Exam 2 Flashcards
(47 cards)
• Summarize the protest of functional psychology against Wundt and Titchener.
o They wanted to know what the mind does and how does it do it
• What is the basic question of functionalists?
o What does the mind do?
• Why did scholars question the validity of Noah’s ark?
o They started to discover so many new species that they doubted they would all fit.
• What were the consequences of Darwin’s work for psychology?
o A new focus on animal psychology
o A emphasis on functions of consciousness rather than structure
o Acceptance of methodology and data from many fields
o Focus on individual differences
• How did Galton propose that the measurement of human traits could be defined and summarized?
o Mean and standard deviation
• What was the purpose of Lloyd Morgan’s canon?
o To counteract the tendency to attribute excessive intelligence to animals
o Animal behavior can’t be attributed to higher mental processes when it can be explained by lower mental processes
o Believed most animal behavior was from learning or association based on sensory experience
• What is recapitulation theory?
o Hall’s idea that the psychological development of children repeats the history of the human race
• What was the focus of Woodworth’s psychology?
o Dynamic psychology was focused on the influence of causal factors and motivations on feelings and behavior
o A stimulus isn’t the complete cause of a particular response
o The organism’s past and present experiences also determine the response
• Why did William James use the term “stream of consciousness”?
o Consciousness is a continuous flowing process and any attempt to reduce it to its elements would distort it
o Because consciousness is always changing, we can never experience the same thought or sensation more than once
• Who was the indirect founder of functionalism and how?
o Titchener
o He wrote an article pointing out the differences between structural and functional psychology setting functionalism up as an opponent an gave it a formal name
• How did Spencer believe the universe operates?
o All aspects of the universe are evolutionary including human characteristics and social institutions (survival of the fittest)
• How did educational psychology begin and who began it?
o William James began it with his book “Talks to Teachers”
• Who established the first psychology laboratory in the United States?
o G. Stanley Hall
• What was the major point of Dewey’s “The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology”?
o Neither behavior nor conscious experience can be reduced to elements
o Reflex arc is the connection between sensory stimuli and motor responses
• What was the major antecedent of functionalism in the United States and who precipitated it?
o William James
• What is the order-of-merit ranking system and who developed it?
o Cattell
o Stimuli ranked by judges were arranged in a final rank order by calculating the average rating given to each stimulus item
• What did Witmer’s “clinical psychology” evolve into?
o School psychology
• What is an IQ score?
o A number denoting a person’s intelligence
• Who established forensic psychology and how?
o Hugo Münsterberg
o he published “On the Witness Stand” about psychological factors that effect a trial’s outcome
• Who developed the construct of IQ?
o Lewis M. Terman
• What was the effect of World War I on psychological testing?
o It revealed that more Americans were illiterate than they thought
o Publicity enhanced psychology’s image and the tests became prototypes to many more later
• What did Witmer attribute behavioral and cognitive disorders to?
o Environmental factors
o He saw the need for sensory experiences early in a child’s life
• What did Scott apply psychological principles to?
o He developed psychological tests to see how people use their intelligence and compared their scores to successful employees to see who should be hired
• What is the law of suggestibility? How was this applied? Who developed it?
o Walter Dill Scott
o He believed that because consumers don’t act rationally, they can be easily influenced through advertising
o He recommended that companies use direct commands to sell products
