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Assessment and Fundamentals > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which ethnic group has the lowest incidence of osteoporosis?

A

African Americans

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2
Q

Heberden and Bouchard nodes are hard and nontender and are associated with…

A

Osteoarthritis

Distal interphalangeal: Heberden

Proximal interphalangeal: Bouchard

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3
Q

When testing for muscle strength, the examiner should…

A

Apply an opposing force when the individual puts a joint in flexion or extension

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4
Q

The knee joint is the articulation of what three bones?

A

Femur, tibia, and patella

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5
Q

When assessing for the presence of herniated nucleus pulposus, the examiner would…

A

Raise each of the patient’s legs straights while keeping the knee extended

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6
Q

The functions of the musculoskeletal system include…

A

Protection and storage

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7
Q

Nonsynovial Joints

A

Bones are united by fibrous tissue or cartilage and are immovable or only slightly movable

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8
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Freely movable because they have bones that are separated from one another and enclosed in a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid

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9
Q

Vertebrae

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
3-4 coccygeal
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10
Q

Musculoskeletal System During Infancy

A

Bone grows rapidly

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11
Q

Musculoskeletal System During Childhood

A

Bone grows steadily

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12
Q

Musculoskeletal System During Adolescence

A

Rapid growth spurts occur

Bone lengthening occurs at the epiphyses

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13
Q

Musculoskeletal System During Pregnancy

A

Most characteristic posture change is progressive lordosis, along with kyphosis

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14
Q

After the age of 40…

A

Bone matrix loss (or resorption) occurs and results in a loss of bone density (osteoporosis)

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15
Q

Ascites

A

An abnormal accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity

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16
Q

Pyloric Stenosis

A

Congenital narrowing of the pyloric sphincter

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17
Q

Moles on the abdomen…

A

Are common

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18
Q

The four layers of large, flat abdominal muscles form the…

A

Ventral abdominal wall

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19
Q

Pyrosis

A

Burning sensation in the upper abdomen

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20
Q

The abdomen normally moves with breathing until…

A

7 years of age

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21
Q

Right Upper Quadrant

A

Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney, hepatic flexure of colon, and part of ascending and transverse colon

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22
Q

Left Upper Quadrant

A

Stomach, spleen, left lobe of liver, body of pancreas, left kidney, splenic flexure of colon, and part of transverse and descending colon

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23
Q

Right Lower Quadrant

A

Cecum, appendix, right ureter, right ovary/fallopian tube, right spermatic cord

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24
Q

Left Lower Quadrant

A

Portion of descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ureter, left ovary/fallopian tube, left spermatic cord

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25
Midline of the Abdomen
Aorta, bladder, uterus
26
The extrapyramidal system is located in the...
Basal ganglia
27
Testing deep tendon reflexes tests...
The reflex arc at specific levels in the spinal cord
28
Paresthesia
Abnormal sensation of burning or tingling
29
Automatic associated movements of the body are under the control and regulation of...
Basal ganglia
30
Athetosis
Involuntary muscle movement
31
Clonus
Set of rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle
32
Presence of primitive reflexes in a newborn infant indicates...
Immaturity of the nervous system
33
Cerebellar function is tested by...
Performance of rapid alternating movements
34
Cerebellum
Coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium, and helps maintain posture
35
Dermatome
Area of the body that is supplied from one spinal segment through a particular spinal nerve
36
Cerebral Cortex
Outer layer of nerve cell bodies and the center for a human's highest functions, governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, and voluntary movement
37
Frontal Lobe
Areas that control personality, behavior, emotions, and intellectual function Contains Broca's area
38
Broca's Area
Mediates motor speech
39
Parietal Lobe
Contains postcentral gyrus, which is the primary center for sensation
40
Occipital Lobe
Primary visual receptor center
41
Temporal Lobe
Contains the primary auditory reception center, with functions of hearing, taste, and smell Contains Wernicke's area
42
Wernicke's Area
Associated with language comprehension
43
Basal Ganglia
Large bands of gray matter that help initiate and coordinate movement and control automatic associated movements of the body
44
Thalamus
Main relay station where sensory pathways form synapses on the way to the cerebral cortex
45
Hypothalamus
Major respiratory center with basic vital functions, such as regulating temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, sleep, and appetite, and coordinating autonomic nervous system activity and stress response
46
Cerebellum
Concerned with motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, and muscle tone
47
Brainstem
Central core of the brain, consisting mostly of nerve fibers Contains midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
48
Spinal Cord
Long cylindrical structure of nervous tissue that is the main highway for fiber tracts that connect the brain to the spinal nerves Mediates posture control, urination, and pain response
49
Peripheral Nervous System
Carries messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to muscles and glands
50
Reflexes
Basic defense mechanisms of the nervous system that are involuntary Help the body maintain balance and appropriate muscle tone Deep tendon, superficial, visceral, and pathologic/abnormal
51
Autonomic Nervous System
Governs the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands Maintains homeostasis in the body
52
F. A. S. T.
Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call 911
53
Fluid Wave
If ascites is present, the blow will generate a fluid wave through the abdomen
54
Shifting Dullness
Percussing down the side of the abdomen If fluid is present, the note will change from tympany to dull
55
Rebound Tenderness (Blumberg Sign)
Patient feels pain on the release of pressure Appendicitis is an example
56
Inspiratory Arrest (Murphy Sign)
Hold fingers over liver border and ask person to take a deep breath Liver pushes on inflamed gallbladder and sharp pain is felt
57
Iliopsoas Muscle Test
Lift right leg straight up and then push down on leg Pain felt in RLQ indicates appendicitis
58
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
59
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone
60
C7 and T1
Prominent at the base of the neck
61
Muscle Testing
5: Full ROM, full resistance 4: Full ROM, some resistance 3: Full ROM with gravity 2: Full ROM with gravity eliminated 1: Slight contraction 0: No contraction
62
Phalen Test
Hold both hands back to back while flexing the wrists 90 degrees
63
Tinel Sign
Direct percussion of the median nerve at the wrist
64
Bulge Sign
Bulge sign confirms the presence of small amounts of fluid as you try to move the fluid from one side of the joint to the other
65
Ballottement
Compress the suprapatellar pouch to move any fluid into the knee joint and then push the patella sharply against the femur
66
McMurray Test
Used for meniscal tears Externally rotate the leg and push an inward stress on the knee
67
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chronic autoimmune disease with inflammation of the synovial tissues and hyperplasia or swelling Symmetric and bilateral joint involvement
68
Akylosing Spondylitis
A form of rheumatoid arthritis, is a chronic, progressive inflammation of the spine and sacroiliac joints
69
Osteoarthritis
Noninflammatory, localized, progressive disorder involving deterioration of articular cartilages and subchondral bone and formation of osteophytes at joint surfaces
70
Osteoporosis
Decrease in skeletal bone mass leading to low bone mineral density and impaired bone quality, increasing risk for fractures
71
Test CNI (Olfactory)
Assess patency, identify odors
72
Test CNII (Optic)
Snellen chart, confrontation
73
Test CNIII (Oculomotor), CNIV (Trochlear), and CNVI (Abducens)
Check pupils for size and consensual light reaction Cardinal positions of gaze
74
Test CNV (Trigeminal)
Motor: assess muscles of mastication by clenching teeth Sensory: test light touch sensation in ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular regions
75
Test CNVII (Facial)
Note mobility and facial symmetry while having patient frown, close eyes, show teeth, puff cheeks
76
Test CNVIII (Vestbulocochlear)
Whispered voice test
77
Test CNIX (Glossopharyngeal) and CNX (Vagus)
Motor: depress tongue and have patient say "aah", elicit gag reflex
78
Test CNXI (Accessory)
Examine sternomastoid and trapezius for equal size Have patient rotate head and shrug shoulders against resistance
79
Test CNXII (Hypoglossal)
Inspect tongue, have patient say "light, tight, dynamite"
80
Cerebellar Function Tests
Rapid Alternating Movements, Finger-to-Finger, Finger-to-Nose, Heel-to-Shin
81
Spinothalmic Tract Tests
Pain (using pinprick), light touch (using cotton ball)
82
Dorsal Column Tract Tests
Vibration (using tuning fork), position (kinesthesia), tactile discrimination, stereognosis, graphesthesia, two-point discrimination, extinction, point location
83
Reflex Scores
4+ : Very brisk, hyperactive 3+ : brisker than average 2+ : average 1+ : diminished 0: no response
84
Chorea
Sudden rapid, jerky, purposeless movements involving limbs, trunk, or face
85
Athetosis
Slow, twisting, writhing, continuous movement resembling a snake or worm
86
Myoclonus
Rapid, sudden jerk or series of jerks at fairly regular intervals

Assessment and Fundamentals (6 decks)

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