Exam 2 (bad) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the characteristics of developmental disabilities?
A
- Must be present before age 22
- Constitutes substantial and chronic disability to individual
- Intellectual impairment
- Limitations in adaptive behavior
2
Q
What are the characteristics of cerebral palsy?
A
- Neurological disorder that appears in infancy or early childhood
- Permanently affects body movement and muscle coordination
- Damage or abnormality of cerebral cortex
3
Q
What is athetoid?
A
Fluctuation tone and involuntary movement; can go high to low tone very quickly
4
Q
What is spina bifida?
A
- neural tube fails to close
- damage to spinal cord and nerves
- can cause physical and/or intellectual impairment from mild to severe
5
Q
What characteristics do people with down syndrome have?
A
- subluxation of cervical vertebrae
- low mm tone; compromise respiratory expansion
- work harder in physical activity
6
Q
What is hydrocephalus?
A
- Excessive accumulation of CSF in the brain;
- Abnormal widening of ventricles from CSF - creating potentially harmful pressure on the brain
7
Q
What does the CSF function as?
A
- shock absorber
- vehicle to deliver nutrients and remove waste
- flow to compensate for changes in blood volume
8
Q
How is hydrocephalus treated?
A
With a shunt
9
Q
What are characteristics of Cystic fibrosis?
A
- Genetic disorder that causes thick mucus that damages organs.
- Learning and cognitive disabilities
- More severe in males, long and narrow
10
Q
What are the functions of blood?
A
- Transport oxygen and nutrients to the lungs
and tissues - Form blood clots to prevent excess blood loss
• Carry cells and antibodies that fight infection
• Bring waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood - Regulate body temperature
11
Q
How much plasma is in blood?
A
55%
12
Q
What does plasma contain?
A
- water, protein, salts, lipids, carbohydrates and gases: Co2, O2
13
Q
What is plasmas primary function?
A
- nutrients
- waste products
- antibodies
- clotting
-proteins - chemical messengers such as hormones
- proteins that help maintain the body’s fluid balance
14
Q
What in the blood can survive 120 days?
A
RBC
15
Q
What’s the most common white blood cell?
A
Neutrophil
16
Q
What lymphocyte regulate function of immune cells and directly attack infected cells and tumors?
A
T cells
17
Q
What lymphocyte makes antibodies?
A
B cells
18
Q
What’s the most common blood test? What is it usually testing for?
A
Complete blood count CBC
- Anemia, Leukemia, and Infections
19
Q
What are the characteristics of anemia?
A
-Reduction of hemoglobin
• Decreased hematopoiesis
– Bone marrow failure
• Abnormal hematopoiesis
– Genetic abnormality
• Tissues do not receive enough oxygen -
hypoxia
20
Q
Symptoms of anemia?
A
- Fatigue – feeling tired
• Cold - Dizziness
- Headache
- Shortness of breath
21
Q
Cerebral Palsy, Down Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Fragile X Syndrome, and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome are parts of ____________________.
A
Developmental Disabilities
22
Q
What is the prevalence of Cerebral Palsy in relation to childhood disability?
A
3.3 children/1000 live births
23
Q
What are the 4 types of muscle tone in cerebral palsy
A
Hypotonia - low tone
Spasticity - high tone, stiffness
Ataxia - Poor coordination, effects balance and posture
Athetoid - Fluctuating tone and involuntary movements
24
Q
T or F - Hydrocephalus can be congenital or acquired
A
True
25
What DD presents with genetic, low muscle tone, intellectual disability, and insatiable appetite?
Prader Willi Syndrome
26
What does blood consist of?
Consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
27
How many pints of blood do men and women have?
Men: 12 pints
Women: 9 pints
(7-8% of total BW)
28
_________ is how the body makes blood.
Hemopoesis
29
How much of red blood cells make up the blood?
40-45%
30
Red blood cell production is controlled by _____, which is a hormone produced in the _____.
erythroprotein; kidneys
31
What is protein that helps carry oxygen, accounts for red color, needs iron for production?
Hemoglobin
32
What has no nucleus and can change shape to fit in vessels?
Red blood cells
33
What makes up 1% of blood and what is the alternative name for it?
White blood cells; aka leukocytes
34
What has an immediate response to infection and lives only one day?
WBC aka Leukocyte
35
What is tested after surgery to assess the coagulation time?
Prothrombin Time
36
What age group presents the highest frequency of anemia?
80 and up
37
Name 3 types anemia?
Hemolytic anemias, iron deficiency, and marrow damage
38
4 symptoms of anemia?
- fatigue
- dizziness
- headache
- SOB
39
What is hemolytic anemia?
Group of rare genetically transmitted blood disorders characterized by premature destruction of red blood cells
40
How is sickle cell disease cured?
Bone marrow transplant
41
Name 3 types of blood transfusion?
```
Whole blood
Packed RBC
Neonatal
Cord blood
Plasma
Platelets
Autologous
```
42
How long does it take for a blood transfusion finish? And can there be therapy during a blood transfusion?
1-2 hours and NO
43
How is hemophilia A treated?
By replacing the missing clotting protein
44
Name the complications of hemophilia?
Hemearthrosis
Bruises
Synovitis
Wounds
45
What condition presents with too many RBC's? What is the PRIMARY cause?
Polycythemia; Bone marrow disorder
46
Hypoxia due to CHF, COPD, and High altitude is a _______ cause of Polycethemia.
Secondary
47
What 2 blood Disorders are side effects of chemo or radiation?
Leukopenia
| Thrombocytopenia
48
What WBC disorder proposes a risk of bacterial infection and sepsis? (Sometimes after chemo)
Neutropenia
49
What is known as acute and chronic - cancer of WBC? What is the term for lymph system cancer?
Leukemia; Lymphoma
50
What cancer presents with abnormal T Cells (Hodgkins/Non Hodgkins)
Lymphoma
51
T/F A PTA can proceed with therapy if platelet count is extremely low, as long as a pt takes aspirin.
False (aspirin contraindicated)
52
T/F Only some pt with dialysis will present with thrombocytopenia.
True
53
What are 3 types of bone marrow transplants? Which cancers are commonly treated with this method?
Self, Donor, Umbilical Cord Blood (no sig contraindications after)
Leukemia/Lymphoma
54
What the abbreviated terms for BUN, CRP, and PT/Ptt?
Blood Urea Nitrogen
C-Reactive Protein
Prothrombin Time
55
What is albumin?
A common test for protein in blood
56
What is the percentage of the leading cause of death, heart disease?
25%
57
What is a symptom of coronary artery disease involving chest pain
Angina
58
What is the difference between heart attack and cardiac arrest?
Heart Attack: lack of 02 and blood to heart; still hope
| Cardiac Arrest: sudden death of heart (panic attack can imitate this. Aspirin)
59
What is the abbreviated term CABG mean? What's a big factor for this?
Coranary Artery Bypass Graft; Fatigue
60
How long can a CABG last?
10 years
61
Term used when the atrium quivers and impairs blood flow to ventricles?
A-Fib
62
How are V-Fib's treated?
ICD (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator)
63
A radio frequency used via catheter to scar the heart tissue?
Cardiac Ablation
64
What disease enlarges your heart as a result of persistent increased BP?
Hypertension Heart Disease
65
What are the risk of untreated hypertension?
- Kidney Failure
- Heart Failure
- Arthrosclerosis
- Stroke
66
What is a localized dilation of vessel? Where is it most common?
- Aneurysm; Aorta
67
What is a sign of valve damage? What is it caused by?
Varicose veins; too much sitting/standing
68
What test helps determine a DVT?
Welles assessment
69
What is the major risk of DVT?
Pulmonary embolism
70
What are modifiable cardiac risk Factors?
```
Smoking
High cholesterol
Unhealthy diet
Physical inactivity
Hypertension
```
71
What are non modifiable cardiac risk Factors?
Age, gender, family history
72
What is true elevation?
Extremity above the heart
73
What are the effects of Aging?
Reduction in function even in absence of disease, pump less blood to skin, reduced maximum cardiac output
74
True or false: women are at higher risk of atherosclerosis after menopause.
True
75
Brain damage occurs ____ minutes without oxygen.
4 minutes
76
Average respiratory rate is ____/min for adults.
12-16
77
Problems with breathing is known as ?
Dyspenia
78
What are the warning signs of Respiratory Disease?
* Chronic Cough –dry or productive
* SOB
* Chronic Mucus production
* Wheezing
* Coughing up blood
* Chronic Chest pain
79
What is the best way to determine which antibiotic to use in respiratory disease?
Sample from coughing or bronchoscope (Sputum culture)
80
What is the most accurate and expensive test for respiratory disease?
CT Scan
81
What is the device used to avoid respiratory problems when bed ridden or for general exercise of the lungs?
Spirometer (spirometry)
82
What are 3 things measured when using the pulmonary function test?
Vital Capacity
Obstructive
Restrictive
83
What determines how much air in/out and gas exchange within the pulmonary function test?
Vital Capacity
84
What determines decreased air flow due to resistance within the pulmonary function test?
Obstructive
85
What determines if the chest muscles are impaired within the pulmonary function test?
Restrictive
86
What measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing?
Tidal Volume (VT)
87
What measures the total amount of air exhaled per minute?
Minute Volume (MV)
88
What measures the total volume of air that can be exhaled after inhaling as much as you can?
Vital Capacity (VC)
89
What measures the amount of air left in lungs after exhaling normally?
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
90
What measures the amount of air left in the lungs after exhaling as much as you can?
Residual Volume
91
What measures the total volume of the lungs when filled with as much air as possible?
Total lung capacity
92
What is measures the amount of air exhaled?
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
93
Measures used for COPD testing
BODE Index Scoring
94
What is the test for blood gases and what does it test?
* Arterial Blood Gases (ABG)s *after pulse found, blood draw
| * Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
95
What are 2 special test for lung cancer?
* PET scan
| * Bone scan
96
What category of disease is emphysema, bronchitis, asthma?
Obstructive Conditions
97
What category of disease is fibrosis, sarcoidosis, alveolar damage, pleural effusion?
Restrictive Conditions
98
What category of disease is pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension?
Vascular Diseases
99
What category of disease is pneumonia, tuberculosis, asbestosis, particulate pollutants?
Infectious
| Environmental and other "diseases"
100
What are some respiratory diseases?
* Mainly viral
* Common Cold
* Approximately 1 billion/year
* No treatment
* Strep throat
* Does require antibiotics
101
* 4 million cases a year
* Leading cause of death
* 30% Bacterial – especially older adults
* 50% Viral - not usually life threatening
* 20% Mycoplasma
* Aspiration
Pneumonia
102
* Most common cause of bacterial pneumonia
* Surrounded by capsule
* 83 serotypes distinguished by capsules
* Symptoms:
* High fever
* Difficulty breathing
* Chest pain
* Lungs have reddish appearance due to dilated blood vessels
Pneumococcal: caused by S. pneumoniae
103
Who are most susceptible to s.pneumoniae?
Alcoholics
Immunosuppressed
Debilitated Individuals
104
Second largest infectious disease killer in the world and is a chronic infection of the lower respiratory tract
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
105
* Includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis
* 11 million people in US
* Symptoms – chronic cough, SOB, frequent infections, cyanosis, mucus, fatigue, wheezing
* Treatment – meds, O2, rehab
COPD
106
* Leading cause of cancer death
* Approximately 90% of cases are smokers
* Caused by toxins in the lungs
* Often don’t have symptoms until it has spread
* 2 main types – small cell and non small cell
* Treatment options – surgery, radiation, chemo
* Metastases from other sites
Lung Cancer
107
* 40% of obese people have Obstructive ______
* Leads to fatigue, sluggishness, headaches, cognitive impairment, depression, memory loss
* Treatment with CPAP
* Positive pressure on airway prevents obstruction
Sleep Apnea
108
What are Implications for PT when
* Fatigue and SOB require frequent rest breaks
* Need to monitor pulse ox
* Safety with O2
* Build endurance for functional activities
* Energy conservation
* Breathing techniques
* Postural drainage
109
* Structural changes lead to functional impairment
* Decrease in chest wall compliance related to changes in ribs and spine
* Decreased elastic recoil
* Flattening of alveolar walls which reduces surface area
* Decreased ability to fight infections
* Decreased strength and endurance requires more oxygen consumption
* Overall decreased capacity to move air in/out
Respiratory Aging
110
Autologous Transfusion means a transfusion from ?
Yourself
111
What is the leading cause of childhood disabilities?
Cerebral Palsey
112
What is the most common chromosome disorder?
Down syndrome
113
Is Down Syndrome inherited?
No
