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Biology 2 Chamberlain > Exam 3-6 review guide > Flashcards

Exam 3-6 review guide Flashcards

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1
Q

proteins that catalyze specific biochemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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2
Q

the buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones and requires energy

A

Anabolism

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3
Q

the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones and releases energy

A

Catabolism

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4
Q

anabolic process that joins small molecules by releasing the equivalent of a water molecule; synthesis

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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5
Q

an example of catabolism; it decomposes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and splits a water molecule in the process

A

Hydrolysis

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6
Q

The target of enzyme action

A

Substrate

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7
Q

The part of an enzyme molecule that binds a substrate

A

Active site

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8
Q

A small molecules or ion that must combine with an enzyme for activity

A

Cofactor

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9
Q

A nonprotein organic molecule required for the activity of a particular enzyme

A

Coenzyme

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10
Q

An ability to move something and thus do work

A

Energy

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11
Q

Process by which oxygen combines with another chemical; the removal of hydrogen it the loss of electrons; opposite of reduction

A

Oxidation

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12
Q

The energy releasing breakdown of glucose to produce 2 pyruvic acid molecules

A

Glycolysis

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13
Q

Series of chemical reactions that oxidizes certain molecules, releasing energy

A

Citric acid cycle/ Krebs cycle

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14
Q

Series of metabolic reactions that capture the energy in the bonds of nutrient molecules as ATP

A

Electron transport chain

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15
Q

Organic molecule that stores and released energy, which may be produced in cellular processes

A

ATP

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16
Q

The complete, emergy-releasing, breakdown off glucose to carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of oxygen

A

Aerobic respiration

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17
Q

A sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions

A

Metabolic pathway

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18
Q

Molecules that hold information in the form of genetic code

A

DNA

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19
Q

The portions of DNA molecules that contain the genetic information for making particular proteins

A

Genes

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20
Q

The complete set of genetic instructions in a cell

A

Genome

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21
Q

Production of an exact copy of a DNA molecule

A

Replication

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22
Q

Correspondence between DNA base triplets and particular amino acids

A

Genetic code

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23
Q

Copying DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

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24
Q

The type of RNA that carries a gene’s message out of the nucleus

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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25
Q

A single stranded molecule whose nucleotides each include the sugar ribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, uracil, guanine, or cytosine)

A

RNA

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26
Q

Three-base sequences

A

Codon

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27
Q

RNA to amino acid

A

Translation

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28
Q

An RNA molecule that correctly aligns amino acids

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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29
Q

The three nucleotides in the tRNA

A

Anticodon

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30
Q

The slowest step in a metabolic pathway or series of chemical reactions, which determines the overall rate of the other reactions in the pathway. The first enzyme in a series; requires the most activation energy

A

Rate-limiting enzyme

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31
Q

The set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

A

Cellular respiration

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32
Q

Glycolysis that does not require oxygen

A

Anaerobic respiration

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33
Q

An ATP molecule that has lost its terminal phosphate

A

ADP

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34
Q

Joins together nucleotides in a DNA sequence; they alternate to form the outside of the DNA structure

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone

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35
Q

Projects from the backbone and binds weakly to the bases of the second strand to form the rungs of the DNA structure

A

Nitrogen bases

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36
Q

describes the manner in which the nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecules align with eachother; responsible for the double-helix structure of DNA

A

Complimentary base pairing

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37
Q

an enzyme that unwinds and separates the two strands of the DNA double helix

A

Helicase

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38
Q

An enzyme that brings in new DNA nucleotides, forming complementary pairs with the exposed bases

A

DNA polymerase

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39
Q

A boundary that regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell, and is the site of much biological activity

A

Cell membrane

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40
Q

Houses the genetic material and controls cellular activities

A

Nucleus

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41
Q

Fills out the cell; contains organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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42
Q

Specialized structures within the cytoplasm

A

Organelles

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43
Q

Only certain substances can enter or leave the cell

A

Selectively permeable

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44
Q

Abundance of protein rods and tubules that form a framework in the cytoplasm

A

Cytoskeleton

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45
Q

Contains enzymes important in lipid synthesis, absorption of fats from the digestive tract, and the metabolism of drugs

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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46
Q

An organelle covered with ribosomes: A site of protein synthesis

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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47
Q

A site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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48
Q

A stack of about six flattened, membranous sacs that refines, packages, and transports proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with the ER

A

Golgi apparatus

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49
Q

The powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

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50
Q

Contains powerful enzymes that break down nutrient molecules or foreign particles

A

Lysosomes

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51
Q

These house enzymes that catalyze (speed) a variety of biochemical reactions, including synthesis of bile acids (used to digest fats)

A

Peroxisomes

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52
Q

Tiny rods of actin protein that form meshworks or bundles that provide cell movement and forms the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments

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53
Q

Long, slender tubes with diameter two or three times those of microfilaments; both of these form the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules

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54
Q

During mitosis, the centrioles in this distribute chromosomes to newly forming cells

A

Centrosome

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55
Q

Motile structure attached beneath the cell membrane that propels fluid over cellular surfaces

A

Cilia

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56
Q

Motile structure attached beneath the cell membrane that enables a speed cell to move

A

Flagella

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57
Q

Membranous sacs that contain and transport various substances

A

Vesicles

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58
Q

Double membrane that separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope

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59
Q

Dense, nonmembranous body composed of protein and RNA

A

Nucleolus

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60
Q

Fibers composed of protein and RNA and it is the site of ribosome synthesis

A

Chromatin

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61
Q

Rodlike structures that condense from chromatin in a cell’s nucleus during mitosis

A

Chromosomes

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62
Q

The movement of substances into and out of cells that do not require cellular energy

A

Passive transport

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63
Q

The process by which molecules or ions scatter or spread spontaneously from regions of high concentration to low concentrations

A

Diffusion

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64
Q

Uniformly distributed in the water

A

Equilibrium

65
Q

A process that allows substances to pass through the lipid bilayer through the help of membrane proteins

A

Facilitated diffusion

66
Q

A special case of diffusion that occurs whenever water molecules diffuse from a region of high to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

67
Q

A solution with the same osmotic pressure as the solution (usually body fluids) with which it is compared

A

Isotonic

68
Q

A solution with a greater osmotic pressure than the solution (usually body fluids) with which it is compared

A

Hypertonic

69
Q

A solution with a lower osmotic pressure than the solution (usually body fluids) with which it is compared

A

Hypotonic

70
Q

Molecules are forced from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure

A

Filtration

71
Q

Process that requires energy to move a substance across a cell membrane, usually against the concentration gradient

A

Active Transport

72
Q

Transport of substances out of a cell in membrane bounded vesicles

A

Exocytosis

73
Q

Process by which a cell membrane envelops a substance and draws it into the cell in a vesicle

A

Endocytosis

74
Q

Membrane engulfs droplets of liquid from surroundings

A

Pinocytosis

75
Q

Membrane engulfs particles from surroundings

A

Phagocytosis

76
Q

Receptors bind specific ligands, and they are drawn into the cell

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

77
Q

Period between cell divisions when a cell metabolizes and prepared to divide.

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2)

78
Q

A form of cell division that produces two somatic cells with identical chromosome numbers as the original somatic cell

A

Mitosis

79
Q

Stage of mitosis when chromosomes become visible

A

Prophase

80
Q

Stage in mitosis when chromosomes align in the middle of the cell

A

Metaphase

81
Q

Stage in mitosis when duplicate chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell

A

Anaphase

82
Q

Stage in mitosis when newly formed cells separate

A

Telophase

83
Q

Division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

84
Q

Cell specialization

A

Differentiation

85
Q

An undifferentiated cell that can divide to yield two daughter stem cells, or a stem cell and a progenitor cell

A

Stem cells

86
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

87
Q

a thin extracellular supporting layer that separates a layer of epithelial cells from the underlying lamina propria and is composed of the basal lamina and reticular lamina

A

Basement membrane

88
Q

Single layer of thin, flattened cells with broad and thin nuclei. It lines the air sacs of the lungs and the walls of capillaries

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

89
Q

single layer of cube-shaped cells with a centrally located, spherical nuclei. It covers the ovaries, the ducts of certain glands, and kidney tubules

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

90
Q

Elongated, single layer of cells. Lines the uterus and most organs of the digestive tract

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

91
Q

single layer of cells that appear stratified or layered, but are not. Lines the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal.

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

92
Q

many cell layers make this tissue relatively thick. Forms the outer layer of the skin (epidermis)

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

93
Q

2 or 3 layers of cuoidal cells that form the lining of a lumen. Lines the larger ducts of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

94
Q

Several layers of cells. The superficial cells are columnar, where the basal layers consist of cuboidal cells. Found in the male urethra, the ductus deferens, and parts of the pharynx

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

95
Q

composed of protein fibers, and a ground substance consisting of nonfibrous protein and other molecules, and fluid

A

Extracellular matrix connective tissue

96
Q

large, star-shaped cells that produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matrix of connective tissues

A

Fibroblasts

97
Q

These can move about and function as scavenger and defensive cells that clear foreign particles from tissues

A

Macrophages

98
Q

large and widely distributed in connective tissues; prevents blood clotting

A

Mast cells

99
Q

thick threads that are grouped in long, parallel bundles,and are flexible but only slightly elastic; holds structures together

A

Collagenous fibers

100
Q

thin fibers that branch and form complex networks; common in the vocal cords

A

elastic fibers

101
Q

very thin collagenous fibers; located in the spleen

A

reticular fibers

102
Q

cells are mainly fibroblasts, and are located some distance apart. Function is to bind the skin to the underlying organs and fill spaces between muscles

A

loose connective tissue (areolar)

103
Q

stores fat droplets in cytoplasm; functions as an insulator and cushion, and also stores energy

A

Adipose

104
Q

forms the inner lining of the urinary bladder and lines the ureters; several layers of cuboidal cells, however it changes appearance when the tissue stretches

A

Transitional Epithelium

105
Q

composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids

A

Glandular Epithelium

106
Q

glands that secrete their products into ducts that open onto surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the digestive tract

A

Exocrine glands

107
Q

glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood

A

Endocrine glands

108
Q

glands that release fluid by exocytosis

A

merocrine glands

109
Q

glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion

A

apocrine glands

110
Q

glands that release entire cells that disintegrate to release cell secretions

A

holocrine glands

111
Q

composed of thin, collagenous fibers in a three-dimensional network; helps to provide the framework for organs such as the liver and spleen

A

reticular connective tissue

112
Q

consists of many closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers and a fine network of elastic fibers; parts of tendons and ligaments

A

Dense connective tissue

113
Q

cartilage cells that occupy small chambers called lacunae and lie completely within the extracellular matrix

A

Chondrocytes

114
Q

the most common type;fine collagenous fibers; found on the end of bones in many joints, in the soft part of the nose, and in the supporting rings of the respiratory passages

A

Hyaline Cartilage

115
Q

a dense network of elastic fibers; provides the framework for the external ears and for parts of the larynx

A

Elastic Cartilage

116
Q

a very tough tissue, a shock absorber for structures like between the individual bones of the spinal column, or in the knees

A

Fibrocartilage

117
Q

most rigid connective tissue; internally supports body structures

A

Bone

118
Q

transports a variety of materials between interior body cells and those that exchange substances with the external environment; maintains homeostasis

A

Blood

119
Q

lines the body cavities that lack openings to the outside

A

Serous membranes

120
Q

lines cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body

A

Mucous membranes

121
Q

lines joints; composed entirely of connective tissues

A

Synovial membranes

122
Q

the skin

A

Cutaneous membranes

123
Q

Voluntarily controlled, striated, several nuclei per cell, found attached to bones, and contains long, nonbranching cylindrical cells

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

124
Q

Involuntarily controlled, single nucleus per cell, found in the walls of the stomach, uterus, and arteries, contains spindle-shaped cells, and changes the internal volume of an organ as it contracts

A

Smooth muscle tissue

125
Q

involuntarily controlled, striated, single nucleus, contains branching cylindrical cells, intercalated discs, and only in the heart

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

126
Q

nerve cells; they sense certain types of changes in their surroundings

A

neurons

127
Q

support and bind the components of the nervous tissue, carry on phagocytosis, and help supply nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels

A

neuroglial cells

128
Q

found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervessup

A

Nervous tissue

129
Q

the skin and the various accessory structures associated with it (hair,finger nails, sensory receptors, and glands)

A

Integumentary system

130
Q

the outer layer of the skin, composed of the stratified squamous epithelium

A

Epidermis

131
Q

the inner layer of the skin, thicker than the epidermis; a basement membrane anchors the epidermis to the dermis and separates these two skin layers

A

Dermis

132
Q

predominantly adipose tissue; the layer beneath the skin that binds the skin to the underlying organs

A

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

133
Q

the older cells harden in this process

A

keratinization

134
Q

the bottoms layer in the epidermis that is responsible for constantly renewing epidermal cells

A

stratum basale

135
Q

specialized cells in the epidermis that produce melanin

A

melanocytes

136
Q

a dark pigment that provides skin color

A

melanin

137
Q

the boundary between the epidermis and dermis is uneven because epidermal ridges project inward and conical projections of dermis and these extend into the spaces between the ridges

A

dermal papillae

138
Q

where the sweat pores open

A

epidermal ridges

139
Q

protective coverings on the ends of the fingers and toes

A

nails

140
Q

the whitish, thickened, half-moon-shaped region at the base of a nail plate covering the most actively growing region

A

lunula

141
Q

the area of modified epithelium beneath the nail, over which the nail plate slides forward as it grows

A

nail bed

142
Q

a tubelike depression in the epidermis where hair develops

A

hair follicle

143
Q

the nongrowing portion of a hair that protrudes from the skin, that is, from the follicle

A

hair shaft

144
Q

the part of a hair that is embedded in a hair follicle

A

hair root

145
Q

a bundle of smooth muscle cells that attach to each hair follicle

A

Arrector pilli

146
Q

dark hair pigment

A

Eumelanin

147
Q

reddish-yellow pigment

A

Pheomelanin

148
Q

specialized epithelial cells associated with hair follicles that create sebum through small ducts into the hair follicles

A

Sebaceous glands

149
Q

an oily mixture of fatty material and cellular debris; helps keep the hair and skin soft, pliable, and waterproof

A

Sebum

150
Q

exocrine glands that are widespread throughout the skin and consists of a tiny tube that originates as a ball-shaped coil in the deeper dermis or subcutaneous layer

A

Sweat glands

151
Q

the most abundant sweat glands that respond throughout life to body temperature elevated by environmental heat or physical exercise

A

Eccrine glands

152
Q

sweat gland that becomes active at puberty

A

apocrine glands

153
Q

secretes ear wax in the external ear canal

A

ceruminous glands

154
Q

female gland that secretes milk

A

mammary glands

155
Q

a normal response of a wound and the area surrounding it to become red and painfully swollen from injury or stress

A

inflammation

156
Q

covers and protects underlying tissues by blood clotting and tissue fluids drying

A

scab

157
Q

newly formed connective tissue if the wound is extensive

A

scar

158
Q

the formation of small, rounded masses in large, open wounds during healing

A

granulations

Biology 2 Chamberlain (7 decks)

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