Exam 1 Flashcards
Ciliated and microvillar columnar
Efferent ductules
Movement of nonmotile sperm
Steriociliated columnar
Head of epididymis
Brush off cytoplasmic droplet
Stratified squamous
Lining of vestibule
Protect from physical damage
Simple squamous
Visceral vaginal tunic
Slippery layer that prevents testicular adhesions
Psuedostratified columnar
Lining of uterus
High miotic rate
Ciliated and secretory columnar
Infundibuoum and ampulla
Move and nourish oocytes during maturation
Estrus
Ovulatory follicles
E/P ratio maximal
Metestrus
CH
E/P ratio decreasing
Diestrus
CL
E/P ratio minimal
Proestrus
CA + growing follicles
E/P ratio increasing
Period when sperm are deposited in the female tract and transported by uterine peristalsis to the utero-tubal junction by peristalsis
Estrus
Period when the secretion of uterine milk into the uterine lumen is maximal
Diestrus
Period when the uterine lining produces and secretes increasing quantities of PGF2a into the blood
Proestrus
Period when the fertilized egg is transported through the isthmus of the oviduct into the uterus
Metestrus
Period of maximal secretion of watery mucous by the cervix
Estrus
Period when uterine contractions cease and the cervix is sealed with very thick viscous mucus
Diestrus
Period when the epithelial lining of the vestibule and posterior vagina are the thickest and is cornfield
Estrus
The ruminant, pig, and mare have bicornuate uteri, while humans have simple uteri, however all these species have only a single cervix
T
A cervical Os and fornix are found in ruminants, pigs, mares, and humans
F
The endometrium of the ewe and cow have a small nonglandular areas that protrude from the surface called carnucles which in pregnancy form the maternal portion of the placenta, while the endometrium of the sow and mare have many endometrial folds which increase the surface area for placental attachment
T
If the testes of a ram are pushed into the body cavity at birth, and the scrotum is removed to prevent the testes from leaving the body cavity, the ram will be fertile, but have no sex drive when exposed to estrus females
F
The blood testis barrier must be formed before spermatogenis is initiated in a male to prevent autoimmune reactions which can destroy the developing germ cells
T
Teasing a male (false mounts, or restraint from mounting) in the presence of an estrus female can significantly increase the number of sperm ejaculated
T
Sperm recovered from the tail of the epididymis cannot fertilize oocytes in vitro unless they first come in contact with secretions from the male accessory glands
F
Ejaculatory time is solely dictated by whether the male has a fibroelastic or a vascular penis structure
F
While antimullerian hormone produced by Sertoli cells of the genetic male is necessary for the regression of the paramesonephoric (mullarian) ducts, it does not regress the structure derived from the urogenital sinus which include the posterior vagina, vestibule, and external genitalia
T
Phenotypic maleness (masculinity) and the presence of external genitalia is a result of a 5a reductase in target cells which convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
T
Testosterone secretion to the leydig cells causes the development of the mesonephric tubules and ducts into the male genital duct system which includes the efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, as well as pelvic and penile urethra
F
In the genetic male, the SRY gene, located on the Y sex chromosome produces an SRY protein resulting in testis development, which occurs several weeks before the normal development of the ovary in a genetic female of the same species
T
The growth and subsequent retraction of the gubernaculum causes the testes to descend through the ingunial ring in the scrotum
T
Administration of estrogen when the early embryo is in the isthmus of the oviduct will speed up its transport into the uterus thereby killing it
F
The posterior lobe of the pituitary forms from rathke’s pouch which is composed of oral ectoderm, and develops an endocrine function
F
What is a freemartin
A freemartin is a heifer calf born co-twin to a bull which has been exposed to antimullerian hormone from her co-twin which has regressed all or part of her mullerian (paramesonephoric) ducts and is infertile
Why does freemartinism occur at high rate only in cattle when heifer calves are born co-twin to a bull calf, but not in other domestic livestock species
In the cow, ant twins share a blood supply due to lack of the development of necrotic tips between their placenta which allows antimullerian hormone to circulate from the male fetus to the female twin
Why is it often impossible to tell a freemartin dairy heifer calf from a normal heifer calf just by looking
Dairy females are bred to express a very feminine phenotype and thus do not express masculine traits even when exposed to testerone (converted to dihydrotesterone) from the male co-twin
In livestock species, testicular temperatures must be maintained 4-6 degrees cooler than the males temperature if spermatogenis is to continue. Compare are contrast the efficiency of cooling between a bull and ram to boar and stallion
In the bulk and ram, the cremaster muscle (spermatic cord) and tunica dartos muscle (wall of scrotum) can vary efficiently raise and lower the pendulous testes during changes in environmental temperature which is not possible in the boar and stallion whose testes are held very close to the body wall. The pampiniform plexus, a heat transfer system in the spermatic cord used to cool blood entering the testes is much more efficient in reducing the temperature of blood in the testicular artery by transferring it to the testicular vein in bulls and rams, the stallion and boar pampiniform plexus is pushed next to the body wall
List the sequence of cellular events that occur from binding of a protein hormone to its plasma membrane receptor on its target cell to the production of new protein products
1) receptors for protein (peptides, polypeptides, and glycoproteins) hormones are incorporated into the plasma membrane
2) when occupied, it changes configuration and activates other membrane proteins called G-proteins
3) this activates adenylate Cyclase which converts ATP to cyclic AMP (secondary messenger)
4) cyclic AMP activates protein kinases in the cell which phosphorylates and activates exciting cytosolic proteins
5) cyclic AMP can also serve to increase transcription of specific genes which are translated into protein products
PGF2a
Fatty acid
Endometrium
Cells of the CL
FSH
Glycoprotein
Anterior pituitary
Sertoli cell of testes
Progesterone
Steroid
Cells of CL
Uterine glands
GnRH
Peptide
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Oxytocin
Peptide
Hypothalamus
Myoepithelial gland
HCG
Glycoproteins
Placenta
Cells of CL
Hormones synthesized by neurosecretory cells
GnRH, oxytocin
Hormone collected from the urine of pregnant women and used for pregnancy diagnosis
HCG
Hormones belonging to a class of hormones with the longest half lives in the blood stream
FSH
HCG
Enzymes producing this hormone are located on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Progesterone
Hormone that travels down the hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal (HHP) sysytem to reach its target cells
GnRH
Simple neural reflex
Begins when a sensory afferent neuron is stimulated and this neuron synapses with an interneuron at the same location in the spinal cord which travels directly to the target tissue to cause a response. The afferent and efferent pathways are neuronal-very rapid response. This response does not travel to the brain and only occurs within the spinal cord, reducing time required for the response. An example is activation of muscles for sexual behavior and ejaculation, scrotal tone and sweating
Neuroendocrine reflex
Begins with the activation of sensory afferent neuron and the neuron synapses within an interneuron in the spinal cord. In contrast to simple reflex the interneuron synapses with another afferent interneuron in the spinal cord which carries the signal to neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus which secrete neurohormones.an example is the release of stored oxytocin in the posterior pituitary which circulates through the blood stream to reach the myoepithelial cells which surround the mammary gland which contract and squeeze milk into the duct system which can then be removed by suckling. This pathway is slower than simple neural reflex thus afferent pathway is neuronal and efferent is hormonal
