Exam 3 Flashcards
• What did Skinner believe separated living things from non-living things?
o behavior
• How did Bandura believe behavior could be controlled?
o Rewards or reinforcements
o Vicarious reinforcement: learning can occur by observing the behavior of other people and the consequences
• What was the main focus of study for neobehaviorists?
o Tolman, Hull, and Skinner
o The core of psychology is the study of learning
o Most behavior can be accounted for by the laws of conditioning
• What is operationism?
o The doctrine that a concept is the same as the corresponding set of procedures by which it is determined
o Insistence on discarding pseudo-problems (things that can’t be tested)
o Promoted by Percy W. Bridgman
• What was the first stage in the evolution of the behavioral school of thought?
o Watson’s behaviorism (peak of popularity in 1924)
• How did Hull’s form of behaviorism compare to Watson’s?
o It was more sophisticated and complex than Watson’s
• How was Skinner’s research unique among other major neobehaviorists?
o He advocated an empirical system with no theoretical framework to conduct research
o He wasn’t concerned with speculating about what might be occurring inside the organism
• What is the “third stage” of behaviorism?
o Sociobehaviorism (1960 to 1990) o Bandura and Rotter o Return to the consideration of cognitive processes while maintaining a focus on observing overt behavior
• Where did the term “social learning theory” come from?
o Julian Rotter
• What is locus of control?
o Rotter’s idea about the perceived source of reinforcement
o Internal: the belief that reinforcement depends on owns own behavior
o External: the belief that reinforcement depends on outside forces
• What is self-efficacy?
o One’s sense of self-esteem and competence in dealing with life’s problems
• What philosopher set the stage for the essence of the Gestalt system? How?
o Immanuel Kant
o He argued when we perceive what we call “objects,” we encounter the mental states that appear to be composed of bits and pieces.
• What is the phi phenomenon?
o The illusion that two stationary flashing lights are moving from one place to another
o Max Wertheimer conducted experiment
o Called into question Wundt’s position that all conscious experience could be analyzed or broken down into its sensory elements
• Why did the Gestalt system protest against Wundt’s system?
o His elementism
• What is field theory? Whose system is it?
o Lewin’s system using the concept of fields of force to explain behavior in terms of one’s field of social influences
• How did Gestalt psychology treat the study of consciousness?
o The believe consciousness experience exists and sis a legitimate subject for study
o They recognize that it can’t be studied with the same precision and objectivity as overt behavior
• How did behaviorism treat the study of consciousness?
o Behaviorism discarded any recognition of consciousness
• How did Gestalt psychology become introduced to America?
o Koffka wrote “Perception: An Introduction to the Gestalt -Theorie”
o American thought perception was the focus of gestalt
• What is the main feature of Lewin’s social psychology?
o Group dynamics
o Social behaviors result from coexisting social entities like group members and social barriers
• What is the definition of “Gestalt”?
o Can be used to refer to objects as well as to their characteristic forms
o Not restricted to the visual or total sensory field; can encompass learning, thinking, emotions, and behavior
• What separated psychoanalysis from other systems of psychology?
o The study of the unconscious
• What were the three shocks to the collective human ego according to Freud?
o Copernicus: earth is not the center of the universe
o Darwin: the theory of evolution
o Freud: the influence of unconscious forces
• What is the id?
o The source of psychic energy and the aspect of personality allied with the insticts
• What is the ego?
o The rational aspect of personality responsible for controlling the instincts
