yuh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sociocultural Factors (18m40s)

*Women’s ____-______ plummets right
after reading a fashion magazine

*Men’s body satisfaction _________ after
watchingTV commercials with muscular
men

A

self‐esteem

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sociocultural Factors (20m15s)

*The “____” ideal does not characterize
all of U.S. history, nor all cultures

A

thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Sociocultural Factors (23m20s)

  • Becker and colleagues (2002)‐
  • Fiji Study
  • Early 1990s
  • -High rates of ________ women
  • -Associated with being strong, able to work, kind and generous (all valued traits in the culture)
  • -Being thin viewed________ (sickly, incompetent)

-Emergence ofTVandAmerican shows such as Beverly Hills 90210 and Melrose Place
–Young Women began to express concerns about weight and
dislike for their bodies
–Dieting increased

A

overweight

negatively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sociocultural Factors (25m20s)

  • Peers are highly influential
  • Appearance culture
  • Puberty
  • Teasing
  • Eating and weight norms
  • Fat talk
  • Selection or socialization?

*We see that people become more like their friends over time.

A

Selection

Socialization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sociocultural Factors (39m30s)

*Family interactions
-Misperception of healthy weight child as
overweight
-Critical weight‐related comments
-Fewer family meals

A

Yuh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Contemporary Issues (40m50s)

*“Pro‐ana” websites provide tips to those who
feel compelled to keep ______ themselves

*Facebook and social media

A

starving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Individual Risk Factors (42m00s)

  • Internalizing the ____ ideal
  • Buying into the notion that being thin is highly desirable
  • Drive for muscularity?
  • Drive for leanness?
  • _____ _________ (43m30s)
  • Most potent predictor
  • Dieting
  • Most EDs start with “normal” dieting
  • But is all dieting bad?
A

thin

Body Dissatisfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Individual Risk Factors (45m45s)

*Loss of control eating

  • Negative affect
  • Depressive symptoms
  • Negative urgency
  • -Tendency to act impulsively when distressed
  • Childhood abuse? (46m50s)
  • Questionable risk factor…
A

Yuh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Transdiagnostic Model of Eating Disorders (50m50s)
-Over-evaluation of shape and
weight and their control at the core…

A

Yuh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Treatment of AN (52m10s)

  • Reluctance to seek ________–> high drop out rates
  • Especially binge/purge subtype

*Immediate goal is to restore weight to a level that is
no longer ____-_________
-IV feeding, feeding tubes
-Monitoring of caloric intake

*Medications
-Antidepressants and some antipsychotics – help with
distorted thinking – evidence not that strong

A

treatment

life‐threatening

**AN is one of the toughest ED to treat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Treatment for AN (54m45s)

  • BEST TREATMENT: ______‐Based Therapy (intense)
  • Treatment of choice for adolescents
  • 10‐20 sessions over 6‐12 months (long)
  • Important aspects include:
  • -Use _____ to help build healthier eating habits
  • -Teach family how to provide appropriate ______
  • -Deal with other family issues
  • Only ~___% achieve remission
  • Intense treatment, family can burn out…
A

Family

family

support

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Treatment for AN (58m30s)

  • Cognitive‐Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • Change maladaptive behaviors and thoughts
  • Treatment length recommended for 1‐2 years

*Primary focus is on challenging and changing
maladaptive cognitions
*Not as successful as family therapy, and perhaps
higher relapse rates.

A

Yuh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Treatment of Bulimia (59m45s)

*____________ or other medications

  • Cognitive‐behavioral therapy
  • Main focus is on normalizing eating patterns a restructuring maladaptive patterns of thinking
  • Dialectical Behavior Therapy
  • Helpful for those with comorbid self‐injury or substance use

*Better outcomes than for AN, and generally leads to
symptom improvement

A

Antidepressants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Treatment for BED (1h, 5m00s)

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (1h, 1m50s)
  • [More/less] effective than antidepressants
  • Primary focus is on changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors (getting them on regular eating schedule)

*Interpersonal Therapy
-Address poor social functioning and consequent
negative mood (comes out of the psychodynamic historical perspective)

  • Goal of treatment is NOT _____ _____
  • The goal is to address those binge eating behaviors
A

More

weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Treatment Prognosis (1h, 7m15s)

  • AN
  • Early treatment
  • Early weight gain
  • Good therapeutic alliance
  • BN
  • Less severe baseline _________
  • Early symptom reduction
A

depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Obesity (1h, 8m30s)

  • __3 are obese in US
  • A major public health problem
  • Can be regarded as a state of excessive, chronic fat storage
  • Defined on the basis of the body mass index
  • -> (weight)/(height^2) x 703 = BMI
  • BMI is a flawed number because…
  • Muscle weighs more than weight
  • Water weight fluctuates throughout the day
  • Doesn’t take into account bone density
  • -BMI is a rough number, rough estimate…
A

1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

LECTURE 3 - Obesity (1m55s)

*“Food addiction”?
*Found in all racial and ethnic groups, but
most prevalent in [black/white] [men/women]
*Other risk factors include being:
-Older
-Female
-Of low SES
-Children of parents with obesity

A

black women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Risk and Causal Factors (4m15s)

  • Genetic inheritance
  • Gene x environment

*Hormones involved in appetite and weight
regulation
-Increased body fat –> increased _____ –> decreased food intake
*Leptin is the hormone that is supposed to regulate how hungry you are

  • _____ – causes hunger at certain times of day
  • -The hormone that regulates when you ‘start’ to feel hungry
  • Role of sleep
  • When we’re tired, we tend to eat more.
A

Leptin

Grehlin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Overlapping Models: ED and Obesity (9m25s)

*Eating ________ is associated with less weight-gain over time.

A

breakfast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Overlapping Models (12m15s)

  • Girls
  • Concern with weight
  • Dieting
  • Parental weight‐related teasing (binge eating)
  • Same‐sex media image (purging, overweight)
  • Family meal frequency
  • Boys
  • Concern with weight (binge eating, overweight)

*For girls, more __________ factors

For girls, more of a ___________ factor

A

For girls, more sociocultural factors

For girls, more of a psychological factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Overlapping Models (12m15s)

  • Girls
  • Concern with weight
  • Dieting
  • Parental weight‐related teasing (binge eating)
  • Same‐sex media image (purging, overweight)
  • Family meal frequency
  • Boys
  • Concern with weight (binge eating, overweight)

*For girls, more __________ factors

For girls, more of a ___________ factor

A

For girls, more sociocultural factors

For girls, more of a psychological factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Pathways to Obesity (13m40s)

*Binge eating is a predictor of later _____

  • Pathways to binge eating may include
  • Social pressure to conform to the thin ideal
  • Depression and low self‐esteem
A

obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Treatment of Obesity (15m10s)

  • Methods used to treat obesity include
  • Lifestyle modifications
  • -May consist of decreasing _______ intake, increasing ________ _______
  • Medications
  • -Work by blocking the body’s absorption of fat
  • Bariatric surgery
  • -An increasing popular option
  • -Require at least a year of psychological prep, minimum age of 16

*Once people become obese, it is [easy/difficult] for
them to lose weight and maintain their new low
weight

*Therefore, prevention is important

A

caloric

physical activity

difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

SubstanceUseDisorders - (27m10s)

A

Yuh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

%reportinguseofspecificsubstances
atanytimeduringtheirlives(age12andup)
*(28m04s)

A

Yuh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

SubstanceUse:DSM‐5Terms (30m20s)

• DisorderedUse: Theingestionofpsychoactivedrugsor
substancesthatcausesignificant________ordistress

• _______: desiretoconsumeoruseaparticularsubstance

• Intoxication: Reversiblesubstancespecificsyndromedue
tointakeofasubstancewhichinterfereswithfunctioning
(fighting,impairedjudgment,slowedreflexes,etc.)

A

impairment

Craving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

FactorsInfluencingIntoxication (32m05s)

• Thesubstanceused
• Dose
• Durationofthedose
• Person’stoleranceforthesubstance
• Timesincelastdose
• Age,weight,gender,foodinsystem,sleep,medications
• _________aboutthesubstance’seffects
-What you ‘expect’ impacts the effectiveness of the drug…
• Setting

A

Expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

SubstanceUse:DSM‐5Terms (34m00s)

• __________:
-Needformarkedlyincreasedamountsofthesubstancein
ordertoachievedesiredeffect
-Markedlydiminishedeffectwithcontinueduseofthe
sameamountofthesubstance

• __________:
-Characteristicwithdrawalsyndromeofthesubstance
-Thesameorsimilarsubstanceistakentoavoidorrelieve
withdrawalsymptoms

A

Tolerance

Withdrawal

60
Q

Categoricalvs.Continuous (35m40s)

  • DSM IV
  • Categorical and sucked
  • DSM-5
  • Continuous approach to understand substance use
A

Yuh

61
Q

AlcoholUseDisorder(36m20s)

*CriterionA:Problematicpatternofalcoholuseleadingtoclinically
significantimpairmentordistress,asmanifestedby≥__withina__‐
monthperiod:
• Takinglargeramountsoroveralongerperiodthanplanned
• Persistentdesireorfailuretocutdown
• Greatdealoftimespent
• Craving(strongdesirefororurgetouse)
• Recurrentuseresultinginfailuretofulfillmajorobligations
• Continuedusedespitesocialorinterpersonalproblems
• Importantactivitiesaregivenuporreducedduetoalcohol
• Recurrentuseinhazardoussituations
• Continuedusedespiteapersistentphysicalproblems
• Tolerance
• Withdrawal

A

2, 12

62
Q

AlcoholUseDisorder(37m15s)

Mild (2-3 symptoms)

Moderate (4-5 symptoms)

Severe (6+ symptoms)

A

Yuh

63
Q

BingeDrinking (39m20s)

• Consuminglargeamountsofalcoholin_____period
oftime

  • Commonin______settings
  • NIAAAdefinition
  • Males:__+in2hours
  • Females:__+in2hours
A

short

college

5

4

64
Q

AlcoholUseDisorderStatistics (42m20s)

• Prevalence

  • 50.3%ofAmericansaged12+currentlyusealcohol
  • ____%engageinbingedrinking
  • Lifetime– 29.1%,12month– 13.9%

• Morecommonamong____than____

  • Course
  • 19.8%withlifetimeAUDevertreated
A

22.8

men, women

65
Q

Comorbidity (44m20s)

• ____ofindividualswithalcoholusedisordershave
anotherpsychiatricdisorder

• Poly‐substanceabusecommon
-People tend to use more than one substance that they’re using

A

½

66
Q

AlcoholandtheBrain (46m20s)

• Atlowerlevels,alcoholstimulatescertainbraincells
andactivatesthebrain’s“________areas”

• Athigherlevels,alcohol__________brainfunctioning

  • BACof.08=intoxicated
  • BACof.30to.50=unconsciousness
A

pleasure

depresses

67
Q

AlcoholUseDisorder(47m40s)

*Physicaleffectsofalcoholonthebody
• Cirrhosisoftheliver
• Malnutrition
• Cardiovasculardisease
• Fetalalcoholsyndrome
A

Yuh

68
Q

AlcoholUseDisorder(48m20s)

  • Physicaleffectsofalcoholonthebody
  • ________oftheliver
A

Cirrhosis

69
Q

AlcoholUseDisorder(48m20s)

  • Physicaleffectsofalcoholonthebody
  • ________oftheliver
A

Cirrhosis

70
Q

AlcoholUseDisorder(50m30s)

*PsychosocialeffectsofAUD
• Chronic______,oversensitivity,depression
-When you drink and then sleep, it’s not considered rested sleep, you don’t get rested sleep.

  • Lossofresponsibility,prideinappearance
  • Personalitydisorganization/deterioration
  • Familyproblems,lossofwork,homelessness
  • Morevulnerabletoself‐harm/suicide
A

fatigue

71
Q

ImpactofAlcohol (51m30s)

*SocietalCosts
• LostWork
• Homelessness
• Healthcarecosts
--~$26\_\_\_\_\_\_annually
• Suiciderates(24%involvealcohol)
• DUIcostsincludingdeaths
• Crime
-- ~1/3ofarrestsintheUSarerelatedtoalcoholabuse
A

billion

72
Q

ImpactofAlcohol (51m30s)

*SocietalCosts
• LostWork
• Homelessness
• Healthcarecosts
--~$26\_\_\_\_\_\_annually
• Suiciderates(24%involvealcohol)
• DUIcostsincludingdeaths
• Crime
-- ~1/3ofarrestsintheUSarerelatedtoalcoholabuse
A

billion

73
Q

Causalfactors (54m10s)

  • Biological
  • Psychosocial
  • Sociocultural
A

Yuhhh

74
Q

CausalFactors‐ Terminology (54m20s)

• ______factor

  • Indirectandpotentiallymorelatentinfluence
  • -Devient peers, genetic predisposition, impulsive personality
  • -> these things will increase risk over the LONG TERM

• ________factor
-Things that will increase your risk in the CURRENT MOMENT (peer pressure, anxiety)

• Directandimmediateinfluence

A

Distal

Proximal

75
Q

BiologicalCausalFactors (55m20s)

  • _____________ dopaminepathway
  • -Where we see the substances light up the brain
  • Centerofpsychoactivedrugactivationinthebrain
  • Rewarddeficiencysyndrome
  • -Abnormality in D2 receptors
A

Mesocorticolimbic

76
Q

BiologicalCausalFactors (56m40s)

*GeneticVulnerability
• Heritabilityestimatesof40‐60%
• FamilyAUD--> 3‐4xincreasedrisk
• Metabolismofalcohol
• Responsetoalcohol
• Cravingforalcohol

• Genexenvironment

A

Yuh

77
Q

PsychosocialCausalFactors (59m00s)

*Parenting
• Lackof______familyrelationshipsand________guidance
• Lackofmonitoring
• Chaoticenvironments

•Family_________andparentalmodelingcanserveasa
protectivefactorevenwhenotherriskfactorsarepresent.

A

stable, parental

involvement

78
Q

PsychosocialCausalFactors (1h, 00m)

  • Cognitivefactors
  • Selectiveattention
  • Positive__________
  • -Associated w/ increased risk of alcohol abuse
  • -If you think good things are going to happen when you take substances, we have good data to suggest that better things happen.

*Personalityfactors
-Impulsivity
–People who tend to be more impulsive
-Also,sensationseeking,anxiety‐sensitivity,
introversion/hopelessness

A

expectancies

79
Q

PsychosocialCausalFactors (1h, 1m50s)

LISTEN AGAIN

*LearningTheories
•Classicalconditioning
-Pairing things with that physiological response to the substance, and then that becomes a learned response
–Ex: heroin –> Pairing the physiological response to the setting or the specific needles, then when you move to a new setting, the conditioned stimulus isn’t there, so your body doesn’t start responding, which increases the risk for overdose.

• Operantconditioning (true for all substances)

  • Positivereinforcement
  • -When you have positive outcomes, you’re more likely to engage in that behavior again
  • Negativereinforcement
  • Distantpunishers
  • -The punishments (w/ SUD) tend to be more long down the road
  • -The immediate punishment is not usually common w/ substance abuse…Cirrhosis of the liver comes way down the line.

• Modeling
-“If they’re enjoying theirselves then I can enjoy myself.”
• Especiallyrelevanttoadolescentuse

A

Yuh

80
Q

SocioculturalCausalFactors (1h,4m30s)

*Socioculturalcausalfactors
• Alcoholasa“social________” inWesterncultures
• Differencesacrossreligions,countries

A

lubricant

81
Q

TreatmentofAUD (1h, 5m15s)

  • Biologicalapproachesinclude
  • Medicationstoblockthedesiretodrink:
  • -________ (makes you noxious if you drink alcohol, positive punishment)
  • -Naltrexone (decrease cravings)
  • Medicationstolowerthesideeffectsofacutewithdrawal:
  • Valium
  • Diazepam

*Alcohol withdrawal can be incredibly dangerous.

A

Antabuse

82
Q

LECTURE 4 - Substance Use Disorders Part I Cont.

TreatmentofAUD
• Psychologicaltreatmentapproachesinclude
• Inpatientandresidentialtreatment
• Grouptherapy
• Individualtherapy
***************
• Behavioral/CognitiveBehavioraltherapy
• ____Reduction
-Trying to decrease the amount the individual is drinking, an increase their self-care, not complete abstinence
-Teaching to do things in the safest way possible if you’re going to do it
• _________Prevention
-Form of CBT, prepping individuals that It’s going to be really hard when you have cravings that are so strong.
-Future focused, problem solving approach.
• MotivationalInterviewing
-Aimed at enhancing that intrinsic motivation to stop drinking
• AlcoholicsAnonymous/12‐Stepprograms
-Spiritually based programs, acceptance based

A

Harm

Relapse

83
Q

TreatmentforAUD
• ProjectMATCH
• MatchingAlcoholTreatmenttoClientHeterogenity
• ManualizedAA,MI,andCBTapproachestotreating
alcoholusedisorders
• Resultsshowedallworkedequallywell,andtreatment
matchingisn’tnecessaryforAUD

  • *Which is most effective for treating alcohol disorder?
  • _____________
A

They all work well equally

84
Q

Substance Use Disorders Part II

A

Yuh

85
Q

DSM Overview: Other Substances (55s)

*Same diagnostic criteria as for AUD
*BUT, _________ syndromes vary across
substance categories

A

withdrawal

86
Q

Prevalence fun! (Any use) (1m25s)

A

Yuh

87
Q

SUD Prevalence (3m00s)

  • May be ___________
  • Underreported, people not be honest about how much they use, etc.
  • 12 month prevalence ~6.7% SUD
  • Of those, ~12% also had AUD
  • Prevalence higher among young adults
  • 5% of adolescents
  • 16.3% young adults
A

underestimated

88
Q

Categories of Substances (5m15s)

  • Stimulants
  • Opiates
  • Hallucinogens
  • Marijuana
  • Other drugs
  • Gambling
A

Yuh

89
Q

Stimulants (5m45s)

  • E.g., Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine
  • “_______”
  • Used to treat ADHD, narcolepsy (sleep disorder, have a hard time staying awake, falling asleep randomly)
A

Uppers

90
Q

Stimulants (6m30s)

  • Stimulate CNS
  • Increased heart rate and blood pressure
  • Cocaine and amphetamines increase _______ levels
  • Long-term use produces ________ brain changes
  • Caffeine increases ________
  • Nicotine functions both as a ________ and _________
A

dopamine

permanent

serotonin

stimulant and depressant

91
Q

Stimulants (8m30s)

*Cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine,
dexedrine, methylphenidate, nicotine, caffeine
-Produces euphoria, alertness, excitement
-Prevalence of use
–Cocaine – 1.5% of young adults (current use)
–Methamphetamine – 2.3% of the population (ever-use)
–Nicotine – 28.4% of population (current use)
–Caffeine – 85% of population (daily use)

A

Yuh

92
Q

Stimulants (9m30s)

*Secondary health effects
 Damage to \_\_\_\_\_\_ passage (due to snorting)
 Risky sexual behavior
 Skin and oral deterioration
 Psychosis and psychotic behavior
 Headaches and cognitive impairment
 Insomnia, restlessness
 Cancer and emphysema
A

nasal

93
Q

Opiates/Narcotics (11m30s)

*Opium, heroin, morphine, codeine, Oxycontin

*Traditionally used as a _______ and
________ (used to decrease/treat anxiety)

*Secondary health problems (HIV/AIDS)

A

painkiller, anxiolytic

94
Q

Opiates (13m00s)

*Highly _______
-Depress the CNS
-Attach to dopamine receptors –> Feelings of ________
-Withdrawal starts 8 hours after consuming substance and
can last for up to __ days.

  • Brain receptors that are sensitive to opiates
  • Endorphins
A

addictive

euphoria

8

95
Q

Opiates/Narcotics (17m30s)

  • Social effects
  • Life focused on _______ drug, more involvement with legal system, personality degeneration
  • Causal factors
  • Pleasure, _______, peer pressure, _______ seeking
  • Gene x Environment interactions
  • Sociocultural factors
  • “Narcotics sub-culture”
  • Undereducated, unemployed
A

obtaining

curiosity, sensation

96
Q

Classical Conditioning in Substance Use (21m40s)

Listen again

A

Yuh

97
Q

Hallucinogens (24m20s)
* LSD, MDMA, psilocybin, PCP, ketamine, mescaline,
peyote

*Produces \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ distortion; alters \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
experiences
-Depersonalization
-“Trips”
-“Out-of-\_\_\_\_ experience”

*Do not produce dependence or withdrawal

A

sensory, perceptual

body

98
Q

Hallucinogens (25m50s)

*Can generate mood swings, “bad trips,” ________, and organic brain dysfunction

*Associated with “_____” sub-culture
*Used for _________ purposes in older
cultures

A

flashbacks

hippie

ceremonial

99
Q

Hallucinogens (28m20s)

  • Do not…
  • Directly impact ________ transmission
  • Produce _____ effects on organs

*They do binds to 5-HT _______ receptor

A

dopamine

toxic

serotonin

100
Q

Hallucinogens (29m30s)

  • Ecstasy (MDMA)
  • Has both __________ and ________ properties
  • -Ecstasy makes you really ________.
  • –Dehydration
  • Tablets vary widely in strength, and often contain other drugs
  • Rush, feeling of calm energy/well-being, intensified feelings, colors, sounds
  • Empathy, sensation of understanding and accepting others
  • But also nausea, sweating, clenching of teeth, muscle cramps, blurred vision
  • ________ impairment and more severe organic brain problems seem possible, yet long-term effects unknown
A

hallucinogenic, stimulant

thirsty

Memory

101
Q

Marijuana/Cannabis (39m40s)

*Cannabis sativa, hashish, synthetic/”spice”

*Mild ____________ effects, euphoria,
relaxation
-May be used to decrease anxiety

*Most frequently used illicit drug

A

hallucinogenic

102
Q

Cannabis (40m30s)

  • Some secondary negative effects
  • May intensify _____ mood, anxiety
  • _______ and functional impairment
  • Short-term _______ deficits
A

poor

Lethargy

memory

103
Q

Cannabis (42m50s)

  • Legalization of marijuana
  • Pro
  • -_________ marijuana
  • -Prohibition does not stop consumers from consuming drugs
  • -No risk of _______ or extremely impaired judgment
  • -Collapse in the illegal drug industry, and a reduction in crimes
  • Con
  • -_______ while intoxicated
  • -Third party effects
  • -Correlates such as low _________
  • -“Gateway drug
A

Medicinal

overdose

Driving

achievement

104
Q

Other Drugs (46m50s)

  • Sedatives
  • Phenobarbitol
  • Antianxiety drugs/Benzodiazepines
  • Xanax, Valium, Klonopin

*Both are effective at promoting _____ and
reducing ______, but both have
abuse/dependence liabilities.

A

sleep, tension

105
Q

Gambling (48m55s)

*New to DSM-5

*“Substance _________”
-Needs to bet more to achieve the same level of
excitement

A

tolerance

106
Q

Gambling (50m00s)

*Cognitive-emotional processes

  1. __________ conditioning
    - We are sensitive to rewards
    - Winning feels good
  2. Experience of ____
    - People will see things that make them think of gambling which will want to make them gamble
  3. Impulsivity
    - When people gamble, they can do so very impulsively and just keep going
  4. Impaired executive functioning
A

Behavioral

cues

107
Q

Gambling (50m00s)

*Cognitive-emotional processes

  1. __________ conditioning
    - We are sensitive to rewards
    - Winning feels good
  2. Experience of ____
    - People will see things that make them think of gambling which will want to make them gamble
  3. Impulsivity
    - When people gamble, they can do so very impulsively and just keep going
  4. Impaired executive functioning
A

Behavioral

cues

108
Q

SUD Causal Factors (53m00s)

  • Similar to AUD factors
  • Biological Factors
  • -Genetics
  • Psychological Factors
  • -Personality, SES, availability, peer pressure, etc.
  • Drug Properties!
  • -Latency to take effect, half-life, route of administration, etc
A

Yuh

109
Q

Substance Use Disorders (53m50s)

*Treatment methods
1. __________ = starting point
2. _______ building (often involves feedback)
-Cognitive-behavioral therapy
-Relapse prevention
-Group therapy, support groups (e.g., NA)
-Medications, replacement therapies (e.g., methadone, nicotine
patch)

*Treatment drop-out, relapse rates generally ____

A

Detoxification

Motivation

high

110
Q

Personality Disorders: Clinical Features (20s)

  • DSM Definition
  • Enduring pattern of behavior that is ________ (happens across context and time) and ________ (doing the same behavior over and over again), as well as stable and of long duration that causes significant distress or impairment in functioning.
  • Behaviors manifested in 2 of the following areas:
  • Cognition
  • Affectivity (referring to emotions, too much or too little)
  • Interpersonal Functioning
  • Impulse Control
A

pervasive, inflexible

111
Q

Personality Disorders: Clinical Features (4m00s)

*Not resulting from inability to deal with acute stress
*Evaluation of the ____-term patterns of functioning
which is evident by early _________

*KEY FEATURE - ___________ difficulties

  • This category of disorders encompass both a
  • Broad range of behavioral problems
  • Wide range of severity
A

LONG
adulthood

Interpersonal

112
Q

Personality Disorders: Clinical Features (4m00s)

*Not resulting from inability to deal with acute stress
*Evaluation of the ____-term patterns of functioning
which is evident by early _________

*KEY FEATURE - ___________ difficulties

  • This category of disorders encompass both a
  • ______ range of behavioral problems
  • Wide range of severity
A

LONG
adulthood

Interpersonal

Broad

113
Q

Personality Disorders: Research Issues (7m00s)

  • Personality disorders are [easy/difficult] to diagnose
  • Diagnostic criteria not as well defined as other disorders
  • Reliability and validity of the diagnoses
  • Difficulty studying causal factors
  • Unclear etiological view
  • High levels of __________
  • -60-85% with one PD have at least one more
  • -25% have two or more PDs
  • -More likely to meet criteria for another disorder, but not vice versa

-Most studies are retrospective

A

DIFFICULT

comorbidity

114
Q

Personality Disorders: Dimensional Approach (15m00s)

  • Dimensional Approach
  • Emphasizes impairments in functioning
  • Four key functioning elements (identity, self-direction, empathy, intimacy)
  • Five personality traits
  • Diagnosis = impairment in __________ + 1 ≥ pathological __________ trait
A

functioning

personality

115
Q

Personality Disorders: Dimensional Approach (17m20s)

  • Five factor structure of PD characteristics
  • Detachment (extraversion)
  • Negative affectivity (neuroticism)
  • Antagonism (agreeableness)
  • Disinhibition (conscientiousness)
  • Psychoticism (openness)

*Personality styles can be ________ or __________

A

adaptive

maladaptive

116
Q

Mnemonic for the personality disorders: Wild, weird, worried

A

Yuh

117
Q

Cluster A Personality Disorders (20m30s)

WEIRD

  • Paranoid Personality Disorder
  • ____________ and mistrust of others and a tendency to see themselves as blameless (tend to be on guard for perceived attacks)
  • Schizoid Personality Disorder
  • _______ social relationships and the inability and lack of desire to form ___________ to others
  • Schizotypal Personality Disorder
  • Peculiar thought patterns, oddities of _________ and speech that interferes with communication and social interaction
A

Suspiciousness

Impaired, attachments

perception

118
Q

Cluster A: Paranoid Personality Disorder (24m00s)

~WEIRD~

  • Criterion A: Pervasive _______ and suspiciousness of others (≥__):
  • Suspects without basis that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving
  • Preoccupation with unjustified doubts about loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associated
  • Reluctance to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that information will be used maliciously
  • Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events
  • Persistently bears grudges
  • Perceives character attacks or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily
  • Has recurrent, unjustified, suspicions regarding fidelity of spouse/partner

-Does not occur exclusively during the course of a psychotic disorder or mood disorder with psychotic features

A

4

distrust

119
Q

Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder (26m10s)

~WEIRD~

  • Criterion A: Detachment from ______ relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings (≥__):
  • Neither desires nor enjoys _____ relationships
  • Almost always chooses ______ activities
  • Has little if any interest in sexual experiences
  • Takes pleasure in few if any activities
  • Lacks close friends or confidants
  • Appears indifferent to praise or criticism
  • Shows emotional coldness, detachment, flat affect

-Does not occur exclusively during the course of a psychotic disorder, mood disorder with psychotic features, or pervasive developmental disorder (e.g., autism).

A

social

4

close

solitary

120
Q

Cluster A: Schizotypal Personality Disorder (28m15s)

~WEIRD~

  • Criterion A: Social and interpersonal ‘_______’ marked by acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for relationships and cognitive or perceptual distortions/eccentricities (≥__):
  • Ideas of reference
  • ____ beliefs and magical thinking
  • _______ perceptual experiences
  • Odd thinking and speech
  • Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
  • Inappropriate or constricted affect
  • Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar
  • Lack of close friends of confidants
  • Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity
  • Does not occur exclusively during the course of psychotic disorders and pervasive developmental disorder
A

deficits

5

Odd

Unusual

121
Q

Cluster A Personality Disorders (33m00s)

  • Lifetime Prevalence
  • Paranoid: 2.3-4.4%
  • Schizoid: 3.1-4.9%
  • Schizotypal: 3.3%
  • Gender Ratio
  • ______ > _______
A

Males > Females

122
Q

Cluster A Personality Disorders (34m35s)

*Causal Factors

  • Paranoid
  • -Partial genetic transmission?
  • –Heritability of high levels of __________ (low agreeableness) and __________ (angry-hostility)?
  • -Parental neglect or abuse, exposure to violent adults?
  • Schizoid
  • -Personality traits have only modest heritability
  • –High ________, low openness to feelings
  • -Maladaptive underlying schemas
  • –“I’m basically alone” (view others as intrusive)
  • –“Relationships are messy and undesirable”
  • Schizotypal
  • -Moderate heritability
  • -Biological association with ___________
  • –Share similar cognitive deficits
  • –Family studies
A

antagonism
neuroticism

introversion

schizophrenia

123
Q

Cluster B Personality Disorders (40m40s)

~WILD~

  • Histrionic Personality Disorder
  • Emotional and _________ (theatrical) over concern with attractiveness, and tendency to irritability and temper outburst if attention seeking is frustrated
  • Narcissistic Personality Disorder
  • Grandiosity, preoccupation with receiving ________, self-promoting, and lack of empathy
  • Antisocial Personality Disorder
  • Lack of ______ or ______ development, inability to follow approved models of behavior, deceitfulness, shameless manipulation of others, and history of conduct problems as a child
  • Borderline Personality Disorder
  • __________, inappropriate anger, drastic mood shifts, chronic feelings of boredom and fears of abandonment, and self-injurious behaviors or suicide
A

dramatic

attention

moral, ethical

Impulsiveness

124
Q

Cluster B: Histrionic Personality Disorder (41m41s)
“The emotional drama queen”

~WILD~

*Excessive ‘emotionality’ and _________ seeking (≥___):
-Discomfort in situation in which s/he is not the ______ of attention
-Inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior
-Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions
-Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self
-Has an excessively impressionist style of speech
-Shows self-dramatization and exaggerated
expressions of emotion
-Is overly suggestible
-Considers relationships to be more intimate then they
actually are

A

attention

5

center

125
Q

Cluster B: Narcissistic Personality Disorder (43m55s)
“I am so awesome and you need to tell me I am awesome”

~WILD~

*Grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of
empathy (≥__)
-Grandiose sense of _____-importance
-Preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited
success, power, brilliance, beauty
-Belief that s/he is special or unique
-Excessive need for admiration
-Sense of _________
-Tendency to be interpersonally exploitative
-Lacks ________ for the feelings of others
-Often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him
-Shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes

A

5

self

entitlement

empathy

126
Q

Cluster B: Histrionic and Narcissistic (46m10s)

  • Lifetime Prevalence
  • Histrionic: 1.8%
  • Narcissistic: 6%
  • Gender Ratio
  • Histrionic: _______ > _______
  • Narcissistic: _______ > _______
A
  • Histrionic: Females > Males
  • -(Women are more emotional and dramatic)

-Narcissistic: Males > Females

127
Q

Histrionic PD wants ANY attention, good and bad

Narcissistic PD wants only POSITIVE attention - tell them they’re awesome

A

Yuh

128
Q

Cluster B: Histrionic and Narcissistic (49m40s)

*Causal Factors

  • Histrionic
  • -May be a common underlying predisposition with _________ PD
  • -Extreme expression of both ___________ and ___________
  • -Maladaptive schemas
  • —“Unless I entertain people, no one will like me”
  • —“People will leave me if I don’t captivate them”
  • Narcissistic
  • -Low on facets of __________, High on facets of Openness and Neuroticism
  • -Psychodynamic
  • –Parents who don’t help child develop normal levels of self-confidence and sense of self-worth
  • -_______ ______ theory
  • –Unrealistic parental overvaluation (parents that pamper and indulge their children)
A

antisocial

Neuroticism and Extraversion

Agreeableness

Social learning

129
Q

Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder (53m10s)

~WILD~

  • Criterion A: Disregard for and violation of rights of others (≥___):
  • Failure to _______ to social norms
  • Deceitfulness
  • Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
  • Irritability and aggressiveness
  • Reckless disregard for ______ of self or others
  • Consistent irresponsibility
  • Lack of remorse
  • ≥ 18 years old
  • Conduct disorder with onset before age ___
  • Not exclusively during schizophrenia or bipolar
A

3

conform

safety

15

130
Q

Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder (58m10s)

*Psychopathy (or sociopath) –> The Iceman
-Two Dimensions:
1) Affective and interpersonal factor (~fearlessness)
-Lack of _______ and guilt, callousness/lack of empathy, glib and superficial charm, inflated and arrogant self-appraisal
2) Behavioral factor (~externalizing vulnerability)
-_______, impulsive, and socially deviant lifestyle (poor
behavioral control and parasitic lifestyle)

-About ____ of those with ASPD also meet criteria for psychopathy, while about 80% with psychopathy meet ASPD

  • Psychopathy is the best predictor of violence and recidivism
  • Where may It be adaptive?
  • -You would want a cop, navy seal, surgeon, CEO –> lack of empathy/lack of emotional response is helpful in these professions.
A

remorse

Antisocial

half

131
Q

Lecture 6 - Personality Disorders Continued

A

Yuh

132
Q

Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder (4m15s)

Listen again

  • Causal Factors
  • Genetic Influences
  • -Findings from twin studies & adoption studies
  • —Moderate heritability, but environmental influences also important
  • -ASPD may share common genetic predispositions with substance use disorders
  • Family & Socialization:
  • -Poor parental supervision & involvement (including parental loss)
  • -Abuse and neglect (parental rejection)
  • -Dysfunctional family structure
  • -Do not learn to pay attention to social stimuli
  • Low Fear Hypothesis and Conditioning
  • -Less susceptible to ____ and _______
  • -Slow at learning to stop responding in order to avoid __________
  • –People with ASPD don’t get upset
  • General emotional deficits
  • -Difficulty processing affective stimuli
  • -Abnormality in the prefrontal cortex?
A

fear and anxiety

punishment

133
Q

Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder (18m55s)

*Instability of interpersonal relationships,
self-image, and affects marked by impulsivity
(≥ 5)
-Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined ____________
-A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships  Identity disturbance characterized by a persistently unstable selfimage
or sense of self  Impulsivity in at least 2 potentially self-damaging areas (e.g., spending,
sex, substance use, reckless driving)  Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or self-injurious behaviors (e.g.,
cutting)  Affective instability due to marked reactivity of mood  Chronic feelings of emptiness  Inappropriate, intense anger  Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative
symptoms

A

abandonment

134
Q

Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder (17m30s)

  • Prevalence
  • 3% lifetime (psychopathy 1%?)
  • Gender Ratio
  • 3:1 _____ to ______
  • Comorbidity
  • Substance use disorders
  • Sociocultural Influence:
  • ASPD and Psychopathy occurs in a wide range of cultures -Exact manifestations and prevalence are influenced by sociocultural context
  • -Less prevalent in cultures with strong discouragement of aggression
  • -Cultures characterized by individualism have higher rates than those characterized by collectivism
A

3:1 male to female

135
Q

Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder (18m55s)

*Instability of interpersonal relationships,
self-image, and affects marked by impulsivity
(≥ 5)
-Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined ____________
-A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships
–People with BDP are hot/cold
-________ disturbance characterized by a persistently unstable self image or sense of self
-Impulsivity in at least 2 potentially self-damaging areas (e.g., spending, sex, substance use, reckless driving)
-Recurrent ________ behavior, gestures, or self-injurious behaviors (e.g., cutting)
-Affective instability due to marked reactivity of mood
-Chronic feelings of ________
-Inappropriate, intense ______
-Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms

  • This is how they behave because this is how they’ve learned to get their interpersonal needs met…
  • People with BPD experience very intense emotions and they don’t necessarily have the skills to cope with these negative emotions.
A

abandonment

Identity

suicidal

emptiness

anger

136
Q

Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder (27m30s)

*Most _________ diagnosed PD

  • Prevalence
  • 1.6%
  • Gender Ratio
  • 3:1 _______ to _____
  • Comorbidity
  • Mood disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, and other personality disorders
A

commonly

3:1 female to male

137
Q

Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder (28m05s)

*Causal Factors
-_________ appear to play a very significant role
–Heritability of personality traits of affective instability and
impulsivity

-Lowered functioning of ________ and structural and
functional differences in a variety of brain regions

  • High rates of ________ events in childhood (e.g., abuse,
    neglect)

-Diathesis (personality)-stress(trauma) models

A

Genetics

serotonin

stressful

138
Q

Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder (28m05s)

*Causal Factors
-_________ appear to play a very significant role
–Heritability of personality traits of affective instability and
impulsivity

-Lowered functioning of ________ and structural and
functional differences in a variety of brain regions

  • High rates of ________ events in childhood (e.g., abuse,
    neglect)

-________ (personality)-______(trauma) models

A

Genetics

serotonin

stressful

Diathesis stress models

139
Q

The model (32m20s)

A

Yuh

140
Q

Cluster C: Obsessive-Compulsive PD (39m15s)

  • Preoccupation with orderliness, __________, mental and interpersonal control at expense of flexibility, openness and efficiency (≥4):
  • Preoccupation with details, rules, order, or schedules to the extent that the major point of an activity is lost
  • Extreme perfectionism that interferes with task completion -Excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure and friendships
  • Overly inflexible and overconscientious about matters of morality, ethics, or values
  • Inability to discard worn out or worthless objects
  • Reluctance to delegate tasks or work with others unless others do exactly the same thing
  • Miserliness in spending style toward both self and others
  • Shows rigidity and stubbornness

*Not OCD –> No obsessions or compulsions

A

perfectionism

141
Q

Personality Disorders: Outcomes and Treatment (45m55s)

LISTEN AGAIN

  • Difficult to treat. Why?
  • Relatively ________, pervasive and inflexible patterns of behaviors
  • Most with PD enter treatment at _________’s request (remember interpersonal difficulties)
  • Cluster A (paranoid ideations) and B (maladaptive interpersonal relationships when dealing w/ people) – extreme difficulty forming ________ with a therapist
  • Comorbidity – worse outcomes, particularly the treatment of other non-PD disorders (i.e., depression)
  • Cognitive therapies have been adapted to focus on specific schemas associated with the personality disorder
  • Medications – antidepressants (SSRIs), antipsychotic, mood stabilizers
  • -Medications don’t treat the disorder,
A

enduring

someone’s

relationship

142
Q

Personality Disorders: Outcomes and Treatment (45m55s)

LISTEN AGAIN

  • Difficult to treat. Why?
  • Relatively ________, pervasive and inflexible patterns of behaviors
  • Most with PD enter treatment at _________’s request (remember interpersonal difficulties)
  • Cluster A (paranoid ideations) and B (maladaptive interpersonal relationships when dealing w/ people) – extreme difficulty forming ________ with a therapist
  • Comorbidity – worse outcomes, particularly the treatment of other non-PD disorders (i.e., depression)
  • Cognitive therapies have been adapted to focus on specific schemas associated with the personality disorder
  • Medications – antidepressants (SSRIs), antipsychotic, mood stabilizers
  • -Medications don’t treat the disorder, they help lessen symptoms to make them more functional
A

enduring

someone’s

relationship

143
Q

Personality Disorders: Outcomes and Treatment (51m10s)

  • Borderline Personality Disorder
  • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (form of CBT) – Marsha Linehan
  • -Focuses on one’s inability to tolerate strong states of ________ affect
  • —Accept the negative affect – instead of engaging in self-destructive behaviors

-Hierarchy of Goals for therapy:
1) Decrease _______/self-harming
2) Decrease behaviors that interfere with therapy
• (e.g., missed sessions, lying)
3) Decrease behaviors that interfere with a ______ lifestyle
• (e.g., substance abuse)
4) Increase behavioral _____ to regulate emotions, increase interpersonal skills, and increase _________ for distress
5) Additional goals chosen by the patient (specific needs)

  • *This is the best treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder**
  • -Works well
  • -Downside, takes a very long time (1-2 years on average)
A

negative

suicidal

stable

skills

tolerance

144
Q

Personality Disorders: Outcomes and Treatment (59m00s)

  • Antisocial Personality Disorder
  • Lack of _________ for treatment (don’t think they need it)
  • __________ (i.e., punishment) – does not treat the disorder
  • Treatment often occurs for legal reasons (court mandated)
  • Psychopathy – can it be treated?
  • -Some people think it can be, evidence doesn’t seem to support that it can

*Antisocial behaviors tend to decrease after age of 40

  • Biological
  • Meds - Mood stabilizers may help with aggression
  • Electroconvulsive therapy – mixed results
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
  • Increase self-control, self-critical thinking, and social perspective taking
  • Increase victim awareness
  • Teach anger management
  • Modify antisocial attitudes and cognitions
  • Other comorbid problems (substance use)
A

motivation

Incarceration

145
Q

Personality Disorders: Outcomes and Treatment (59m00s)

  • Antisocial Personality Disorder
  • Lack of _________ for treatment (don’t think they need it)
  • __________ (i.e., punishment) – does not treat the disorder
  • Treatment often occurs for legal reasons (court mandated)
  • Psychopathy – can it be treated?
  • -Some people think it can be, evidence doesn’t seem to support that it can
  • Antisocial behaviors tend to decrease after age of ___
  • Biological
  • -Meds - _____ stabilizers may help with aggression
  • -Electroconvulsive therapy – mixed results
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
  • Increase self-control, self-critical thinking, and social perspective taking
  • Increase victim awareness
  • Teach anger management
  • Modify antisocial attitudes and cognitions
  • Other comorbid problems (substance use)
A

motivation

Incarceration

40

Mood

Abnormal Psychology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions