Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are primary, secondary, and tertiary care?
A
Primary: preventing disease through promotion; primary doctor
Secondary: disease duration of illness, severity; PT
Tertiary: limiting degree of disability and promoting rehab with chronic/irreversible diseases
2
Q
ICF
A
International classification functioning
3
Q
What is the occurrence rate or frequency of a disease known as?
A
Incidence
4
Q
What is the proportion of population within a certain condition/disease known as?
A
Prevalence
5
Q
What is known as a communicable disease in a large number of people within a population?
A
Epidemic
6
Q
What is known as a communicable disease within a particular area or population?
A
Endemic
7
Q
What is known as a multi-continent epidemic?
A
Pandemic
8
Q
What is the study of cause and distribution of diseases?
A
Epidemiology
9
Q
What is the study of cause of disease?
A
Etiology
10
Q
How is a disease classified that is a medical error?
A
Latrogenic Disorder
11
Q
How do you classify a disease that was developed during a stay at a hospital/clinic?
A
Nosocomial
12
Q
What are two theories of aging?
A
- Genetically programmed-biological timeline
2. Damage of error from insults-environmental assaults
13
Q
How much CD4 T-cells does a person with HIV have?
A
<200 Tcells
14
Q
What are three disease preventing measures?
A
- Immunization
- Handwashing
- Antibacterial gels
15
Q
What are the modes of transmission for communicable disease?
A
Contact Enteric Airborne Vector/intermediary Blood borne
16
Q
What is difference between bacteria vs virus?
A
Bacteria:
- cell wall
- may/may not require host
- most require O2, some need specific pH
Virus:
- no cell wall
- require host
17
Q
What treatment inhibits cell wall synthesis or metabolism to destroy bacteria or limit growth?
A
Antibiotics
18
Q
How is bacteria classified?
A
Shape, stain, culture
19
Q
Bacteria or Virus: MRSA Flu Polio Cellulitis HIV Herpes
A
Bacteria Virus Virus Bacteria Virus Virus
20
Q
What is a bacterial skin infection that is commonly found in the lower leg?
A
Cellulitis
21
Q
How do you fight viral infections?
A
- Anti-viral agents
- prevention is key (vaccines)
22
Q
What causes the highest number of STDs in the USA?
A
Chlamydia
23
Q
What disease has a parasite burrow under upper layer of skin and causes itching and rash?
A
Scabies
24
Q
What are the treatments for scabies?
A
- avoid contact with infected
- launder all clothing with hot water
- scabicide ointment
25
What are the deadliest types of HAI?
HAI: health-care associated infection
1. Central line associated
2. Surgical sites
3. Ventilator and tracheostomy
4. In-dwelling catheter
26
What is the most common but less deadly healthcare-associated infection?
Clostridium difficile (cdiff)
27
What are the factors affecting tissue healing?
- Vascular insufficiency
- comorbidities
- decreased O2 perfusion
- tabacco
- nutrition
28
Inappropriate immune response
Allergy
29
Inadequate immune response
Immunodeficiency
30
Immune response is misdirected to own body
Autoimmunity
31
What food should people with celiac disease avoid the most?
Gluten
32
Can someone with HIV exercise?
Yes, but at low intensities
33
Can someone acquire an allergy to latex if exposed to it often?
Yes
34
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency virus
35
How is HIV treated?
Antiretroviral therapy
36
What stage is HIV most contagious?
Stage 1
37
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
38
What muscular system disease can cause pain, weakness and paralysis?
Myopathy
39
What characteristics are these all a part of?
›Strains, tendonitis,
› Genetic
› Cancer
› Diseases of the nerves that affect muscles
› Infections
› Medication related
Myopathy (causes)
40
How is myopathy diagnosed? (5)
- Muscle and reflex testing
- EMG
- MRI
- Biopsy
- Genetic testing
41
How is myopathy treated? (4)
- Medication
- Botox
- Physical Therapy
- Diet and exercise
42
```
What disease is infection in the muscle that presents as...
› Acute, subacute or chronic
› Single or muscle groups
› Proximal muscles are predominant
How is it contracted?
```
Myostitis
- Viral (HIV-1, Human T Lymphotrophic, Influenza)
- Bacterial (Pyomyositis – myositis tropicans: infections that causes abcesses, *not to be confused with associated polymyositis) (Lyme Borreliosis )
- Parasitic Agents *least common (American Trypanosomiasis – protozoan – parasitic
)(Cysticercosis – larval stage of intestinal tapeworm
from under cooked pork )
43
What are the most common musculoskeletal system disorders?
Fracture • Dislocation • Subluxation • Contusion • Hematoma • Repetitive overuse (microtrauma)• Strain, sprain • Degenerative disease
44
More than what percentage of injuries occur to the musculoskeletal system in the U.S. ? Which injuries occur for nearly half of all musculoskeletal injuries?
50%
- Fractures
- Sprains/Strains
- Dislocations
45
What disease is inflammation of muscle fibers that presents with weakness in shoulders and hips. Pain, difficulty swallowing, SOB. What may it be caused by?
Polymyositis
| - autoimmune or infection
46
Polymyositis occurs mostly in ___m/f____ age _______, with __ in _ people dying every ____ years.
Women; 50-70; 1 in 5; 5
47
How is polymyositis treated?
- Corticosteroids and Immunosuppressants
48
Muscle pain and weakness in anyone at risk for myositis and especially for individuals taking lipid-lowering statins should be a what to a PTA?
Red Flag (exercise may be a problem. Myotoxicity)
49
Which musculoskeletal disorder breaks down of muscle fiber , releases myoglobin into blood stream, and is harmful to kidneys?
Rhabdomyolysis
50
What musculoskeletal disorder has associated causes of trauma/crush injuries, drug use, genetic muscle disease, ischemia of muscle tissue, extreme of body temp, severe dehydration, lengthy surgery, severe exertion?
Rhabdomyolysis
51
What are symptoms of Rhabdomyolysis?
- Dark and decreased urine
- Weakness, stiffness, tenderness, fatigue,
- Pain and Seizures
52
How is Lyme Disease treated?
Antibiotics
53
What are the effects of Post Treated Lyme Disease Syndrome?
Chronic with varied symptoms
54
What musculoskeletal disorder results in 30 different inherited diseases which all result in progressive muscle weakness and loss?
Muscular Dystrophy
55
What treatment strategies are available for Muscular Dystrophy? What's unique about it?
Symptom management, Assistive devices, and Therapy
| - No Cure
56
What types of disorders are known to progressively destroy motor neurons and affects the upper or lower motor neurons?
ALS, Post Polio, SMA (Motor Neuron Disorders)
57
What disorders results in muscle weakness and atrophy, spasticity, overactive reflexes, are I nherited or sporadic, and can occur at any age? Who is it most common in?
Men over 40
58
Which disorder is associated with weakness increased with activity and improves with rest while also presenting with a large and abnormal thymus gland?
Myasthenia Gravis
59
Which autoimmune disease results in skeletal muscle weakness
due to a defect in transmission of nerve impulses to muscles at the neuromuscular junction?
Myasthenia Gravis
60
What disease results in a loss of muscle mass and strength as
related to aging? Why does this happen?
Sarcopenia
- Hormone levels change
- Motor neurons die
- A more sedentary lifestyle
- Change in protein requirements
61
What is Osteogenesis imperfecta?
Brittle bones
62
What does Paget’s Disease cause? What type of disease is it?
Weak Bones
| - Bone Disease
63
What are some causes of diseases of the bone?
- Low bone density
- Cancer
- Infection
- Disruption in growth/rebuilding
64
How is bone disease diagnosed?(6)
- X-rays
- Bone Density Scan
- Biopsy
- Bone markers
- Calcium tests
- Alkaline phosphatase test
65
What is a disease in which defective metabolism of uric acid causes arthritis, especially in the smaller bones of the feet, deposition of chalkstones, and episodes of acute pain? Who's it more common in?
Gout
| - Men
66
What should be avoided with Gout?
- Foods high in purine (Seafood/Fatty
- Alcohol
- Caffeine
67
Who is Paget's Disease more common in?
White men
68
What bone disease is associated with symptoms of pain, enlarged bones, fractures, damaged cartilage, and is idiopathic or theorized to be viral?
Paget's Disease
69
How is Pagets Disease diagnosed?
- Xray
| - Bone scan
- Alkaline phoshatase enzyme test
70
How is Paget's Disease treated?
- Bisphosphonates (pain) and Calcitonin
(thyroid hormone)
| - Surgery for fractures and deformities
71
What disease is associated with softening of bones?
| › Vitamin D deficiency or malabsorption
› Lack of calcium in bones
Osteomalacia
72
What can lack of milk in diet, cancer, kidney failure, liver disease, and lack of phosphates in diet cause?
Osteomalacia
73
What are symptoms of Osteomalacia?
Fracture with no injury, bone pain, and weakness
- Vitamin D
- Calcium and phosphorus supplements
74
What bone disease is caused by bacterial infection in the bones and can be fungal? How is it treated?
Osteomyelitis
| - Antibiotics and/or surgery to remove dead bone
75
What bacterial bone disease can be spread by blood or from surgery?
Osteomyelitis
76
What is the most common primary bone cancer where tumors form in bone? Who does it occur in most?
Osteosarcoma
| - Males 10-30 years old
77
What is Chondrosarcoma?
Cancer in cartilage
| - Men and Women 20-75 years old
78
What is also termed Aseptic necrosis, avascular necrosis, ischemic necrosis?
Osteonecrosis
79
What causes Osteonecrosis?
Reduced blood flow to the bones in the joints
80
What are risk factors of Osteonecrosis?
Long term steroid use, ETOH abuse (alcohol), injuries, and diseases such as OA and CA
- Limited weight bearing,
- E-stim
- Surgery
81
What are the 4 main disease related to poor environment?
1. Diarrhea
2. Lower respiratory infections
3. Unintentional injuries
4. Malaria
82
What are reduction measures for diseases related to poor environment?
- safe water sotrage and water resource management
- better hygiene
- cleaner/safer fuels
- manage use of toxic substances
83
What substance in water helps with teeth?
Flouride
84
What are symptoms of lead poisoning?
Change in behavior, reduced IQ, kidney damage, headaches, low appetite and energy
85
What fungal infections are non-threatening?
Yeast infection, athletes foot, nail infection
86
What gas (builds up in homes, schools) causes lung cancer?
Radon
87
Unusually severe sensitivity or allergy like reaction to many different pollutants
Multiple chemical sensitivity
88
Tissue growth without normal regulatory mechanism
Neoplasia
89
What has limited growth potential and good outcome
Benign
90
What has uncontrolled growth and eventually death of the host
Malignant
91
Increased number of cells in tissue but appear normal
Hyperplasia
92
Abnormal cells but not cancer
Dysplasia
93
Difference between normal cells and cancer cells?
- grow out of control
- less specialized
- ignore signals to stop dividing or programmed death
- can influence normal cells, molecules, and blood vessels
- evade immune system
94
What 3 genes are affected by cancer?
- Proto-oncogenes
- tumor suppressor genes
- DNA repair genes
95
Whats a substance that is known to have a direct link to cancer?
Carcinogens
96
What are examples of carcinogens?
Radiation, cigarettes, asbestos, benzene
97
What are natural carcinogens?
- fungus that grows on stored grains
- HPV
- hepatitis B
98
What are cells that move from primary site to another location in body?
Metastasis
99
What cancers have the best survival rates? Worst?
Best survival rate: prostate, thyroid, skin cancer
| Worst survival rate: pancreatic, liver, lung, and esophageal
100
Metastasis occurs through:
- lymphatic system
- blood
- seeding of surface in body cavities
101
Squamous cell carcinoma
Cancer in Epithelial cells that line organs including stomach, intestines, lungs
102
Cancer in lining of bladder, ureters, and kidneys
Transitional cell carcinoma
103
Cancer that forms in bones and soft tissues
Sarcoma
104
What is the most common type if bone/soft tissue cancer?
Osteosarcoma
105
What is cancer in blood forming tissues (like bone marrow)?
Leukemia
106
What are 4 types if leukemia?
1. Acute
2. Lymphoblastic
3. Chronic
4. Myeloids
107
What are abnormal cells building up in lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and other organs
Lymphoma
108
What are two types of lymphoma?
1. Hodgkins (usually in B cells)
| 2. Non-hodgkins (start in lymphocytes and for in either B/Tcells
109
What type of cancer begins in plasma cells and build up in bone marrow and form tumors in bones through out body?
Multiple myeloma
110
What cancer begins in skin cells that make melanin?
Melanoma
111
What are the 4 stages of cancer?
Stage I: early stage and local
Stage II: increased risk spreading, increased tumor size
Stage III: local cancer
Stage IV: cancer has spread to distant tissues or organs
112
How does cancer get diagnosed?
Lab tests, imaging, biopsy
113
Biological therapy made from living organisms to improve immune systems
Immunotherapy
114
Therapy that targets changes in cancer cells that help them grow and divide
Targeted therapy
115
What are preventative measures against cancer?
- healthy diet and exercise
- avoid carcinogens
- screenings
116
What are implications for physical therapy when someone has cancer?
- Lymphedema
- cancer related fatigue
- neuropathy
- pain
- deconditioned
- energy conservation
117
What is orthopnea?
Unable the breathe laying supine
118
What is refractory
Cancer is resistant and does not respond to treatment
119
What is relapse?
Cancer returns
120
What is partial remission?
Primary tumor reduced to half its size
121
What is the sudden interruption of blood supply to the brain either from hemorrhage or clot?
CVA (Lack of oxygen results in brain cell death)
122
What are the symptoms of CVA?
| What is important to combat this?
1. Sudden weakness on one side of body
2. Sudden trouble speaking or confusion
3. Impaired walking, dizziness, loss of balance
4. Severe headache
5. Sudden change in vision
- Immediate medical attention is critical
123
CVA is prevented by managing or stopping which risk factors?
- HTN
| - Smoking
- Physical Inactivity
- A-fib
124
More than 50% of strokes occur due what?
Uncontrolled HTN
125
How can plaque build up be treated to prevent CVA?
Plaque build up can be treated with carotid endartectomy or angioplasty
126
What are the rules of F.A.S.T.
- Face is uneven
- Arm is weak
- Speech is strange
- Time to 911
127
What is the mast gland in the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
128
As a person gets older, their HGH ________.
Decreases
129
How is growth hormone deficiency treated?
Injections of growth hormone
130
What are symptoms of hypothyroidim?
Weight gain, cold intolerance, tired/weakness/fatigue, decreased sweating
131
What condition is caused by graves disease?
Hyperthyroidism
132
What hormone stimulates osteoclasts?
Parathyroid hormone
133
What does hyperparathyroidism cause?
Osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, kidney stones
134
What does hypoparathyroidism cause?
Hypocalcemia
135
What gland produces steroid for mineral and carbohydrate metabolism?
Adrenal cortex
136
Which part of the adrenal gland functions with the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenal medulla
137
What disorder has 70% of its population with addison's disease? What are symptoms?
Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
Symptoms: fatigue, weight loss, hypofunction
138
What is happening in the adrenal cortex for someone with cushings disease (moon face)?
Hyperfunction
139
What are the effects of estrogen? Specifically the heart and bones
- helps preserve bone density
| - regulates production of cholesterol
140
What are the effects of testosterone? Specifically bone and bone marrow
Increase RBCs production and bone density maintenance
141
What are some hormone changes that cause osteoporosis?
- decreased estrogen/testosterone
- overactive parathyroid
- hypothyroidism
142
What organ secretes the insulin?
Pancreas
143
Type 1 DM has a ______ of insulin.
Shortage (decrease)
144
What are complications of diabetes?
```
Skin infections
Neuropathy
Kidney disease
HTN
CVA
Glaucoma
Retinopathy
```
145
What hormone regulated the circadian rhythm? Where is it produced?
Melatonin; pineal gland
146
Which organ secretes a hormone that synthesizes and stores substances for digestion?
Liver
147
What are signs and symptoms for GERD?
Gastro-esophageal-reflux-disease
Heartburn
Chest pain
Loss of dental enamel
148
What is there to watch for when treating someone with GERD?
- diet needs to be modified
- unable to lie supine
- avoid acidic
149
What is acute/chronic inflammation of the stomach?
Gastritis
150
What is the breakdown of mucosal barrier
Peptic ulcer
151
Symptoms of carcinoma of the stomach do not appear until _____
Later stages
152
What is a common symptom of gastrointestinal infection?
Gastroenteritis and diarrhea
153
What is the most common cause of gastrointestinal infection?
Bacterial toxins in contaminated food or water
154
What is acute appendicitis?
Severe pain in RLQ
155
What needs to be watched for when treating someone with IBS?
Inflammatory bowl syndrome
Dont eat nuts
Watch for gait belt
156
Small pockets forming in the distal colon
Diverticulosis/diverticulitis
157
What is colostomy
Surgical opening for waste
158
1 in _____ people get celiac disease
141
159
Enlarged veins, internal or external to rectum
Hemorrhoids
160
How do you prevent hemorrhoids?
Stool softeners
161
How is hemorrhoids treated?
Laser or surgery
162
If someone has HAV, what are they exposed to?
HBV?
HCV?
HAV: contaminated food, water, sewage
HBV: wet or dry body fluid
HCV: blood, IV drugs and tattoos
163
What causes cirrhosis of the liver?
Hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and fatty liver
164
What are two common disorders of the pancreas?
Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer
165
What is the frequent cause of pancreatitis?
Gallstones
166
What organ stores bile used to aid in digestion of fat?
Gallbladder
167
What is cholecystectomy
Gallbladder removal
168
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
Formation and excretion of urine
169
What is the basic unit if the kidney?
Nephron
170
As a person ages, the kidney size ______
Decreases
171
What symptoms do people with UTI have?
Dysuria, polyuria, and cloudy urine
172
How is UTI treated?
Antibiotics, water, and hygiene
173
What is renal calculi?
Kidney stones
174
What is hematuria?
Blood in urine
175
How are kidney stones treated?
Lithotripsy
176
What is nephrosclerosis?
Complication if HTN, scarring due to blood vessel disease
177
What diet do people living with kidney dialysis have?
Low in phosphorus, sodium, and potassium
178
What are the two options of treatment for renal failure?
Dialysis or transplant
179
What is removal of kidney?
Nephrectomy
180
What are the types of urinary incontinence?
Stress
Urge
Functional
Overflow
181
What type of CVA stroke is most common? What is the percentage?
Ischemic
| - 87% of all strokes
182
What is the only FDA approved treatment for Ischemic strokes? What does it do and when should it be administered?
tPA
- Dissolves Clot
- Must be given within first 3 hours
183
What other way is a clot removed to treat CVA stroke? What is used and when should it be administered?
Endovascular Procedures
- Stent to remove clot
- Can only be done within 6 hours
184
What is the primary cause of Hemorrhagic strokes? What does it cause?
HTN
| - Aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations AVMs
185
What are the procedures done to treat Hemorrhagic Stroke?
- Endovascular procedures to repair
vessel
- Surgery
186
What are the effects of stroke on the right side of brain?
- Paralysis on the left side of the body
- Vision problems
- Quick, inquisitive behavioral style
- Memory loss
187
What are the effects of stroke on the left side of brain?
- Paralysis on the right side of the body
- Speech/language problems
- Slow, cautious behavioral style
- Memory loss
188
What is considered Mild Cognitive impairment? What is the population of people that will be diagnosed?
Cognitive changes not sever enough to interfere with daily life or independent function
- 10-20% of people over age 65
189
What are people at risk of developing with mild cognitive impairment? What are the two types?
Dementia
- Amnestic - Memory issues
- Nonamnestic - affects thinking, judgement, and sequencing (not memory)
190
How is mild cognitive impairment diagnosed?(5)
- Medical history
- Medical exam
- Lab work
- Assessment of mental status
- Evaluation of mood
191
What disease is known as impairment in at least two of the following – memory, language/communication, attention span/focus, reasoning/judgment, and visual perception?
Dementia
192
What needs to be ruled out when diagnosing dementia? (5) What do the medications do?
Depression, medication, ETOH abuse, thyroid problems, and vitamin deficiencies
- Slow Progress (no cure)
193
What are risk factors for Dementia?
- Age
- Genetics
- Poor cardiovascular fitness
- Diet and lack of exercise
194
```
Alzheimer’s
Vascular
Lewy Body
Parkinson’s
Frontotemporal
Creutzfeld- Jakob Disease
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
TBI
Korsakoff Syndrome
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Down Syndrome
Huntington’s disease
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
What type of disease are these all in correlation with?
```
Dementia
195
What is the most common form of dementia? What are 3 myths about the disease?
Alzheimer's
- Memory loss is normal aging
- Not fatal
- Increased risk with aluminum, aspartame, flu shots, silver dental fillings
196
1. Memory loss that disrupts daily life
2. Challenges in planning or problem solving
3. Difficulty completing familiar tasks
4. Confusion with time or place
5. Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships
6. New problems with words in speaking or writing
7. Misplacing things and losing ability to retrace steps
8. Decreased/poor judgment
9. Withdrawal from social activities
10. Changes in mood or personality
What disease are these all warning signs of?
Alzheimer's
197
What type of brain tumor is not cancer, slow growing, well defined?
Benign
198
What type of brain tumor is primary or metastatic?
Malignant
199
What disease is associated with recurrent headaches, vision problems, change in personality, seizures, short term memory loss, poor coordination, and difficulty speaking or
comprehending?
Brain Tumors
200
What is the most common brain tumor type?
Meningioma
201
Which type of primary brain tumor are most living with?
Benign
202
Where do 20-40 percent of brain tumors come from?
Other cancers (develop brain metastases)
203
How are brain tumors treated?
- Medications
- Surgery
- Radiation
- Chemotherapy
- Tumor Treating Fields – electric device that disrupts rapid cell division
- Long term planning
- Rehab
- Continuous follow up care
- Supportive/palliative care
204
What is the mildest form of traumatic brain injury?
A Concussion
205
What is the key thing about a Concussion?
Prevention
206
When does symptoms appear for concussions?
May not appear for days or weeks after
207
* A headache that gets worse or does not go away
• Repeated vomiting or nausea
* Convulsions or seizures
* Inability to awaken from sleep
* Slurred speech
* Weakness or numbness in the arms and legs
* Dilated eye pupils
Are all symptoms of what type of injury?
Concussion (TBI)
208
What type of injury is an external mechanical force causes brain dysfunction?
TBI
209
What are half of TBI's a result from? What is the severity?
Motor Vehicle Accidents
| - Mild to Severe
210
What are other causes of TBI other than MVA?
- Falls
- Violence
- Sports injuries
- Combat injuries
211
What disease is considered a chronic and progressive movement disorder?
Parkinson's Disease
212
What is the cause of Parkinson's Disease? What does it stop producing?
Malfunction and death of neurons in Substantia nigra
| - Dopamine production
213
What are the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease?
- Tremor
- Bradykinesia
- Rigidity
- Postural instability
214
What's the 4th most common neurological disorder? What is it known as?
Epilepsy
| - seizure disorder
215
What chronic disorder presents with a wide range of seizures types and is controlled by medications?
Epilepsy
