Exam 2

Question 1

• Summarize the protest of functional psychology against Wundt and Titchener.

Answer 1

o They wanted to know what the mind does and how does it do it

Question 2

• What is the basic question of functionalists?

Answer 2

o What does the mind do?

Question 3

• Why did scholars question the validity of Noah’s ark?

Answer 3

o They started to discover so many new species that they doubted they would all fit.

Question 4

• What were the consequences of Darwin’s work for psychology?

Answer 4

o A new focus on animal psychology
o A emphasis on functions of consciousness rather than structure
o Acceptance of methodology and data from many fields
o Focus on individual differences

Question 5

• How did Galton propose that the measurement of human traits could be defined and summarized?

Answer 5

o Mean and standard deviation

Question 6

• What was the purpose of Lloyd Morgan’s canon?

Answer 6

o To counteract the tendency to attribute excessive intelligence to animals
o Animal behavior can’t be attributed to higher mental processes when it can be explained by lower mental processes
o Believed most animal behavior was from learning or association based on sensory experience

Question 7

• What is recapitulation theory?

Answer 7

o Hall’s idea that the psychological development of children repeats the history of the human race

Question 8

• What was the focus of Woodworth’s psychology?

Answer 8

o Dynamic psychology was focused on the influence of causal factors and motivations on feelings and behavior
o A stimulus isn’t the complete cause of a particular response
o The organism’s past and present experiences also determine the response

Question 9

• Why did William James use the term “stream of consciousness”?

Answer 9

o Consciousness is a continuous flowing process and any attempt to reduce it to its elements would distort it
o Because consciousness is always changing, we can never experience the same thought or sensation more than once

Question 10

• Who was the indirect founder of functionalism and how?

Answer 10

o Titchener
o He wrote an article pointing out the differences between structural and functional psychology setting functionalism up as an opponent an gave it a formal name

Question 11

• How did Spencer believe the universe operates?

Answer 11

o All aspects of the universe are evolutionary including human characteristics and social institutions (survival of the fittest)

Question 12

• How did educational psychology begin and who began it?

Answer 12

o William James began it with his book “Talks to Teachers”

Question 13

• Who established the first psychology laboratory in the United States?

Answer 13

o G. Stanley Hall

Question 14

• What was the major point of Dewey’s “The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology”?

Answer 14

o Neither behavior nor conscious experience can be reduced to elements
o Reflex arc is the connection between sensory stimuli and motor responses

Question 15

• What was the major antecedent of functionalism in the United States and who precipitated it?

Answer 15

o William James

Question 16

• What is the order-of-merit ranking system and who developed it?

Answer 16

o Cattell
o Stimuli ranked by judges were arranged in a final rank order by calculating the average rating given to each stimulus item

Question 17

• What did Witmer’s “clinical psychology” evolve into?

Answer 17

o School psychology

Question 18

• What is an IQ score?

Answer 18

o A number denoting a person’s intelligence

Question 19

• Who established forensic psychology and how?

Answer 19

o Hugo Münsterberg

o he published “On the Witness Stand” about psychological factors that effect a trial’s outcome

Question 20

• Who developed the construct of IQ?

Answer 20

o Lewis M. Terman

Question 21

• What was the effect of World War I on psychological testing?

Answer 21

o It revealed that more Americans were illiterate than they thought
o Publicity enhanced psychology’s image and the tests became prototypes to many more later

Question 22

• What did Witmer attribute behavioral and cognitive disorders to?

Answer 22

o Environmental factors

o He saw the need for sensory experiences early in a child’s life

Question 23

• What did Scott apply psychological principles to?

Answer 23

o He developed psychological tests to see how people use their intelligence and compared their scores to successful employees to see who should be hired

Question 24

• What is the law of suggestibility? How was this applied? Who developed it?

Answer 24

o Walter Dill Scott
o He believed that because consumers don’t act rationally, they can be easily influenced through advertising
o He recommended that companies use direct commands to sell products

Question 25

• What was Watson’s view of mind, consciousness, and images?

Answer 25

o They were meaningless words carried over from mental philosophy that had no use for the science of behavior

Question 26

• What theory did Loeb develop?

Answer 26

o	Tropism (an involuntary forced movement)
o	He believed that animal reactions to stimuli is direct and automatic

Question 27

• What was Thorndike’s approach to learning?

Answer 27

o Connectionism

o Based on connections between situations and responses

Question 28

• Who began the tradition of using the white rat and the rat maze in psychological research?

Answer 28

o Willard Small

Question 29

• How did Pavlov change the study of psychology?

Answer 29

o He changed the emphasis on subjective ideas to objective and quantifiable physiological events, like muscular movements

Question 30

• What was Bekhterev’s main discovery?

Answer 30

o Associated reflexes (reflexes that can be elicited not only be the unconditioned stimuli but also by stimuli that have become associated with the unconditioned stimuli)

Question 31

• Who was the first to define psychology as the study of behavior?

Answer 31

o Watson

Question 32

• How did Angell feel about the term “consciousness”?

Answer 32

o He thought the word consciousness would disappear like the word soul did

Question 33

• What event marks the official establishment of behaviorism?

Answer 33

o Watson published the now famous “Psychological Review”

Question 34

• What happened to Watson’s behaviorism in the long run?

Answer 34

o It was replaced by other schools of thought

Question 35

• What is the importance of Mary Cover Jones’s study of Peter?

Answer 35

o It was the precursor to behavior therapy
o She took a peter who was already afraid of rabbits and brought the rabbit closer and closer into the room while he was eating a cookie until he no longer minded

Question 36

• On what were all of Watson’s methods based on?

Answer 36

o Observation with and without the use of instruments
o Testing methods
o The verbal report method
o The conditioned reflex method

Question 37

• What are implicit responses in Watson’s system?

Answer 37

o Responses that are potentially observable

o He thought speech and emotions were implicit

Question 38

• What are the three fundamental emotions according to Watson?

Answer 38

o	Fear (produced by loud noises and sudden loss of support)
o	Rage (produced by restriction of bodily movements)
o	Love (evoked by caressing the skin or rocking and patting)

Question 39

• What is Lashley’s law of mass action?

Answer 39

o The efficiency of learning is a function of the total mass of cortical tissue
o The more cortical tissue, the better the learning

Question 40

• What was McDougall’s belief about human behavior?

Answer 40

o Human behavior derives from innate tendencies to thought and action

Question 41

Perhaps the most important factor that enabled functionalist psychology to flourish in the United States was the ____.​

Answer 41

American temperament as a whole

Question 42

Hall’s framework for human development was ____.​

Answer 42

evolutionary theory

Question 43

Who was hired by Coca Cola to perform research in their 1911 court case?​

Answer 43

Harry Hollingworth

Question 44

For Pavlov, ____ is necessary for learning to take place.​

Answer 44

reinforcement

Question 45

______ tried to make comparative psychology more scientific through his law of parsimony.

Answer 45

Spencer

Question 46

The researcher who would promote and extend Darwin’s notion of survival of the fittest was:

Answer 46

Spencer

Question 47

The idea that behavior cannot be properly understood or analyzed into simple stimulus-response units, but rather must be understood in terms of its result and the adaptive significance to the organism, came from a paper written by

Answer 47

Dewey