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PSYC375 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are sex/gender roles?

A

Attitudes and behaviours that are within the norm or are considered normal for a particular sex or a particular gender. We conform to them via conformity.

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2
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

Who we are emotionally and sexually attracted to.

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3
Q

Explain potential problems with chromosomal sex.

A

Some men get a duplication of the short arm of the X chromosome, which feminizes them. Lack of androgens during fetal development can mean an XY foetus can develop female genitals. Both conditions are labelled “intersex”.

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4
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome?

A

Only an X chromosome. They have female genitals, no reproductive system, and no puberty. Very short, identify as female. This suggests that hormones and reproductive ability are not necessary for gender identification.

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5
Q

What is Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

XXY chromosomes; 1 in 1000 male births. Small, sterile male genitals. Little interest in sex, possibly because of low testosterone levels.

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6
Q

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Body is insensitive to androgens and a male will develop female genitals. The person identifies as female until puberty, until puberty when the person is unable to menstruate. Supports the social component of gender identity formation.

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7
Q

What are fetally androgenized females?

A

Genetic females develop apparent male genitals because of high levels of androgens, but genetic tests reveal they are female. Have historically been surgically altered to appear female, although some identify as male. Questions the automatic decision to surgically alter newborns.

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8
Q

What happens to DHT-deficient males?

A

Testosterone is not converted into DHT, which stops male genitalia from developing. Usually raised as girls, some identify as female. At puberty, hormones transform female genitalia into male genitalia.

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9
Q

Why is sexual reassignment at birth not a good idea according to Reiner and others?

A

Many change their gender identity later in life, and those who aren’t reassigned show better psychological adjustment.

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10
Q

What is a transsexual/transgender person?

A

A person who identifies with a gender opposite to the one assigned to them at birth, or whose appearance and behaviour does not fit typical gender roles.

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11
Q

What is gender dysphoria?

A

Feeling trapped in a body that isn’t the right sex.

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12
Q

What is androphilic?

A

Attracted to men.

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13
Q

What is gynephilic?

A

Attracted to women.

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14
Q

Who argues that all gender differences are culturally created?

A

Cordilia Fine, 2012.

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15
Q

Who argues that there is an interaction between culture and biology?

A

Eagly, 1997.

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16
Q

Explain Eagly’s social-role theory.

A
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17
Q

What are the basic patterns of sexuality for men? For women?

A

Men: sexual pleasure
Women: desire to be desired, emotional intimacy, need for control.

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18
Q

What are the super-add components for sexual patterns?

A

Men and women demonstrate components of the other gender’s pattern.

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19
Q

Why should we look at effect sizes when it comes to sexuality research?

A

The effect sizes are significant, but small. It means they only explain a small percentage of the difference between genders.

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20
Q

In Clark and Hatfield (1989) sexual willingness experiment, what were the percentages of men and women willing to go on a date? Willing to have sex?

A

Date: women, 55%, men, 50%.
Sex: women, 0%, men, 75%.

Basically, men are pigs.

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21
Q

Describe men vs women’s fantasies.

A

Women: more with familiar people; men: more with strangers/multiple partners.

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22
Q

Explain the meaning of the results of Chivers et al. (2004)’s research on sexual arousal.

A

Women have more flexible sexualities; tend to be equally aroused by people of all genders. Men are more exclusive; heterosexual men are most aroused by female-female porn. (No surprise there.)

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23
Q

What is sexual plasticity?

A

Degree to which a person’s sexual beliefs and behaviours can be shaped by cultural, social and situational factors.

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24
Q

What evidence did Baumeister (2000) use to argue that women’s sexuality is more plastic than men’s?

A

Women exhibit more variation than men in sexual behaviour over time; sociocultural factors influence women’s sexuality more than men’s.

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25
Q

Explain sexual orientation vs sexual identity (Diamond, 2000).

A

Orientation: essential, stable, early developing predisposition. Identity: sexual self-concept (gay, lesbian, straight, bi, …).

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26
Q

Although it did not support the orientation/identity distinction, what did Diamond’s data show?

A

For women who no longer identified as bisexual, same-sex attractions did not change, but sexual activities changed. They reinterpreted the meaning of their attractions.

27
Q

What is the effect of education on sexual identity?

A

The more education, the larger proportion identify as LGBTQ.

I WANT TO NOTE THAT BISEXUAL IS ITS OWN IDENTITY I AM NOT LESBIAN/BI I AM BI.

28
Q

Explain the reasons why humans have the weirdest sex lives.

A

Sex is not limited to fertile periods; no external signs of fertility; long-term nature of attachments, partners also involved together in child rearing.

29
Q

Why did humans evolve their strange sexuality?

A

Successful reproduction involves more than mating: evolution pressured for couples to stay together long enough for weaning.

30
Q

According to Hazan and Zeifman (1994), what is the role of sexuality in emotional bonds?

A

Sexual attraction brings people together; sexual activity keeps them together.

31
Q

What situations support the idea that sex is a psychological tether?

A

Ventral-to-ventral contact is reserved for attached people; prostitutes have rules against face-to-face contact; gay males didn’t kiss or cuddle their extra-marital partners; hetero swingers have rules against affection and repeated sex with the same person.

32
Q

What is sociosexual orientation theory?

A

The beliefs and behaviours that describe our feelings about sex. Restricted and unrestricted sociosexual orientations.

33
Q

Describe the restricted sociosexual orientation.

A
  • Prefer to have sex in a close, commited relationship
  • Secure attachment styles
  • More commited relationships
  • Less likely to cheat (extradyadic sex)
34
Q

Describe the unrestricted sociosexual orientation.

A
  • Sex in casual, uncommitted relationships
  • Dynamic, flirtatious, sociable
  • Uncomfortable with intimacy
  • Less committed in relationships
  • More likely to cheat
35
Q

What do almost all religions equat sex with?

A

Sin, weakness.

36
Q

How does terror management theory explain some our attitudes towards sex?

A

Reproduction is related to death; it reminds us of the cycle of life. It also reminds us that we are animals, but if we think about ourselves as animals, we realize our mortality. If we succeed, we turn sex into love.

37
Q

What did Birnbaum et al. (2011) and Goldenberg et al. (1999) show about the sex-death connection?

A

Priming men with death increased their desire for sex; that did not apply to women. However, the desire for sex increased for both genders in the context of romance.

38
Q

What are hookups?

A

Ya’ll know what hookups are.

Sexual interactions with nonromantic partners that usually last one night and do not involve any expectation of a lasting relationship.

In my day we called those “one-night stands”. But then I’m old.

39
Q

What is permissiveness with affection standard?

A

The belief that sex between umarried partners is fine as long as it occurs in the context of a committed relationship.

40
Q

When it comes to casual sex, what do women regret? What do men regret?

A

Women regret what they did; men regret what they didn’t do.

41
Q

What is the sexual double standard?

A

SEXIST BULLSHIT IS WHAT IT IS. My lived experience? It’s really not that subtle.

Men are admired for sleeping with lots of women; women are dismissed for the same.

FUCK THAT SHIT. SMASH THE GODDAMN PATRIARCHY.

42
Q

How did acceptance of same-sex marriage evolve in the last few years?

A

32% accepted in 2004; 59% accepted in 2014.

43
Q

Which category of people are more likely to accept homosexuality? Less likely?

A

Those who believe that they’re born that way.

Those who believe it’s a choice. (fuck those people.)

44
Q

What are evolutionary explanations for homosexuality?

A

Gay men make great uncles; sisters of gay men are more fertile and more likely to marry up.

45
Q

Why does the APA believe it is ill-informed, discriminatory and unfair to deny same-sex relationships?

A
  • Same sex relationships operate in the same manner as heterosexual ones
  • Sexual orientation has nothing to do with parenting abilities
  • Marriage is good for everyone
46
Q

What percentage of people have sex before marriage?

A

97%. Water is wet, and teenagers boink.

47
Q

What happens to couples who have sex on their first date?

A

Experience poorer outcomes, less satisfied and communicate less well.

48
Q

In what situation do we tend to enjoy sex more?

A

In the context of a committed relationship.

49
Q

Why is accurate, science-based sex education essential?

A

The better-informed teens are, the more responsible and conscientious they tend to be. Better sex education = lower rates of pregnancy and STIs.

50
Q

What are the four themes underlying the reasons we have sex?

A

Emotional compoment, physical aspects, pragmatic concerns, insecurity.

51
Q

What percentage of men cheat? Women?

A

32%, 21%.

52
Q

Why do men cheat? Why do women cheat?

A

Sexual variety; emotional connection.

53
Q

Who cheats the most? The least?

A

Gay men. Wives.

54
Q

What do unrestricted women look like? How are they perceived? What about men?

A

Somewhat more masculine facial features, generally more attractive than other women. However, men see them as less desirable as long-term partners.

Men also look more masculine, but women prefer the faces of restricted men.

55
Q

What is the good genes hypothesis?

A

Some women, particularly those with less desirable mates, can profit from pursuing long-term relationships with partners who will protect and feed the children while seeking good genes by boinking more desirable men on the DL.

56
Q

What is sperm competition?

A

When the sperm of two+ men are in a woman’s vagina at the same time. When that happens, men tend to have longer sex with deeper thrusts to displace the other man’s sperm.

Cuckholding fetish!

57
Q

How does the principle of lesser interest influence sexual behaviour?

A

Women’s control over access to sex that men want give them power with which to influence men.

Note: I HATE HATE HATE this because MRAs use it as a way to argue that women have privilege. FUCK THIS.

58
Q

Why do people have risky sex?

A

Underestimating risk (illusion of unique invulnerability); faulty decision-making (we can’t think straight when we’re horny or drunk); pluralistic ignorance; power differentials; abstinence-only education (no way!), decreased intimacy and pleasure from condoms.

59
Q

What makes sexual interactions rewarding?

A

When they fulfill the basic human needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness.

60
Q

What does good sex depend on?

A
  • Intimate relationships
  • Meeting each other’s needs
  • Valuing each other
  • Friendship outside the bedroom
61
Q

What is sexual coercion?

A

When one partner cajoles, induces, pressures or forces non-consensual sexual activity.

BAD RAPIST! BAD RAPIST!

62
Q

What are the two dimensions of sexual coercion?

A

Type of pressure, unwanted behaviour.

63
Q

What are the four broad types of sexual coercion?

A
  • Low pressure (verbal coercion, intoxication), fondling. Unwanted touching.
  • Low pressure (verbal coercion, intoxication), intercourse. Date rape, raping an intoxicated person.
  • High pressure (force), fondling. Sexual assault without penetration.
  • High pressure, intecourse. Violent rape.
64
Q
A

PSYC375 (3 decks)

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