Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BCS 111 > Exam #1 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam #1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Innenwelt

A

An organism’s internal world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Umwelt

A

The world as the organisms perceives it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Umgebung

A

Hypothesized external reality, philosophical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clever Hans

A

Horse that claimed to have been able to perform arithmetic, used subtle cues from others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Uncontrolled variables/confounds

A

Other factors you try to hold constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cartesian Dualism

A

Descartes, mind/brain problem, animal vs human brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Structuralism/physiology of mind

A

Wundt, Titchener

Structuralism: analyze adult mind in terms of simplest components and find way they fit together to form complex forms (all experiences make up conscious), “action, reaction, sensation”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Introspection

A

Titchener, examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gestalt

A

All objects and scenes can be observed in their simplest forms, whole is more important than parts, whole does not equal sum of parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Behaviorism

A

Behaviors can be rigorously described without referring to internal states, like thought and emotion, external of environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cognitivism

A

Focuses on mental processes and how people perceive, think, remember..about one stimulus rather than other, helps explain behaviorism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Pairing two stimuli changes response to one of those stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Previously neutral stimulus that is eventually associated with unconditioned stimuli and triggers conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Naturally triggers response (ex: smell of food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Unlearned response that occurs naturally (ex: salivating at smell of food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Conditioned response

A

Learned response to previously neutral stimulus (ex: feeling hungry when hear whistle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Correlations

A

Two things happen together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Contingencies

A

One thing happens because of another, cause and effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Operant conditioning

A

An organism’s own actions are used as the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Generalization (to conditioned stimuli)

A

After conditioning, an organism will respond to other similar stimuli (ex: dog will salivate to higher or lower pitch than normal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Blocking

A

Kamin, if organism learns that a conditioned stimulus is a reliable predictor of an UCS, then organism will not become conditioned to another CS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Contrast Effect

A

Enhancement or diminishment of perception, cognition, or performance as a result of successive exposure to stimulus of lesser or greater value (ex: rats ran slower after switching from large to small amounts of food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Belongingness

A

Animals must be able to cognitively pair the stimuli, different organisms attend to the same stimulus in different ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Taste aversion

A

Organism associates taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

Rule stating which instances of a behavior will be reinforced, part of operant conditioning

26
Q

Extinction

A

Disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced

27
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Condition in which an organism suffers from a sense of powerlessness from a traumatic event

28
Q

Spike train

A

Signals generated by neurons used to communicate with one another, series of spikes in time

29
Q

Pacemaker neurons

A

Facilitate onset of excitatory states, rhythmic bursting activity, doesn’t need stimulus

30
Q

Level IV type neuron

A

More of an irregular firing than pacemaker neurons

31
Q

Bayes’ Theorem (prior, prediction, posterior)

A

Our prior observations influence our current expectations, ways to update or revise beliefs in light of new evidence

Posterior- add to priors

32
Q

Retina

A

Receives light that lens has focused, converts light into neural signals, sends signals to brain for visual recognition

33
Q

Fovea

A

Center of retina, high visual acuity

34
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Rods (low level light), cones (color)

35
Q

Receptive field

A

Region of sensory space in which a stimulus will modify the firing of that neuron

36
Q

Retinal ganglion cells

A

Receives visual info from photoreceptors (on-center of receptive field, off surround &; off-center, on surround)

37
Q

Edge enhancement

A

Image processing filter that enhances the edge contrast of an image or video in an attempt to improve sharpness

38
Q

Retinotopic mapping

A

In lower visual areas, neurons are organized in orderly fashion, form 2D representation of visual image formed on retina

39
Q

Primary visual cortex (V1)

A

Part of neocortex that receives input from retina, composed of simple cells

Ganglion –> Thalamus –> V1

40
Q

Simple cells (orientation cells)

A

Cells fire preferentially to stimuli at certain angles, fire best in reaction to moving stimuli

41
Q

V2

A

More complex shape sensitivities in V2, edgy

42
Q

V4

A

Perception of color, curves and blobs

43
Q

Inferior Temporal Lobe (IT)

A

Crucial for visual object recognition, final stage in visual system

44
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to interpret sensations and be able to recognize things

45
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize faces

46
Q

Capgras Delusion

A

Unable to connect emotional representation of their loved ones to the visual representation, believe loved ones have been replaced by doubles (ex: aliens)

47
Q

Viewpoint invariance

A

Enables us to recognize objects regardless of viewing angle

48
Q

View-dependent recognition

A

Recognition by multiple views, we remember individual views of things and transform them in out mind to match current input

49
Q

View-independent recognition

A

We recognize things by combinations of primitive features

50
Q

Geons

A

Simple 2D or 3D forms corresponding to simple parts of an object, visual input is matched against structural representation of objects in brain (ex: ice cream cone broken up into sphere above a cone)

51
Q

Classic/Artistotelian View

A

Categories are definitions, assigning properties

52
Q

Feature Theories

A

How do we know which properties to compare (ex: plum to lawnmower?), features are registered early, automatically, and in parallel, while objects are identified separately and at a later stage in processing.

53
Q

Graded Membership

A

Objects closer to prototype are “better” members of the category than those farther from prototype

54
Q

Associative Networks

A

Cognitive models that incorporate long-known principles of association to represent key features of human memory (ex: bacon and eggs are linked in memory)

55
Q

Basic Level

A

Learned first, all familiar objects have basic category name

56
Q

Superordinate Level

A

Don’t give enough information, too general

57
Q

Subordinate Level

A

Give too much information, too specific

58
Q

Prototype Theory

A

Graded categorization, some members of a category are more central than others (ex: chair is more frequently cited than stool when asked about furniture)

59
Q

Exemplar Theory

A

Different things are “typical” depending on context, compare new info to info already in memory

60
Q

Theory Theories

A

Individuals hold a basic theory of psychology to infer mental states of others

61
Q

Shape bias

A

Tendency to generalize information about an object by its shape

BCS 111 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions