Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC375 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of social exchange?

A

The mutual exchange of desirable rewards with others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In relationships, what is an outcome?

A

The net profit or loss a person encounters. Outcomes = Rewards - costs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a comparison level?

A

The value of the outcomes that we believe we deserve in our dealings with others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Gottman’s definition of trust?

A

That others will consider our needs at least as much as theirs in their decisions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are our comparison levels based on?

A

Past experiences, self-esteem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does our CL indicate?

A

The standards by which our satisfaction is measured. Outcomes - CL = satisfaction or dissatisfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is CLalt?

A

Comparison level for alternatives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does CLalt explain people who stay in miserable relationships?

A

Even though they’re unhappy where they are, they think they’d be worse off if they left.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does our CLalt indicate?

A

Our dependence on our relationships. The greater the gap between our current outcomes and our poorer alternatives, the more dependent we are.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an investment in relationship terms?

A

The things one would lose if the relationship ended.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What factors influence CLalt?

A

Perception, self-esteem, access to information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When do people divorce?

A

When their prospects finally seem brighter elsewhere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give the formula for dependence.

A

Outcomes - CLalt = dependence or independence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the thee key elements of social exchange theory?

A

Outcomes, comparison levels, comparison levels for alternatives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe a happy, stable relationship.

A

Current outcomes are higher than CL and CLalt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe an unhappy but stable relationship.

A

Current outcomes are higher than CLalt but lower than CL.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe a happy but unstable relationship.

A

Current outcomes are higher than CL but lower than CLalt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe an unhappy, unstable relationship.

A

Current outcomes are lower than CL and CLalt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

According to the principle of lesser interest, who has the most power in a relationship?

A

The person with the least interest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe habituation in respect to relationships.

A

Rewarding relationships can gradually become less and less satisfying even though nothing, except our expectations, changed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who came up with the +++++- formula?

A

Gottman and Levenson (1992).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two drives when it comes to seeking rewards?

A

Approach motivation and avoidance motivation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is approach motivation?

A

We pursue pleasure and our motivation for doing something is to feel good. We “approach” desired experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is avoidance motivation?

A

We seek to escape punishment and pain, so we strive to “avoid” undesired experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe a precarious relationship.

A

Approach goals are fulfilled, avoidance goals are thwarted. Many delights and many dangers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe a distressed relationship

A

Approach and avoidance goals are thwarted. Few rewards and many costs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe a flourishing relationship.

A

Approach and avoidance goals are fulfilled. Many delights and few costs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe a boring relationship.

A

Approach goals are thwarted, avoidance goals are fulfilled. Safe but dull.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the self-expansion model of motivation?

A

We are attracted to partnerships that expand the range of our interests, skills, and experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is relational turbulence?

A

A period of adjustment and turmoil as new partners become accustomed to their increasing independence. Also applies when major events happen, such as having a child.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe the people who stay happy in relationships.

A

Low in neuroticism and high in self-esteem, start their marriages happier than most couples, discuss touchy issues with affection and humour and without anger, and encounter few stressors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the effect of expectations on relationship satisfaction?

A

The happiest couples have realistic expectations, whereas disappointed couples have unrealistically positive expectations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why should we have realistic expectations about relationships?

A

It takes effort to be polite and thoughtful; interdependency magnifies conflict and friction; intimacy gives access to emotional ammunition; unwanted surprises always come along; unrealistic expectations create disappointment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why should we keep our partners happy?

A

Because doing so means our partners will continue to provide us with desired rewards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are exchange relationships?

A

People do favours for others expecting to be repaid by receiving comparable benefits in return.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are communal relationships?

A

The partners feel a special concern for the other’s well-being, and they provide favours and support to one another without expecting repayment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is equity theory in relationships?

A

People are most satisfied in relationships in which there is proportional justice; each partner gains benefits that are proportional to their contributions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is an overbenefited partner?

A

They receive better outcomes than they think they deserve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is an underbenefited partner?

A

They receive worse outcomes than they think they deserve.

40
Q

How do overbenefited partners feel?

A

Exploited, angry, resentful.

41
Q

How do underbenefited partners feel?

A

Guilty.

42
Q

How do you restore equity?

A

By changing contributions or outcomes (actual equity), by changing your expectations (psychological equity) or by leaving the relationship.

43
Q

What two areas especially need to be equitable?

A

Household chores and child care.

44
Q

When is equity most salient?

A

When people are unhappy and dissatisfied.

45
Q

Which matters more, outcome levels or equity?

A

Outcome levels. If our outcomes are poor and unsatisfactory, it isn’t much consolation if they’re fair. If our outcomes are great, inequity isn’t a big concern.

46
Q

What is commitment?

A

A desire for the relationship to continue and the inclination to work to maintain it.

47
Q

What are the different components of commitment?

A

Expecting the relationship to continue, holding a long-term view with a future that involves their partner, being psychologically attached to each other so they are happy when their partners are happy.

48
Q

Describe the investment model of commitment.

A

Satisfaction and investments are both positively related to commitment. The happier we are and the more we would lose by leaving, the greater our commitment to our present partners. However, high-quality alternatives undermine commitment; the more alluring our other options, the less committed we are.

49
Q

What are the three types of commtiment?

A

Personal commitment: when people want to continue a relationship because the relationship is satisfying.

Constraint commitment: when people feel they have to continue a relationship because it would be too costly to leave.

Moral commitment: a sense of moral obligation to partner or relationship, usually via a feeling of social or religious responsibility.

50
Q

What are the relationship maintenance mechanisms?

A

Accommodation: refraining from fighting fire with fire; refraining from responding to provocation with similar ire.

Willingness to sacrifice: sacrificing their own self-interests for that of the relationship.

Forgiveness of betrayal: willingness to forgeo vengeance

Perceived superiority: thinking their relationship is better than those of other people.

51
Q

Describe some problems with equity theory.

A
  • No link between equity and satisfaction
  • Individual differences in the importance of equity
  • People overestimate their contributions
  • More important in some domains than others (housework, parenting)
  • Only an issue when unsatisfied
  • Correlational research
52
Q

Describe the Clark & Mills (1979) studies on communal and exchange relationships.

A

Men were induced to help an attractive woman. Variables: desire for communal or exchange relationship with the woman (single and looking for friends, married and busy); whether the help is returned. Measure: Liking for the woman.

When the benefit was reciprocated, men liked the woman better if they were in an exchange relationship. When the benefit was not reciprocated, men liked the woman better if they were in a communal relationship.

53
Q

Describe some normative influences on communal relationships.

A

The benefit won’t be accepted if the cost is too high; communal norms are ideal but not always followed.

54
Q

What does the Relationship Closeness Inventory measure?

A

Frequency: frequent impact on each other’s lives.

Strength: strong impact on each others’ behaviours, decisions, goals.

Diversity: impact in many different domains.

55
Q

What are high RCI scores associated with?

A

More relationship stability, greater distress at ending.

56
Q

How does the relationship investment model explain the case of battered women?

A

Relationship to stay with or return to abusive husbands is driven by strong investments and poor alternatives.

57
Q

What are the commitment-promoting cognitions?

A
  • Inclusion of other in self (using pronouns like we, us, our)
  • Positive illusions (overly positive view of partner, relationship superiority)
58
Q

Describe the Simpson, Lerma & Gangestad (1990) study on derogation of alternatives.

A

Participants viewed advertisements with some of young, opposite-sex models. They had to rate the physical and sexual attractiveness of the models and report on their dating status. Women rated everyone higher overall, but people who were dating consistently rated attractiveness lower than those who were single.

59
Q

What are the three elements of trust?

A

Predictability: consistent behaviour.

Dependability: partner can be counted on; honest, reliable, benevolent.

Faith: belief that partner is intrinsically motivated to care.

60
Q

What are the three themes that characterize friendship?

A

Affection: liking, trusting and caring for each other
Communion: providing reliable help
Companionship: providing recreation and fun

61
Q

What is the definition of friendship according to Fehr (1996)?

A

A voluntary, personal relationship, typically providing intimacy and assistance, in which the two parties like each another and seek each other’s company.

62
Q

What are the differences between friendship and love?

A

Friendships are less passionate, less exclusive, and entail fewer obligations.

63
Q

What five elements do friendships involve?

A

Respect, trust, capitalization, social support and responsiveness

64
Q

What is capitalization?

A

When others enthusiastically enhance our happiness by being excited when good things happen to us.

65
Q

In what forms does social support come?

A

Emotional support
Physical comfort
Advice support
Material support

66
Q

What is invisible support?

A

Help that is provided without fanfare and that actually goes unnoticed by the recipient.

67
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

The attentive and supportive recognition of our needs and interests.

68
Q

What are rules for relationships?

A

Shared cultural beliefs about what behaviours friends should and shouldn’t perform.

69
Q

What is friendship like in childhood?

A

Toddlers play together and take pleasure in each other’s company.

70
Q

What are the important needs at each stage of childhood?

A

Elementary school: acceptance
Middle school: intimacy
High school: sexuality

71
Q

What happens during adolescence re: friendship?

A

Teenagers spend more time with peers and less with their families. They turn to their friends, in stages, to fulfill their attachment needs.

72
Q

What are the four components of attachment?

A

Proximity seeking
Separation protest
Safe haven
Secure base

73
Q

Describe friendship in young adulthood.

A

Young adults are in the “isolation vs intimacy” stage. After university, young adults have fewer friends but have deeper, more interdependent relationships with those they do have.

74
Q

What happens to friendships at midlife?

A

Characterized by dyadic withdrawal: when people settle into romantic relationships and see less of their friends, especially friends of the other sex.

75
Q

What happens when a couple has no friends in common?

A

Much more likely to break up.

76
Q

What happens to friendship in old age?

A

Socioemotional selectivity theory explains that as older people are more focused on the present, they care about the quality of their relationships and spend more time with close friends.

77
Q

Describe the gender differences in same-sex friendships.

A

Women have friendships characterized by emotional sharing (face-to-face).

Men have friendships that revolve around shared activities (side-by-side).

78
Q

Describe the effect of sexual orientation on friendship.

A

Cishet people don’t think they have LGBTQ friends, but LGBTQ people have straight friends.

79
Q

Why do those with interdependent self-construals make better friends?

A

Because they understand others better and strive to benefit them.

80
Q

What is shyness?

A

Syndrome that combines social reticence and inhibited interactive behaviour with nervous discomfort in social settings.

81
Q

How do shy people behave?

A

They look at others less, smile less, speak less often and converse less responsively, and stand further away.

82
Q

Describe the negative feedback loop that shyness causes.

A
83
Q

Describe the research by Leary (1986) about shyness in soft vs loud environments.

A

Leary measured the arousal (heartbeat) of people with high and low shyness in two conditions: soft noise level and loud noise level. Those with high shyness had demonstrable reduced arousal when told they were in a loud environment. Arguably, they felt less self-conscious about their performance in a loud environment.

84
Q

What is loneliness?

A

A feeling of deprivation and dissatisfaction that emerges from a discrepancy between the kind of social relations we want and the kind we have.

85
Q

What is social isolation?

A

People are dissatisfied because they lack a social network of friends and acquaintances.

86
Q

What is emotional isolation?

A

People are lonely because they lack a single intense relationship.

87
Q

What does loneliness depend on?

A

Our perceptions, our desires, and a mismatch between the intimacy we want and the intimacy we have.

88
Q

What does the UCLA Loneliness Scale measure?

A

Isolation from others, lack of close connection to others, little social connection to people in general.

89
Q

What are the physical impacts of loneliness?

A

Higher blood pressure, weaker immune systems; lonely people over 50 are more likely to die in the next six years.

90
Q

What influences loneliness?

A

Genetics
Personality: good extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness reduce loneliness; high neuroticisim increase it.
Insecure attachment style
Low self-esteem

91
Q

What is particular about loneliness in men?

A

Heterosexual masculine men without a female partner tend to be much lonelier than men with one. This is related to masculine gender norms around expressivity.

92
Q

Why are lonely people obvious?

A

They have negative attitudes towards others (mistrust and suspicion), and they have drab and dull interactions with others, with low responsiveness.

93
Q

Explain the effect of attribution styles on loneliness.

A

People who attribute loneliness to stable, internal factors (I’m a bad person, unlovable) are lonely for longer; people with unstable, external attribution style (I’m lonely for now, but it can change) can move along faster.

94
Q

What can you do to overcome loneliness?

A

Seek friendships, not romances
Stay positive; no negative attitude
Recognize that friendship takes time.

95
Q
A

PSYC375 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions