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GEOL303 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of igneous rocks

A

extrusive and intrusive

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2
Q

extrusive igneous rocks

A

volcanic

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3
Q

intrusive igneous rocks

A

plutonic

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4
Q

What do igneous rocks erupt?

A

lava and pyroclasts

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5
Q

Fragmented volcanic rock ejected upward explosively

A

pyroclasts

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6
Q

pulverized magma also a type of pyroclasts

A

ash

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7
Q

molten rock in the earth

A

magma

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8
Q

magma that reaches the surface

A

lava

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9
Q

3 parts of characteristics of magmas

A
  1. Composition
  2. Viscosity
  3. Volcanic Gases
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10
Q

Compositions

A

what something is made up of

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11
Q

What is the overall composition of magmas?

A

made of silica

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12
Q

Silica minerals are made of

A

silicon and oxygen

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of compositions of magmas?

A
  1. Mafic
  2. Felsic
  3. Intermediate
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14
Q

Mafic is ____ poor

A

silica

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15
Q

Why is mafic dense

A

because of minerals

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16
Q

Felsic is what type of composition

A

silica rich

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17
Q

Felsic has a high amount of

A

gases

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18
Q

Felsic rocks

A

rhyolites

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19
Q

light, less dense rock

A

rhyolites

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20
Q

Intermediate silica content

A

intermediate

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21
Q

rocks of intermediate composition

A

andesites

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22
Q

Andesites are found in

A

the Andes

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23
Q

Where are andesites abundant

A

over subduction zones

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24
Q

The resistance to flow

A

viscosity

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25
Q

Viscosity is controlle by

A

silica content and temperature

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26
Q

Higher temp = ___ viscosity

A

less

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27
Q

Something that doesn’t resist flow

A

has a low viscosity

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28
Q

Mafic magma viscosity

A

silica poor, very hot = low viscosity

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29
Q

Felsic and Intermediate magmas viscosity

A

silica rich

cooler = higher viscosity resists moving

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30
Q

2 most abundant volcanic gases

A

H2O and CO2

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31
Q

Once an eruption starts the pressure is _____ and drive the explosion _____.

A

lowered; upward

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32
Q

Why do you want to avoid dead tree areas in Mammoth?

A

volcanic gases are escaping to the surface and you could breath CO2

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33
Q

Lake Nyos is a lake on top of what

A

active volcano structure

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34
Q

Everything killed without a volcanic eruption

A

lake nyos

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35
Q

Magmas: Hot, silica poor and low viscosity

A

Mafic

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36
Q

Result of a mafic magma

A

fluid eruption and lava flow

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37
Q

Magma: Silica rich, cooler, high viscosity

A

Felsic and Intermediate magmas

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38
Q

Result of felsic and intermediate magmas

A

explosive eruption with pryoclasts

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39
Q

Pressure decrease

A

mid-ocean ridges

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40
Q

water added

A

subduction zones

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41
Q

heat added

A

hot spots

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42
Q

What is important to allow plates to move?

A

Lower pressure

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43
Q

What is a catalyst for melting rocks?

A

Water

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44
Q

Where are the majority of land volcanos?

A

at subduction zones, in the pacific rim of fire

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45
Q

Which kinds of eruptions are the most hazardous?

A

Pyroclastic Eruptions

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46
Q

Opening of a volcanic edifice (1km or less)

A

Crater

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47
Q

Opening of a volcanic edifice, larger than 1km

A

Caldera

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48
Q

Volcanic building connected to magma chamber below crater

A

volcanic edifice

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49
Q

Mt. Pinatubo is an example of what

A

caldera

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50
Q

Phillipines and Mt. Tambora are examples of what

A

Calderas

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51
Q

One possible cause of the information of a caldera

A

summit collapse

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52
Q

Volcano: Broad dome, gentle slope and very large

A

Shield

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53
Q

Volcano: Composition of basaltic lava flows

A

shield

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54
Q

Volcano: fluid magmas with low viscosity and low silica

A

Shield

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55
Q

Volcano: Basaltic, mafic and largest

A

Shield

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56
Q

2 Examples of shield volcanos

A

Hawaii and Iceland

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57
Q

Hawaii is a

A

hot spot

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58
Q

Iceland is a

A

mid-ocean ridge

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59
Q

Volcano: Steep, tall and layered

A

strato

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60
Q

Volcano: composition of andesite lava flows

A

strato

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61
Q

Volcano: pyroclastic and lava flows

A

Strato

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62
Q

Volcano: high viscosity and high silica

A

Strato

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63
Q

Volcano: Andesites, rhyolites, basalts

A

Strato

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64
Q

2 nd largest volcano

A

Strato

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65
Q

Mt. St. Helens is an example of

A

strato volcano

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66
Q

Mt. Vesuvius is an example of

A

strato volcano

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67
Q

Mt. Rainer and Mt. Fuji are examples of

A

strato volcano

68
Q

Mt. Hood in Oregon and Mt. Shasta are examples of

A

strato volcanos

69
Q

Land slides and toxic gases are hazards associated with

A

Strato Volcanos

70
Q

Lava dome collapse and acid rain are hazards associate with

A

Strato volcanos

71
Q

Lava flows and ash falls are hazards associated with

A

Strato Volcanos

72
Q

Type of flows associated with Strato Volcanos

A

pyroclastic and mudflow (lahar)

73
Q

Crater Lake in oregon collapsed

A

inwards (summit collapse)

74
Q

Crater Lake in Oregon is approximately

A

10km

75
Q

Crater lake in Oregon is filled with

A

water

76
Q

Is Crater Lake in Oregon active or inactive?

A

active

77
Q

What type of cone is Crater Lake in Oregon

A

Cinder cone

78
Q

Pacific Northwest volcanoes are a result of the ______ and occurs at ______

A

Juan de Fuca Plate; Subduction Zones

79
Q

The shape of volcanoes is controlled by what it

A

spits out

80
Q

Cone that is steep, small and short lived

A

Cinder cone

81
Q

Cinder Cone is a ______ pyroclasts composition

A

basaltic

82
Q

Cinder cones occur adjacent with

A

other big volcanoes

83
Q

Viscosity of cinder cone

A

viscous

84
Q

From largest to smallest volcanoes

A

Shield –> Strato –> Cinder

85
Q

What kind of cone was a Paricutin eruption, Mexico?

A

Cinder cone

86
Q

What kind of flow is paricutin eruption, mexico?

A

lava flows

87
Q

Is Paricutin eruption, mexico active?

A

not active anymore

88
Q

Volcanic Explosivity Index is from what to what numbers?

A

0 to 8

89
Q

Powerful vertical ejection of pyroclasts, gas

A

plinian

90
Q

Most explosive eruption

A

Plinian

91
Q

Plinian eruptions VEI range

A

3 to 8

92
Q

Where are plinian eruptions common over

A

strata volcanoes

93
Q

What type of eruption has a small eruption of pyroclasts?

A

Strombian

94
Q

What type of eruption is a fluid basaltic lava flows?

A

Hawaiian

95
Q

Yellowstone is so big that we call it

A

a collapse caldera

96
Q

Yellowstone is a result from

A

a continental hotspot

97
Q

Why are geysers erupting in Yellowstone?

A

because there is so much heat

98
Q

When yellowstone emptys its magma all of it goes out then collapses downwards then refills

A

catastrophic summit collapse

99
Q

Anak Krakatau, Indonesia

A
  • cinder cone

- pyroclast type eruptions

100
Q

Crater lake

A
  • cinder cone inside a strato peak

- still active

101
Q

Santorini

A
  • Lost city of Atlantis

- Caldera

102
Q

Today Atlantis looks like

A

a crater lake

103
Q

City on top of active volcano

A

Phira

104
Q

Here lavas are really fluid, hot and low viscosity

A

Hawaii

105
Q

example of mafic composition

A

Hawaii

106
Q

How many big shield volcanos in hawaii

A

5

107
Q

Most active volcano in the world

A

Kilauea

108
Q

What des Mauna Loa have?

A

calderas because they are over 1km in width

109
Q

Dormant and going to be extinct, it moved from the source of lava

A

Mauna Kea

110
Q

Why is Mauna Kea not active?

A

because it has stepped out of the hot spot

111
Q

2 shielf Volcanos in Hawaii

A
  • Kilauea

- Mauna Loa

112
Q

In the future there will be a new island in the south called?

A

Loihi

113
Q

Hawaii has what types of volcanos

A

Strato, shield and calderas

114
Q

2 deadliest volcanic hazards?

A

pyroclastic flows and volcanic mud flows

115
Q

When the column decides to collapse outwards this causes

A

pyroclastic flow

116
Q

Scalding avalanche of ash and toxic, expanding gases

A

pyroclastic flow

117
Q

2 ways to make a pyroclastic flow

A

dome and column collapse

118
Q

Viscous lava that grows on the inside the crater of volcano

A

Dome

119
Q

Dome collapse is a cause of

A

pyroclastic flows

120
Q

Dome collapses are quite

A

unpredictable

121
Q

When a pyroclastic column starts to go up and then comes down

A

Column collapse

122
Q

Full plinian column comes down and incinerates everything in its path

A

Column collapse

123
Q

Which are the most deadly volcanoes?

A

Strato

124
Q

Examples of Strato pyroclastic flows? (4)

A
  • Mt. St. Helens
  • Mt. Pineatube
  • Mt. Montserrar
  • Mt. Mayon
125
Q

A flood flow of ash

A

Volcanic mud flow or lahar

126
Q

Rapid flood of pyroclasts and water

A

lahar

127
Q
  • Rainfall and loose ash
  • Melting of snow and ash
  • Breakout of a crater lake
  • Rivers and lakes
A

Causes of Lahar

128
Q

In Mt. St. Helens the ____ plate is ____ under the ____ plate

A
  • Juan de Fuca
  • Subducting
  • North American
129
Q

In Cascadia subduction one the volcanoes are young or old?

A

quite young

130
Q

Recurrence interval of Mt. St. Helens

A

around 200 years

131
Q

The eruption of Mt. St. Helens was similar to

A

500x the force of the Hiroshima explosion bomb

132
Q
  • Swarms of EQs
  • Steam/ ash explosions
  • M= 5 EQ
  • VEI = 5
  • Gigantic landslide
  • steam blast
  • mudflows
  • plinian column with pyroclastic flows
A

Precursor Events of Mt. St. Helens

133
Q

Death toll of Mt. St. Helens

A

57 people

134
Q

What remains after explosion

A

a caldera

135
Q

Why did the Mt. St. Helens volcano not catastrophically collapse?

A

because the Magma chamber did not fully empty

and this is common event as opposed to summits collapse

136
Q

What hazard can a dome produce?

A

a pyroclastic flow

137
Q

In Nevado del Ruiz what plates are involved?

A

Nazca plate is subducting under the South American Plate

138
Q

_____ overcomes friction in a mass waste

A

gravity

139
Q

Tectonic forces ____ uplift the ground and are seen at subduction zones

A

uplift

140
Q

Where do Tectonic forces occur?

A

in the Cascades on the East Coast

141
Q

Solana Beach

A

is a disaster waiting to happen because coastal erosion is occurring

142
Q
  1. Soft loose sediment and silts erode very rapidly and that is how the beaches form in CA
  2. People are building on these cliffs
  3. People carve out notches and ruin the base. Do not stand at base of cliff
A

Hazards in Solana Beach

143
Q

What are the 5 factors of mass wasting?

A
  1. Water content
  2. Slope angle
  3. Geological
  4. Human
  5. Vegetation
144
Q

excess water increases slope failures

A

water content

145
Q

Steep slopes increase slope failures

A

slope angle

146
Q

til of rocks, types of rocks, clay, faults

A

Geological

147
Q

Overloading of slopes, artificial fill, excavation of highways and deforestation

A

Human

148
Q

Decreases slope failures

A

Vegetation

149
Q

Water is ____ from soil in vegetation. They provide ___and ___. The only thing that is good

A
  • removed
  • cushions
  • cover
150
Q

3 types of mass wasting

A
  • Falls
  • Slides
  • Flows
151
Q

Free fall of rocks; very rapid and common in mountains

A

Rock fall

152
Q

movement of rock down a failure

A

Slides

153
Q

Slump (rotational slide)

A

curved surface, weak sediments, small

154
Q

Rockslide

A

planar surface, more coherent

155
Q

La Jolla is a

A

slump

156
Q

Most fluid and it results from very heavy rainstorms

A

Mud flow

157
Q

Volcanic mud flow; comes from rain, lake, river

A

Lahar

158
Q

Largest, fastest and most deadly flow, also very rare. Encompass huge areas

A

Debris Flow

159
Q

Slow moving, not very harmful but can lead to other types of mass wasting

A

Creep

160
Q

Triggering Events for mass wasting

A
  1. Rainstorms
  2. Earthquakes
  3. Volcanoes
161
Q

Product of a large earthquake off shore

A

Yungay, Peru

162
Q

Nazca plate is sliding under the south american plate

A

Yungay Peru

163
Q

Yungary, Peru is on a

A

convergent boundary

164
Q

Yungary, Peru was triggered by

A

subduction quake of M=7.7

165
Q

Yungary Peru was a compositie event of

A

rock fall and flow

GEOL303 (5 decks)

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