Exam 3

Question 1

Descartes had been disillusioned by his discovery that many of the alleged truths learned in his youth were _____.

Answer 1

false

Question 2

Descartes says that, for all he knows, he may be _____.

Answer 2

dreaming

Question 3

Descartes declares that an evil demon _____.

Answer 3

could possibly be defeating him

Question 4

Descartes argues against trusting the senses on the grounds that _____.

Answer 4

they sometimes deceive him

Question 5

Descartes declares that he is _____.

Answer 5

a thing that thinks

Question 6

Descartes reasons that the very fact that he is thinking shows that _____.

Answer 6

he exists

Question 7

At first Descartes supposes that everything he sees is _____.

Answer 7

false

Question 8

Berkeley asserts that existing and perceiving are _____.

Answer 8

one and the same thing

Question 9

Berkeley insists that heat and cold are _____.

Answer 9

only sensations existing in our minds

Question 10

Berkeley believes that sensible things cannot exist except in _____.

Answer 10

a mind

Question 11

According to Hobbes, whenever and wherever men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, there is _____.

Answer 11

war

Question 12

According to Hobbes, in the state of nature, notions of right and wrong or justice and injustice _____.

Answer 12

have no place

Question 13

According to Hobbes, in the condition of man in which there is a state of war of everyone against everyone, every man has a right to _____.

Answer 13

everything

Question 14

According to Hobbes, the definition of injustice is _____.

Answer 14

failure to abide by a contract

Question 15

According to Locke, every man, by consenting with others to make one body politic under one government, puts himself under an obligation to everyone of that society to submit to the determination of_____.

Answer 15

the majority

Question 16

According to Locke, a man in the state of nature will relinquish his absolute freedom to the state because _____.

Answer 16

in the state of nature the enjoyment of his freedom is very uncertain and vulnerable

Question 17

According to Locke, the chief end of men’s uniting into a commonwealth is _____.

Answer 17

the preservation of their property

Question 18

According to Locke, the legislative power is limited by _____.

Answer 18

the impartial rule of established laws

Question 19

According to Rawls, behind the veil of ignorance, the principles of justice are _____.

Answer 19

the result of a fair agreement or bargain

Question 20

According to Rawls, the term “justice as fairness” conveys the idea that the principles of justice are agreed to in an initial position that is _____.

Answer 20

fair

Question 21

What does the notion of “meaning in life” refer to?

Answer 21

internal meaning

Question 22

What are the two principal answers to whether life has any meaning for us?

Answer 22

the pessimist’s view and the optimist’s view

Question 23

How did Tolstoy’s life change after his crisis of meaning?

Answer 23

he became religious

Question 24

Before Tolstoy’s Christian conversion, what was his perspective on the meaning of life?

Answer 24

pessimist

Question 25

Before his conversion, what was Tolstoy surrounded by?

Answer 25

what is considered complete happiness

Question 26

What was Schopenhauer’s attitude toward life?

Answer 26

he thought life was bereft of meaning

Question 27

What was Clarence Darrow’s belief about life’s meaning?

Answer 27

life was not worthwhile

Question 28

Baggini accuses pessimists of mixing up the two senses of _____.

Answer 28

meaning

Question 29

Baggini says that almost all deniers of meaning in life really seem to be rejecting only the idea that life has _____.

Answer 29

external meaning

Question 30

Most of those who take the externalist approach to meaning view the matter from a _____ standpoint.

Answer 30

religious