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PTA 220 Pathology > Exam 2 (bad) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (bad) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of developmental disabilities?

A
  • Must be present before age 22
  • Constitutes substantial and chronic disability to individual
  • Intellectual impairment
  • Limitations in adaptive behavior
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of cerebral palsy?

A
  • Neurological disorder that appears in infancy or early childhood
  • Permanently affects body movement and muscle coordination
  • Damage or abnormality of cerebral cortex
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3
Q

What is athetoid?

A

Fluctuation tone and involuntary movement; can go high to low tone very quickly

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4
Q

What is spina bifida?

A
  • neural tube fails to close
  • damage to spinal cord and nerves
  • can cause physical and/or intellectual impairment from mild to severe
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5
Q

What characteristics do people with down syndrome have?

A
  • subluxation of cervical vertebrae
  • low mm tone; compromise respiratory expansion
  • work harder in physical activity
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6
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A
  • Excessive accumulation of CSF in the brain;

- Abnormal widening of ventricles from CSF - creating potentially harmful pressure on the brain

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7
Q

What does the CSF function as?

A
  • shock absorber
  • vehicle to deliver nutrients and remove waste
  • flow to compensate for changes in blood volume
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8
Q

How is hydrocephalus treated?

A

With a shunt

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9
Q

What are characteristics of Cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Genetic disorder that causes thick mucus that damages organs.
  • Learning and cognitive disabilities
  • More severe in males, long and narrow
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10
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • Transport oxygen and nutrients to the lungs
    and tissues
  • Form blood clots to prevent excess blood loss
    • Carry cells and antibodies that fight infection
    • Bring waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood
  • Regulate body temperature
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11
Q

How much plasma is in blood?

A

55%

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12
Q

What does plasma contain?

A
  • water, protein, salts, lipids, carbohydrates and gases: Co2, O2
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13
Q

What is plasmas primary function?

A
  • nutrients
  • waste products
  • antibodies
  • clotting
    -proteins
  • chemical messengers such as hormones
  • proteins that help maintain the body’s fluid balance
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14
Q

What in the blood can survive 120 days?

A

RBC

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15
Q

What’s the most common white blood cell?

A

Neutrophil

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16
Q

What lymphocyte regulate function of immune cells and directly attack infected cells and tumors?

A

T cells

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17
Q

What lymphocyte makes antibodies?

A

B cells

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18
Q

What’s the most common blood test? What is it usually testing for?

A

Complete blood count CBC

- Anemia, Leukemia, and Infections

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of anemia?

A

-Reduction of hemoglobin
• Decreased hematopoiesis
– Bone marrow failure
• Abnormal hematopoiesis
– Genetic abnormality
• Tissues do not receive enough oxygen -
hypoxia

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20
Q

Symptoms of anemia?

A
  • Fatigue – feeling tired
    • Cold
  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Shortness of breath
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21
Q

Cerebral Palsy, Down Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Fragile X Syndrome, and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome are parts of ____________________.

A

Developmental Disabilities

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22
Q

What is the prevalence of Cerebral Palsy in relation to childhood disability?

A

3.3 children/1000 live births

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of muscle tone in cerebral palsy

A

Hypotonia - low tone
Spasticity - high tone, stiffness
Ataxia - Poor coordination, effects balance and posture
Athetoid - Fluctuating tone and involuntary movements

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24
Q

T or F - Hydrocephalus can be congenital or acquired

A

True

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25
Q

What DD presents with genetic, low muscle tone, intellectual disability, and insatiable appetite?

A

Prader Willi Syndrome

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26
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

Consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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27
Q

How many pints of blood do men and women have?

A

Men: 12 pints
Women: 9 pints
(7-8% of total BW)

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28
Q

_________ is how the body makes blood.

A

Hemopoesis

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29
Q

How much of red blood cells make up the blood?

A

40-45%

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30
Q

Red blood cell production is controlled by _____, which is a hormone produced in the _____.

A

erythroprotein; kidneys

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31
Q

What is protein that helps carry oxygen, accounts for red color, needs iron for production?

A

Hemoglobin

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32
Q

What has no nucleus and can change shape to fit in vessels?

A

Red blood cells

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33
Q

What makes up 1% of blood and what is the alternative name for it?

A

White blood cells; aka leukocytes

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34
Q

What has an immediate response to infection and lives only one day?

A

WBC aka Leukocyte

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35
Q

What is tested after surgery to assess the coagulation time?

A

Prothrombin Time

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36
Q

What age group presents the highest frequency of anemia?

A

80 and up

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37
Q

Name 3 types anemia?

A

Hemolytic anemias, iron deficiency, and marrow damage

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38
Q

4 symptoms of anemia?

A
  • fatigue
  • dizziness
  • headache
  • SOB
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39
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Group of rare genetically transmitted blood disorders characterized by premature destruction of red blood cells

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40
Q

How is sickle cell disease cured?

A

Bone marrow transplant

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41
Q

Name 3 types of blood transfusion?

A 
Whole blood
Packed RBC
Neonatal
Cord blood
Plasma
Platelets
Autologous
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42
Q

How long does it take for a blood transfusion finish? And can there be therapy during a blood transfusion?

A

1-2 hours and NO

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43
Q

How is hemophilia A treated?

A

By replacing the missing clotting protein

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44
Q

Name the complications of hemophilia?

A

Hemearthrosis
Bruises
Synovitis
Wounds

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45
Q

What condition presents with too many RBC’s? What is the PRIMARY cause?

A

Polycythemia; Bone marrow disorder

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46
Q

Hypoxia due to CHF, COPD, and High altitude is a _______ cause of Polycethemia.

A

Secondary

47
Q

What 2 blood Disorders are side effects of chemo or radiation?

A

Leukopenia

Thrombocytopenia

48
Q

What WBC disorder proposes a risk of bacterial infection and sepsis? (Sometimes after chemo)

A

Neutropenia

49
Q

What is known as acute and chronic - cancer of WBC? What is the term for lymph system cancer?

A

Leukemia; Lymphoma

50
Q

What cancer presents with abnormal T Cells (Hodgkins/Non Hodgkins)

A

Lymphoma

51
Q

T/F A PTA can proceed with therapy if platelet count is extremely low, as long as a pt takes aspirin.

A

False (aspirin contraindicated)

52
Q

T/F Only some pt with dialysis will present with thrombocytopenia.

A

True

53
Q

What are 3 types of bone marrow transplants? Which cancers are commonly treated with this method?

A

Self, Donor, Umbilical Cord Blood (no sig contraindications after)
Leukemia/Lymphoma

54
Q

What the abbreviated terms for BUN, CRP, and PT/Ptt?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen
C-Reactive Protein
Prothrombin Time

55
Q

What is albumin?

A

A common test for protein in blood

56
Q

What is the percentage of the leading cause of death, heart disease?

A

25%

57
Q

What is a symptom of coronary artery disease involving chest pain

A

Angina

58
Q

What is the difference between heart attack and cardiac arrest?

A

Heart Attack: lack of 02 and blood to heart; still hope

Cardiac Arrest: sudden death of heart (panic attack can imitate this. Aspirin)

59
Q

What is the abbreviated term CABG mean? What’s a big factor for this?

A

Coranary Artery Bypass Graft; Fatigue

60
Q

How long can a CABG last?

A

10 years

61
Q

Term used when the atrium quivers and impairs blood flow to ventricles?

A

A-Fib

62
Q

How are V-Fib’s treated?

A

ICD (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator)

63
Q

A radio frequency used via catheter to scar the heart tissue?

A

Cardiac Ablation

64
Q

What disease enlarges your heart as a result of persistent increased BP?

A

Hypertension Heart Disease

65
Q

What are the risk of untreated hypertension?

A
  • Kidney Failure
  • Heart Failure
  • Arthrosclerosis
  • Stroke
66
Q

What is a localized dilation of vessel? Where is it most common?

A
  • Aneurysm; Aorta
67
Q

What is a sign of valve damage? What is it caused by?

A

Varicose veins; too much sitting/standing

68
Q

What test helps determine a DVT?

A

Welles assessment

69
Q

What is the major risk of DVT?

A

Pulmonary embolism

70
Q

What are modifiable cardiac risk Factors?

A 
Smoking
High cholesterol
Unhealthy diet
Physical inactivity
Hypertension
71
Q

What are non modifiable cardiac risk Factors?

A

Age, gender, family history

72
Q

What is true elevation?

A

Extremity above the heart

73
Q

What are the effects of Aging?

A

Reduction in function even in absence of disease, pump less blood to skin, reduced maximum cardiac output

74
Q

True or false: women are at higher risk of atherosclerosis after menopause.

A

True

75
Q

Brain damage occurs ____ minutes without oxygen.

A

4 minutes

76
Q

Average respiratory rate is ____/min for adults.

A

12-16

77
Q

Problems with breathing is known as ?

A

Dyspenia

78
Q

What are the warning signs of Respiratory Disease?

A
  • Chronic Cough –dry or productive
  • SOB
  • Chronic Mucus production
  • Wheezing
  • Coughing up blood
  • Chronic Chest pain
79
Q

What is the best way to determine which antibiotic to use in respiratory disease?

A

Sample from coughing or bronchoscope (Sputum culture)

80
Q

What is the most accurate and expensive test for respiratory disease?

A

CT Scan

81
Q

What is the device used to avoid respiratory problems when bed ridden or for general exercise of the lungs?

A

Spirometer (spirometry)

82
Q

What are 3 things measured when using the pulmonary function test?

A

Vital Capacity
Obstructive
Restrictive

83
Q

What determines how much air in/out and gas exchange within the pulmonary function test?

A

Vital Capacity

84
Q

What determines decreased air flow due to resistance within the pulmonary function test?

A

Obstructive

85
Q

What determines if the chest muscles are impaired within the pulmonary function test?

A

Restrictive

86
Q

What measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing?

A

Tidal Volume (VT)

87
Q

What measures the total amount of air exhaled per minute?

A

Minute Volume (MV)

88
Q

What measures the total volume of air that can be exhaled after inhaling as much as you can?

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

89
Q

What measures the amount of air left in lungs after exhaling normally?

A

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

90
Q

What measures the amount of air left in the lungs after exhaling as much as you can?

A

Residual Volume

91
Q

What measures the total volume of the lungs when filled with as much air as possible?

A

Total lung capacity

92
Q

What is measures the amount of air exhaled?

A

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

93
Q

Measures used for COPD testing

A

BODE Index Scoring

94
Q

What is the test for blood gases and what does it test?

A
  • Arterial Blood Gases (ABG)s *after pulse found, blood draw

* Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

95
Q

What are 2 special test for lung cancer?

A
  • PET scan

* Bone scan

96
Q

What category of disease is emphysema, bronchitis, asthma?

A

Obstructive Conditions

97
Q

What category of disease is fibrosis, sarcoidosis, alveolar damage, pleural effusion?

A

Restrictive Conditions

98
Q

What category of disease is pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension?

A

Vascular Diseases

99
Q

What category of disease is pneumonia, tuberculosis, asbestosis, particulate pollutants?

A

Infectious

Environmental and other “diseases”

100
Q

What are some respiratory diseases?

A
  • Mainly viral
  • Common Cold
  • Approximately 1 billion/year
  • No treatment
  • Strep throat
  • Does require antibiotics
101
Q
  • 4 million cases a year
  • Leading cause of death
  • 30% Bacterial – especially older adults
  • 50% Viral - not usually life threatening
  • 20% Mycoplasma
  • Aspiration
A

Pneumonia

102
Q
  • Most common cause of bacterial pneumonia
  • Surrounded by capsule
  • 83 serotypes distinguished by capsules
  • Symptoms:
  • High fever
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Chest pain
  • Lungs have reddish appearance due to dilated blood vessels
A

Pneumococcal: caused by S. pneumoniae

103
Q

Who are most susceptible to s.pneumoniae?

A

Alcoholics
Immunosuppressed
Debilitated Individuals

104
Q

Second largest infectious disease killer in the world and is a chronic infection of the lower respiratory tract

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

105
Q
  • Includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis
  • 11 million people in US
  • Symptoms – chronic cough, SOB, frequent infections, cyanosis, mucus, fatigue, wheezing
  • Treatment – meds, O2, rehab
A

COPD

106
Q
  • Leading cause of cancer death
  • Approximately 90% of cases are smokers
  • Caused by toxins in the lungs
  • Often don’t have symptoms until it has spread
  • 2 main types – small cell and non small cell
  • Treatment options – surgery, radiation, chemo
  • Metastases from other sites
A

Lung Cancer

107
Q
  • 40% of obese people have Obstructive ______
  • Leads to fatigue, sluggishness, headaches, cognitive impairment, depression, memory loss
  • Treatment with CPAP
  • Positive pressure on airway prevents obstruction
A

Sleep Apnea

108
Q

What are Implications for PT when

A
  • Fatigue and SOB require frequent rest breaks
  • Need to monitor pulse ox
  • Safety with O2
  • Build endurance for functional activities
  • Energy conservation
  • Breathing techniques
  • Postural drainage
109
Q
  • Structural changes lead to functional impairment
  • Decrease in chest wall compliance related to changes in ribs and spine
  • Decreased elastic recoil
  • Flattening of alveolar walls which reduces surface area
  • Decreased ability to fight infections
  • Decreased strength and endurance requires more oxygen consumption
  • Overall decreased capacity to move air in/out
A

Respiratory Aging

110
Q

Autologous Transfusion means a transfusion from ?

A

Yourself

111
Q

What is the leading cause of childhood disabilities?

A

Cerebral Palsey

112
Q

What is the most common chromosome disorder?

A

Down syndrome

113
Q

Is Down Syndrome inherited?

A

No

PTA 220 Pathology (2 decks)

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