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BCS 111 > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Theory of Mind

A

The ability to attribute mental states to self and others

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2
Q

False Belief tasks

A

Examines theory of mind, ex: Smarties task & Sally-Anne

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3
Q

Gaze following

A

One of the most basic ways to know what someone else is thinking about

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4
Q

Joint attention

A

Two people use gestures and gaze to share attention with respect to interesting objects or events

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5
Q

Artificial neural network

A

Computing systems inspired by biological neural networks. They learn tasks by considering examples

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6
Q

Perceptron

A

Models a neuron, particular supervised learning model

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7
Q

Deep neural networks

A

ANN with multiple hidden layers between input and output layers, supervised learning

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8
Q

Probabilistic Symbolic Models

A

Tool for formal modeling and analysis of systems that exhibit random or probabilistic behavior

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9
Q

Milgram Obedience Experiment

A

Following WWII, tested how far subjects would go while following orders, ethical behavioral study of obedience

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10
Q

Dehoaxing

A

After Milgram Experiment, participants were explained nature of experiment but only if they were visibly agitated

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11
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment (Philip Zimbardo)

A

Studied the roles people play in prison situations, wanted to study the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience

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12
Q

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

A

Study of the natural progression of untreated syphilis in poor African American male sharecroppers, around same time penicillin became available

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13
Q

Office for Human Research Protections

A

Created after Tuskegee Syphilis Study, deals with ethical oversights in clinical research

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14
Q

Insititutional Review Boards

A

Created after Tuskegee Syphilis Study, protects rights and welfare of human research subjects

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15
Q

Belmont Report 3 ethical principles

A

Created for protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research

  1. Respect for persons/autonomy
  2. Beneficence
  3. Justice
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16
Q

Belmont Report: Respect for persons/autonomy

A
  1. Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents

2. Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection

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17
Q

Belmont Report: Beneficence

A
  1. Do not harm

2. Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms

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18
Q

Belmont Report: Justice

A

Equals ought to be treated equally

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19
Q

3 applications of Belmont Report

A
  1. Informed consent
  2. Assessment of risks & benefits
  3. (Fair) selection of participants
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20
Q

Heuristics

A

Simple, efficient rules which people often use to form judgments and make decisions (mental shortcuts)
Ex: representativeness & availability heuristics

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21
Q

Biases

A

Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another (unfair)
Ex: confirmation & base-rate neglect

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22
Q

Normative accounts

A

Claim that asserts something OUGHT to be the case. Can make value judgments

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23
Q

Descriptive accounts

A

Claim that asserts that something IS the case

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24
Q

Dual-Process Account of Reasoning

A

System 1: fast, lazy

System 2: slow, effortful

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25
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Developing ideas of how people/situations in certain roles should behave/happen

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26
Q

Law of large numbers

A

As sample size grows, it gets closer to average pop. A large entity that is growing rapidly cannot maintain that growth pace forever.

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27
Q

Base-Rate Neglect

A

People often fail to take in the overall probabilities when problem solving (ex: disease problem)

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28
Q

Conjunction Fallacy

A

Formal fallacy that occurs when it is assumed that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one

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29
Q

Stereotyping

A

Reasoning about a population based on individuals

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30
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

We use how easily something comes to mind as a proxy for frequency, we overestimate the likelihoods of many rare events

31
Q

Retrievability Biases

A

Individuals base judgment on commonality and easier base strategies

32
Q

Salience

A

Quality of being particularly noticeable or important; prominence

33
Q

Conformation Bias

A

Tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one’s existing beliefs or theories

34
Q

Formal logic

A

Logic based on argument involving deductively necessary relationships

35
Q

Syllogism

A

An instance when a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions, each of which shares a term with the conclusion (ex: cookies and pizzelles)

36
Q

Belief Bias

A

Tendency to judge the strength of arguments based on the plausibility of their conclusion rather than how strongly they support that conclusion (Ex: all cookies are delicious. All desserts are delicious. –> All cookies are desserts)

37
Q

Conversion Errors

A

Inadvertently converting statements from one non-equivalent form to another (ex: all trees are plants is not the same as all plants are trees)

38
Q

Conditioning Strength

A

We often assume that if X leads to Y, then X=Y, but there is no logical basis for this

39
Q

Wason’s Four Card Task

A

Evaluate the rule: “if a card has a vowel on one side, it must have an even number on the other side”. Correct to turn over: A (positive rule) and 7 (negative rule)

40
Q

Anchoring & Adjustment

A

We are biased by the initial anchor and adjust away from the anchor as necessary

41
Q

Utility

A

The relative worth

42
Q

Risk-Averse

A

Declining or reluctant to take risks. People are risk averse for gains

43
Q

Risk-Seeking

A

Inclined or eager to take risks. People are risk seeking for losses

44
Q

Sunk-Cost Effect

A

Tendency for humans to continue investing in something that isn’t working, want to avoid failure (ex: going to concert when sick)

45
Q

Framing Effects

A

The way the info is presented influences how the audience feels about the info and can affect the judgments, frame in terms of gains or losses (ex: vaccines)

46
Q

Temporal Discounting

A

Tendency of people to discount rewards as they approach a temporal horizon in the future or the past (want it now, rather than later)

47
Q

Anticipation

A

Sometimes looking forward to something is also rewarding

48
Q

Marshmallow Task

A

Study was to understand when the control of delayed gratification develops in children

49
Q

Probability Matching

A

Predictions of class membership are proportional to the class base rates

50
Q

Maximizing

A

Seeking the best option through an exhaustive search through alternatives, find one that is “good enough”

51
Q

WEIRD

A

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

52
Q

Ultimatum Game

A

Two players, proposer and responder, fairness when punishment (rejection) is possible

53
Q

Dictator Game

A

Similar to ultimatum game, but recipient cannot reject the offer, used to judge baseline fairness

54
Q

Folk Biology

A

How people classify and reason animals and plants into obvious species-like groups

55
Q

Inductive Projection

A

Folk biology, if X is a good example of a category, other Y’s in that category should share properties

56
Q

Egocentric

A

Direction relative to self, used in English and other Indo-European languages (ex: the man is on the left of the flagpole)

57
Q

Allocentric

A

Object centered, every other language (ex: the people are next to the house)

58
Q

Absolute frame

A

Directional (ex: the people are east of the house), Mayan & Austrailian

59
Q

Antisocial punishment

A

Some people punish those who contribute more than they did, varies in cultures

60
Q

Holistic

A

Pay attention to whole, typical of East Asia

61
Q

Analytic Processing

A

Pay attention to individual parts, typical of Westerners

62
Q

30 million word gap by age 3

A

Welfare vs professional being exposed to words while growing up

63
Q

Subitizing

A

The ability to recognize the number of briefly presented items without actually counting

64
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Equal relative increments of stimuli are proportional to equal increments of sensation (ex: have to shout in noisy env vs whisper in quiet room)

65
Q

Weber’s Ratios

A

Gives the perceptual threshold or just noticeable difference between two stimuli, can tell apart smaller ratios easily

66
Q

Relative Magnitude

A

Property of relative size, more important than absolute difference, size of one number compared to another

67
Q

Absolute difference

A

Absolute value of their differences

68
Q

Approximate number system (ANS)

A

Estimation, scale variability, evolutionary ancient

69
Q

Exact number

A

Counting, arithmetic, human-specific

70
Q

Count-list-knower

A

Recite counting routine

71
Q

Cardinal Principle (CP) Knower

A

Children who succeeded on all set sizes while counting (ex: 1-7…..)

72
Q

Hallucination

A

Vivid sensory experience, appearing in external space, may be mistaken for real stimuli

73
Q

Pseudohallucination

A

Highly vivid sensory experience, appears in internal space (head), recognized as not real, drugs

BCS 111 (3 decks)

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