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Assessment and Fundamentals > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which ethnic group has the lowest incidence of osteoporosis?

A

African Americans

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2
Q

Heberden and Bouchard nodes are hard and nontender and are associated with…

A

Osteoarthritis

Distal interphalangeal: Heberden

Proximal interphalangeal: Bouchard

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3
Q

When testing for muscle strength, the examiner should…

A

Apply an opposing force when the individual puts a joint in flexion or extension

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4
Q

The knee joint is the articulation of what three bones?

A

Femur, tibia, and patella

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5
Q

When assessing for the presence of herniated nucleus pulposus, the examiner would…

A

Raise each of the patient’s legs straights while keeping the knee extended

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6
Q

The functions of the musculoskeletal system include…

A

Protection and storage

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7
Q

Nonsynovial Joints

A

Bones are united by fibrous tissue or cartilage and are immovable or only slightly movable

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8
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Freely movable because they have bones that are separated from one another and enclosed in a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid

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9
Q

Vertebrae

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
3-4 coccygeal
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10
Q

Musculoskeletal System During Infancy

A

Bone grows rapidly

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11
Q

Musculoskeletal System During Childhood

A

Bone grows steadily

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12
Q

Musculoskeletal System During Adolescence

A

Rapid growth spurts occur

Bone lengthening occurs at the epiphyses

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13
Q

Musculoskeletal System During Pregnancy

A

Most characteristic posture change is progressive lordosis, along with kyphosis

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14
Q

After the age of 40…

A

Bone matrix loss (or resorption) occurs and results in a loss of bone density (osteoporosis)

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15
Q

Ascites

A

An abnormal accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity

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16
Q

Pyloric Stenosis

A

Congenital narrowing of the pyloric sphincter

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17
Q

Moles on the abdomen…

A

Are common

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18
Q

The four layers of large, flat abdominal muscles form the…

A

Ventral abdominal wall

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19
Q

Pyrosis

A

Burning sensation in the upper abdomen

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20
Q

The abdomen normally moves with breathing until…

A

7 years of age

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21
Q

Right Upper Quadrant

A

Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney, hepatic flexure of colon, and part of ascending and transverse colon

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22
Q

Left Upper Quadrant

A

Stomach, spleen, left lobe of liver, body of pancreas, left kidney, splenic flexure of colon, and part of transverse and descending colon

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23
Q

Right Lower Quadrant

A

Cecum, appendix, right ureter, right ovary/fallopian tube, right spermatic cord

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24
Q

Left Lower Quadrant

A

Portion of descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ureter, left ovary/fallopian tube, left spermatic cord

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25
Q

Midline of the Abdomen

A

Aorta, bladder, uterus

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26
Q

The extrapyramidal system is located in the…

A

Basal ganglia

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27
Q

Testing deep tendon reflexes tests…

A

The reflex arc at specific levels in the spinal cord

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28
Q

Paresthesia

A

Abnormal sensation of burning or tingling

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29
Q

Automatic associated movements of the body are under the control and regulation of…

A

Basal ganglia

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30
Q

Athetosis

A

Involuntary muscle movement

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31
Q

Clonus

A

Set of rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle

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32
Q

Presence of primitive reflexes in a newborn infant indicates…

A

Immaturity of the nervous system

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33
Q

Cerebellar function is tested by…

A

Performance of rapid alternating movements

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34
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium, and helps maintain posture

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35
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of the body that is supplied from one spinal segment through a particular spinal nerve

36
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer layer of nerve cell bodies and the center for a human’s highest functions, governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, and voluntary movement

37
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Areas that control personality, behavior, emotions, and intellectual function

Contains Broca’s area

38
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Mediates motor speech

39
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Contains postcentral gyrus, which is the primary center for sensation

40
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Primary visual receptor center

41
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Contains the primary auditory reception center, with functions of hearing, taste, and smell

Contains Wernicke’s area

42
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Associated with language comprehension

43
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Large bands of gray matter that help initiate and coordinate movement and control automatic associated movements of the body

44
Q

Thalamus

A

Main relay station where sensory pathways form synapses on the way to the cerebral cortex

45
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Major respiratory center with basic vital functions, such as regulating temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, sleep, and appetite, and coordinating autonomic nervous system activity and stress response

46
Q

Cerebellum

A

Concerned with motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, and muscle tone

47
Q

Brainstem

A

Central core of the brain, consisting mostly of nerve fibers

Contains midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

48
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Long cylindrical structure of nervous tissue that is the main highway for fiber tracts that connect the brain to the spinal nerves

Mediates posture control, urination, and pain response

49
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Carries messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to muscles and glands

50
Q

Reflexes

A

Basic defense mechanisms of the nervous system that are involuntary

Help the body maintain balance and appropriate muscle tone

Deep tendon, superficial, visceral, and pathologic/abnormal

51
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Governs the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands

Maintains homeostasis in the body

52
Q

F. A. S. T.

A

Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call 911

53
Q

Fluid Wave

A

If ascites is present, the blow will generate a fluid wave through the abdomen

54
Q

Shifting Dullness

A

Percussing down the side of the abdomen

If fluid is present, the note will change from tympany to dull

55
Q

Rebound Tenderness (Blumberg Sign)

A

Patient feels pain on the release of pressure

Appendicitis is an example

56
Q

Inspiratory Arrest (Murphy Sign)

A

Hold fingers over liver border and ask person to take a deep breath

Liver pushes on inflamed gallbladder and sharp pain is felt

57
Q

Iliopsoas Muscle Test

A

Lift right leg straight up and then push down on leg

Pain felt in RLQ indicates appendicitis

58
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

59
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

60
Q

C7 and T1

A

Prominent at the base of the neck

61
Q

Muscle Testing

A

5: Full ROM, full resistance
4: Full ROM, some resistance
3: Full ROM with gravity
2: Full ROM with gravity eliminated
1: Slight contraction
0: No contraction

62
Q

Phalen Test

A

Hold both hands back to back while flexing the wrists 90 degrees

63
Q

Tinel Sign

A

Direct percussion of the median nerve at the wrist

64
Q

Bulge Sign

A

Bulge sign confirms the presence of small amounts of fluid as you try to move the fluid from one side of the joint to the other

65
Q

Ballottement

A

Compress the suprapatellar pouch to move any fluid into the knee joint and then push the patella sharply against the femur

66
Q

McMurray Test

A

Used for meniscal tears

Externally rotate the leg and push an inward stress on the knee

67
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Chronic autoimmune disease with inflammation of the synovial tissues and hyperplasia or swelling

Symmetric and bilateral joint involvement

68
Q

Akylosing Spondylitis

A

A form of rheumatoid arthritis, is a chronic, progressive inflammation of the spine and sacroiliac joints

69
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Noninflammatory, localized, progressive disorder involving deterioration of articular cartilages and subchondral bone and formation of osteophytes at joint surfaces

70
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Decrease in skeletal bone mass leading to low bone mineral density and impaired bone quality, increasing risk for fractures

71
Q

Test CNI (Olfactory)

A

Assess patency, identify odors

72
Q

Test CNII (Optic)

A

Snellen chart, confrontation

73
Q

Test CNIII (Oculomotor), CNIV (Trochlear), and CNVI (Abducens)

A

Check pupils for size and consensual light reaction

Cardinal positions of gaze

74
Q

Test CNV (Trigeminal)

A

Motor: assess muscles of mastication by clenching teeth

Sensory: test light touch sensation in ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular regions

75
Q

Test CNVII (Facial)

A

Note mobility and facial symmetry while having patient frown, close eyes, show teeth, puff cheeks

76
Q

Test CNVIII (Vestbulocochlear)

A

Whispered voice test

77
Q

Test CNIX (Glossopharyngeal) and CNX (Vagus)

A

Motor: depress tongue and have patient say “aah”, elicit gag reflex

78
Q

Test CNXI (Accessory)

A

Examine sternomastoid and trapezius for equal size

Have patient rotate head and shrug shoulders against resistance

79
Q

Test CNXII (Hypoglossal)

A

Inspect tongue, have patient say “light, tight, dynamite”

80
Q

Cerebellar Function Tests

A

Rapid Alternating Movements, Finger-to-Finger, Finger-to-Nose, Heel-to-Shin

81
Q

Spinothalmic Tract Tests

A

Pain (using pinprick), light touch (using cotton ball)

82
Q

Dorsal Column Tract Tests

A

Vibration (using tuning fork), position (kinesthesia), tactile discrimination, stereognosis, graphesthesia, two-point discrimination, extinction, point location

83
Q

Reflex Scores

A

4+ : Very brisk, hyperactive

3+ : brisker than average

2+ : average

1+ : diminished

0: no response

84
Q

Chorea

A

Sudden rapid, jerky, purposeless movements involving limbs, trunk, or face

85
Q

Athetosis

A

Slow, twisting, writhing, continuous movement resembling a snake or worm

86
Q

Myoclonus

A

Rapid, sudden jerk or series of jerks at fairly regular intervals

Assessment and Fundamentals (6 decks)

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