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Mammalian Reproduction > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: In almost all species studied including humans, there is a marked increase in physical activity around the time of ovulation

A

True

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2
Q

True or False: The bull and ram and dog are short copulators while the boar, tom cat, and camelids are sustained copulators

A

False

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3
Q

True or False: Prenatal exposure of a female fetus to a large dose of estradiol results in decreased estrous behavior and an increase in male-like behavior

A

True

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4
Q

True or False: Sexual preparation in the bull, increases sperm numbers in the ejaculate through oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary which stimulates contractions of the distal tail of the epididymis and ductus deferens

A

True

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5
Q

True or False: When collecting see from a bull with an artificial vagina, both temperature and pressure are important to stimulate ejaculation, while only an optimal temperature is required for the boar

A

False

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6
Q

True or False: Viagra causes a prolonged erection because it inhibits the conversion of cGMP to GMP thus prolonging vasodilation

A

True

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7
Q

True or False: Following AI in cows, less sperm are lost by retrograde flow if they are deposited in the mid-cervix than if they are deposited in the uterus

A

False

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8
Q

True or False: Superfecundation in dog is a result of their long duration of estrus and the prolonged interval after the onset of estrus when fertilization can occur

A

True

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9
Q

True or False: During the acrosome reaction fusion of sperm plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane leads to vesiculation and loss of the acrosomal enzymes

A

True

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10
Q

True or False: Acrosin, an enzyme released during the acrosome reaction allows the sperm to penetrate the vitelline membrane

A

False

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11
Q

True or False: Zona protein 3 (ZP3) is a glycoprotein receptor which only allows sperm of the same species to bind to the zone pellucid

A

True

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12
Q

True or False: In most mammalian species sperm capacitation occurs in the male accessory sex glands prior to ejaculation

A

False

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13
Q

True or False: During cervical transport, viable sperm that encounter high viscosity sialomucin swim through the cervix with ease, while sperm encountering the low viscosity sialomucin are flushed out of the tract

A

False

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14
Q

True or False: Loss of sperm from the female tract occurs mainly through the process of phagocytosis and retrograde flow

A

True

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15
Q

True or False: The primary oocyte undergoes the first meiotic division at ovulation in cattle, sheep, and pigs, while the second meiotic division occurs at the time of fertilization

A

True

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16
Q

True or False: Each blastomere (embryonic cell) of an 4 cell pig embryo and an 8 cell cow embryo are totipotent

A

True

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17
Q

True or False: A morula is a solid ball of blastomeres, while a blastocyst contains inner cell mass cells surrounded by trophectoderm cells and a fluid filled cavity called the blastocoele

A

True

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18
Q

True or False: The trophectoderm cells surrounding the blastocyst develop gap junctions between them to allow a free exchange of information, while the inner cell mass cells develop tight junctions to hold the inner cell mass together

A

False

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19
Q

True or False: The collection of embryos from the uterus of donor cows and their transfer into recipient females should only be done after hatching of the blastocysts from the zona pellucida

A

False

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20
Q

True or False: If inner cell mass cells from a goat blastocyst are collected and injected into the blastocyst of a sheep embryo containing its own inner cell mass, and the injected embryo placed into the uterus of a goat, it will give birth to a deep (cross between sheep and goat)

A

False

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21
Q

urethralis muscle

A

propels sperm + seminal plasma (semen) through the pelvic urethra

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22
Q

Bulbospongiosus muscle

A

pumps semen from the pelvic urethra through the penile urethra

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23
Q

ischiocavernousus muscle

A

clamps off venous return from the penis resulting in penile extension

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24
Q

Yolk sac

A
  • develops the first blood vessels in the conceptus and is called the primitive gut
  • splanchnic mesoderm + endoderm
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25
Q

Allantois

A
  • -thrust out from the hind gut of the embryo, and expands to vascularize the chorion
  • splanchnic mesoderm + endoderm
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26
Q

Chorion

A
  • not vascularized and acts as a protective outer covering of the conceptus
  • somatic mesoderm + trophectoderm
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27
Q

Amnion

A
  • a high pressure bubble which surrounds the embryo to prevent it from being crushed by uterine contractions
  • somatic mesoderm + trophectoderm
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28
Q

necrotic tips form at each end of an elongating pig embryo when these parts of the placenta fail to fuse together

A
  1. Allantois
  2. Chorion
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29
Q

this part regresses at implantation when the choir-allantonic membrane forms and attaches to the uterine wall to begin to take up nutrients directly from the maternal blood

A

Yolk Sak

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30
Q

the umbilical cord forms at the sight where this part of the placenta grew out of the embryo

A

Allantois

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31
Q

goat

  • signal that maintains luteal function in specie during maternal recognition of preg.
  • CL indep. or dep.
A
  1. interferon??
  2. Cl dependent specie
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32
Q

women

  • signal that maintains luteal function in specie during maternal recognition of preg.
  • CL indep. or dep.
A
  1. hCG
  2. CL independent specie
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33
Q

sheep

  • signal that maintains luteal function in specie during maternal recognition of preg.
  • CL indep. or dep.
A
  1. interferon
  2. CL independent specie
34
Q

pig

  • signal that maintains luteal function in specie during maternal recognition of preg.
  • CL indep. or dep.
A
  1. estradiol
  2. CL dependent specie
35
Q

cow

  • placental type
  • number of tissue layers separating fetal and maternal blood stream
  • placental shape
A
  1. syndesmochorial placenta
  2. five layers
  3. cotyledonary shaped
36
Q

mare

  • placental type
  • number of tissue layers separating fetal and maternal blood stream
  • placental shape
A
  1. eptheliochorial placenta
  2. six layers
  3. diffuse shaped
37
Q

dog

  • placental type
  • number of tissue layers separating fetal and maternal blood stream
  • placental shape
A
  1. endotheliochorial placenta
  2. four layers
  3. zonary shaped
38
Q

woman

  • placental type
  • number of tissue layers separating fetal and maternal blood stream
  • placental shape
A
  1. hemochorial placenta
  2. three layers
  3. discoid shaped
39
Q

female which requires the greatest area of association between the placental and the uterine wall per unit weight fetus for nutrient uptake from the mother

40
Q

female in which endometrial cups are developed to stimulate the development of accessory corpora lutea

41
Q

females whose young do not have an absolute requirement for colostrum if they are to survive

42
Q

females with decidua

A
  1. woman
  2. dogs( not true decidua)?
43
Q

female where the chorionic epithelium is bathed in maternal blood

44
Q

female which forms binucleate cells which migrate out of the chorionic epithelium into the uterine luminal epithelium and secrete placental lactogen

45
Q

Why does the cow commonly exhibit retained placentae following premature births or late term abortions while the sheep does not. Be specific

A

Although both species have cotyledonary placentas the ewe (and goats) have concave cotyledons, whereas in the cow (and giraffe) the cotyledons are convex. The convex shape leads to a greater susceptibility to retaining the placenta since it is more difficult to separate maternal and fetal tissue

46
Q

forms the postnuclear cap

47
Q

forms proacrosomal granules

A

golgi saccules

48
Q

gives rise to the attachment site for the sperm tail

A

proximal centriole

49
Q

gives rise to the axoneme

A

distal centriole

50
Q

spiral around the middle piece of the sperm tail

A

mitochondria

51
Q

provide stability to the sperm tail

A

nine fibers surround the axoneme

52
Q

forms the cap of the sperm head and contains hydrolytic enzymes

53
Q

list the requirements of a good semen extender used for artificial insemination

A

1) minimize cold shock 2) prevent microbial growth 3) maintain viability 4) low in cost 5) be isotonic 6) be a good buffer 7) provide nutrients

54
Q

stimulates the leydig cells to produce testosterone

55
Q

natural male hormone that exerts a negative feedback on GnRH secretion from the tonic release center of the hypothalamus

A

testosterone

56
Q

man-made hormone administered to promote muscle growth and performance

A

anabolic steroid

57
Q

stimulates androgen binding protein production by sertoli cells

58
Q

inhibits FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary gonadotrophs

59
Q

this hormone binds to receptors on sertoli cells and maintains spermatogenesis at an optimal level

60
Q

this hormone stimulates sex drive and maintenance of the male genital duct system and through conversion to DHT promotes a male phenotype

A

testosterone

61
Q

when administered in high doses over a prolonged period it will kill the leydig cells resulting in sterility

A

anabolic steroid

62
Q

True or False: Lochia is necrotic placental and endometrial remnants left over after pregnancy which is expelled through the vulva

63
Q

True or False: the time required for uterine involution is less for the dairy cow than the suckled beef cow

64
Q

True or False: Resumption of ovarian activity occurs sooner in the dairy cow than in the suckled beef cow

65
Q

True or False: What differentiates mammals from other groups of animals is live birth and the presence of a mammary gland

66
Q

True or False: Elephants have paired mammary glands on the thoracic regions on the mammary ridges

67
Q

True or False: From birth to conception the mammary glands grow at the same rate as the rest of the body, but after puberty they begin to grow at an increased rate under the stimulus of estradiol (duct development) and progesterone (glandular development).

68
Q

True or False: Colostrum is a result of increased pressure in the lumen of alveoli prior to offspring suckling which breaks the tight junctions between the mammary secretory cells

69
Q

True or False: Rennin is secreted by the gastric epithelium of very young ruminants and causes milk proteins (caseins) to form curds to facilitate protein digestion

70
Q

True or False: The composition of alveolar milk is changed significantly as it travels through the duct system to the teat

71
Q

True or False: The secretion of milk protein and lactose by the mammary secretory cell into the alveolar lumen removes part of its apical cell membrane which is replaced by the secretion of milk fat

72
Q

Fully discuss, how increased cortisol production by the bovine fetal adrenal prepares the fetus for life outside the uterus, and how this elevated fetal cortisol initiates the hormonal events resulting in cervical softening, delivery of the fetus and delivery of the placenta during the process of parturition. Be specific about the source of the hormones, and the location of their receptors in the gravid uterus.

A
  1. Step 1: Preparatory Phase (cervical softening and initiation of myometrial contractions)
    1. as fetal cortisol continues to increase it causes
      1. a decrease in progesterone production by the placenta and/or CL
      2. an increase in PGF2alpha by the uterine endometrium and placenta
      3. the increase in PGF2alpha and estradiol abolish the progesterone block –> myometrium begins to contract
      4. PGF2alpha also kills the CL of all species, causing a further decline in progesterone and the dying CL releases relaxin which softens the cervix and opens the birth canal by opening the pelvic ligament
  2. Step 2: Expulsion of the Fetus
    1. increased estrogen causes the development of gap junctions between mymetrial cells and increases nubmers of PGF2alpha and oxytocin receptors on the myometrial cells –> initiation of directional uterine contractions
    2. Fetus is pushed against the inside of the cervix, exposing sensory receptors signaling oxytocin release.
    3. Oxytocin stimulates powerful peristaltic contractions which ruptures the allantois
    4. Fetus is forced into the birth canal and amnion ruptures
    5. Ab muscles finish expelling fetus via contractions
  3. Step 3: Expulsion of Fetal Membranes
    1. Expulsion of fetal membranes requires that chorionic villi become dislodged from the crypts on the maternal side of the placenta
    2. requires continued uterine contractions–> oxytocin release
73
Q

Describe the sequence of hormonal events which time lactogenesis (initiation of milk secretion) with the delivery of the calf at parturition the cow. (Hint: Remember that progesterone progressively declines over the last week of gestation in the cow.)

A
  1. a couple weeks before parturition, progesterone decreases thus causing the stimulation of corticosteriod binding globulin by the liver to decrease
  2. as free cortisol is increased in the blood, it enters and begins to differentiate mammary secretory cells
  3. placental estradiol levels begin to increase markedly in the blood which increases pituitary secretion of prolactin but prevents it from binding to its receptors on mammary secretory cells
  4. at parturition, the placenta is expelled and estradiol levels drop, allowing prolactin to bind to mammary secretory cells and stimulate lactose synthesis.
  5. As lactose is synthesized within the mammary secretory cells, they draw in water by osmosis which initiates milk secretion
74
Q

What are the 4 major events of the puerperium?

A
  1. myometrial contractions and expulsion of
  2. endometrial repair
  3. resumption of ovarian function
  4. elimination of bacterial contamination of the reproductive tract
75
Q

Mammogenesis definition

A
  • growth and development of the gland between birth and puberty
    • between birth and puberty, growth is isometric
    • between puberty and conception growth is allometric
76
Q

Lactogenesis

A

intitation of milk secretion at term and results from hormonal changes

77
Q

Colostrum

A

first secretions from the mammary gland

  • rich in immunoglobins
78
Q

what do immunoglobins do for offsring

A

passive immunity to offspring

79
Q

how is colostrum formed

A

high pressure within the mammary duct system, which breaks in tight junctions between the mammary secretory cells in alveoli allowing blood plasma to enter alveolar lumen

80
Q

how does milk ejection happen

A

When sensory neurons in the teat or nipple are stimulated by tactile stimuli, a neural signal is sent to the interneuron of the spinal cord which convey the signal to paraventricular nucleus which results in oxytocin release from posterior pituitary into blood

Mammalian Reproduction (4 decks)

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