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GEOL303 > Exam 2 - Earthquakes > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Earthquakes Flashcards

1
Q

Every earthquake releases these

A

aftershocks

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2
Q

Each individual earthquake releasing its own seismic waves

A

Aftershocks

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3
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

vibration of the Earth produced by rapid release of energy

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4
Q

Fault line

A

smaller than a plate

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5
Q

What is found anywhere along any plate?

A

fault line

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6
Q

What is a gigantic fault

A

Boundary

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7
Q

The hypocenter is what

A

the focus of an earthquake

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8
Q

Location inside the crust where earthquakes are intiated

A

Hypocenter

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9
Q

Epicenter

A

location on surface directly above the focus

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10
Q

Largest quake in the world

A

Chile, 1960 M=9.5

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11
Q

What do all of the largest quakes in the world have in common?

A

they are all at subduction zones

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12
Q

What produces the largest magnitude earthquakes?

A

subduction zones

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13
Q

Where are the most earthquakes?

A

Around the rim of fire

-West pacific, subduction zone

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14
Q

What are the 3 major stresses applied to rocks?

A
  1. Compression
  2. Tension
  3. Shear
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15
Q

Stress:

Rocks that are squeezed together

A

Compression

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16
Q

Stress:

Rocks shorten horizontally and thicken vertically

A

Compression

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17
Q

Stress:

Convergent boundaries; where faults are formed

A

Compression

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18
Q

Stress:

Rocks thinned out and pulled apart

A

Tension

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19
Q

Stress:

Rocks lengthen horizontally and thin vertically

A

Tension

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20
Q 
Stress:
Divergent Boundaries (mid-ocean ridges)
A

Tension

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21
Q

Stress:

Rocks slide past one another

A

Shear

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22
Q

Stress:

Causes displacements along fault zones or by ductile flow

A

Shear

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23
Q

Stress:

Transform boundary

A

Shear

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24
Q

In faults, rocks will move in ______ directions always

A

opposite

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25
Q

Faults are

A

fractures in the crust where rocks move in opposite directions

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26
Q

Something that is “thin as a sheet of paper”

A

Fault plane

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27
Q

Between 2 blocks of the crust

A

fault plane

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28
Q

Two types of walls in faults

A
  1. Hanging Wall

2. Footwall

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29
Q

Block of rock below the fault plane

A

Hanging wall

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30
Q

Faults that move vertically

A

hanging wall

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31
Q

Block of rock above the fault plane

A

Footwall

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32
Q

2 vertical movements of faults

A
  1. Normal

2. Reverse

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33
Q

Footwall that moves up relative to hanging wall

A

Normal vertical movement

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34
Q

Normal vertical movement stress =

A

Tension

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35
Q

Footwall moves down relative to hanging wall

A

Reverse vertical movement

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36
Q

Reverse vertical movement stress =

A

Compression

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37
Q

Normal vertical movement tectonic regime

A

Divergent boundaries

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38
Q

Reverse vertical movement tectonic regime

A

Convergent boundaries

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39
Q

Thrust fault

A

reverse fault that is at a 45 degree or less from the surface of the Earth

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40
Q

Fault that is shallow

A

Thrust fault

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41
Q

Tectonic regime of thrust faults

A

convergent boundaries

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42
Q

Horizontal movement of faults

A

strike slip fault

43
Q

Stress of strike slip fault

A

Shear

44
Q

Two types of strike slip faults

A

Right lateral and left lateral

45
Q

How do you identify the type of strike slip fault

A

you must be looking across the fault to identify it

46
Q

Tectonic regime of strike slip faults

A

Transform boundary

47
Q

Fault scarp

A

nothing but exposed fault plane

48
Q

Baja Earthquake of 2010 was a

A

fault scarp

49
Q

What type of fault is the San Andreas Fault?

A

right lateral strike slip fault

50
Q

What kind of boundary is the san Andreas fault?

A

transform boundary

51
Q

Energy released at the focus by an earthquake

A

Seismic waves

52
Q

2 types of waves

A

Body waves and Surface waves

53
Q

2 types of Body waves

A

P-waves and S-waves

54
Q

Which body wave reaches seismograph first and the fastest?

A

P-wave

55
Q

What kind of waves are P-waves?

A

Compressional

56
Q

What does it meant that p-waves are compressional

A

they push and pull through the rocks n in the same direction of the waves

57
Q

P-waves go through

A

solids, liquids, gases

58
Q

P-waves can travel through what parts of the earth

A
  • Atmosphere
  • Inner core
  • mantle
  • outer core
  • Water
59
Q

Type of body waves second to arrive to seismograph station

A

S-Waves

60
Q

S-waves are

A

Shear wave

61
Q

Body waves that move in an up and down motion

A

S-waves

62
Q

Which waves only travel through solids?

A

S-Wave

63
Q

The fact that s-waves only travel through solids prove what

A

that the outer core is molten

64
Q

The _______ away from the epicenter, the ______ the interval between pwave and swave

A

Farther; bigger

65
Q

More destructive than body waves

A

Surface waves

66
Q

2 types of surface waves?

A
  1. Love wave

2. Rayleigh wave

67
Q

Surface wave with a side to side motion

A

love wave

68
Q

The love wave only moves through

A

solids

69
Q

Type of wave that is deadly to buildings because of its side to side motion

A

Love waves

70
Q

Which wave is last to arrive

A

Rayleigh

71
Q

Rayleigh has a _____ motion

A

rolling

72
Q

Why is the rayleigh wave more destructive

A

because it is free to move

73
Q

The rayleigh wave can travel through

A

anything

74
Q

Do earthquakes kill people?

A

no buildings do

75
Q

3 type of scales to measure earthquakes

A
  • Mercali Intensity Scale
  • Richter magnitude scale
  • Seismic moment scale
76
Q

Qualitative assessment of the damage and the shaking of the earthquak

A

Mercali intensity scale

77
Q

Scale for mercali intensity scale

A

1 to 12

78
Q

What was the first attempt at measuring the power of an earthquake

A

Mercali Intensity scale

79
Q

What earthquake scale is the most widely used

A

Richter Magnitude scale

80
Q

Earthquake scale that is the measure of energy released at the focus

A

Magnitude Richter Scale

81
Q

Each richter increment releases __ times more energy

A

32

82
Q

_____ does not correlate with _____ _____

A

magnitude; death toll

83
Q

In the richter scale, the amplitude is measured as

A

the height between the top of the seismograph and the middle line

84
Q

Which earthquake scale can measure any earthquake

A

Seismic Moment scale

85
Q

Seismic moment scale is the function

A

of the rupture area, average slip of fault and the rock strength

86
Q

Which earthquake scale is most accurate of them all

A

Seismic moment scale

87
Q

Which earthquake scale is he only one that works for very large earthquakes

A

Seismic moment scales

88
Q

What are the 3 largest Magnitude Earthquakes

A
  • Chile, 1960
  • Sumatra 2004
  • Alaska 1964
89
Q

In the Chile earthquake, the seafloor was disrupted causing a

A

tsunami

90
Q

What killed most of the people in the Chile megathrust earthquake?

A

The tsunami

91
Q

What was the largest earthquake in the U.S.?

A

Alaska 1964

92
Q

What 2 things do all of the largest earthquakes have in common?

A

They are all at subduction zones and they are values taken from moment scale

93
Q

The Turkey 1999 earthquake was an example of

A

pancake collapse of buildings

94
Q

Why do pancake collapses happen?

A

when structures are made with unreinforced cement/ concrete

95
Q

The 5 causes of destruction from earthquakes

A
  1. Ground shaking and acceleration
  2. landslides
  3. tsunami
  4. liquefaction
  5. Fire
96
Q

Why do valleys shake more than mountains?

A

Because sediments accelerate more and more intensely because they lack density

97
Q

How do landslides occur?

A

ground gives way during earthquakes

98
Q

Which cause of destruction from earthquakes kill more people than the others?

A

tsunamis

99
Q

What happens in liquefaction?

A

loose, weak soils start moving, the ground starts flowing

100
Q

What happens to buildings above liquefaction?

A

The foundation is sheared off and completely falls

101
Q

What happens in a fire caused by an earthquake?

A

there is a rupture of gas and water mains

102
Q

What are the safest buildings?

A

Wooden houses, and steel-framed buildings

103
Q

What would happen to the CA aqueducts if the San Andreas Fault is activated

A

no power and no water if these are affected

104
Q

Will California eventually fall into the earth?

A

No; it’s a plate moving northwest

- It’s fate is to subduct

GEOL303 (5 decks)

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