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Ab Psych > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an eating disorder?

A

Severe disturbances in eating behavior that result from obsessive fear of gaining weight

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of eating disorders?

A

Bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating disorder

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3
Q

What are symptoms of bulimia nervosa?

A

Binge eating that is planned or spontaneous, secret, caused by negative mood or lack of control, compensation for binge eating and weight gain by purging or non-purging, and placing excessive emphasis on body shape and weight

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4
Q

What is binge eating?

A

Eating an amount of food in a fixed period of time that is clearly more than most people would eat under similar circumstances

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5
Q

What are types of purging?

A

Self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, and enemas

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6
Q

Why is purging ineffective?

A

It only gets rid of 50% of the calories

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7
Q

What are non-purging compensatory behaviors?

A

Extreme exercise or rigid fasting

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8
Q

What are medical consequences of vomiting?

A

Erodes enamel, gag reflex triggered too easily and unintentionally, enlargement of salivary gland, electrolyte imbalance, calluses on fingers, and rupture of esophagus or stomach

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9
Q

What are medical consequences of laxatives?

A

Intestinal problems like severe constipation or permanent colon damage

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10
Q

What are comorbid psychological disorders of bulimia?

A

Anxiety, depression, personality disorders, and substance abuse

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11
Q

What are symptoms of anorexia nervosa?

A

A refusal to maintain a normal body weight, significantly low body weight, intense fear of becoming fat and relentless pursuing thinness, perceptual, cognitive, or affective disturbance in evaluating weight and shape, deny problems with weight, distorted body image

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12
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of anorexia?

A

Restricting type: diet and exercise and binge-eating/purging type

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13
Q

What are medical complications of anorexia?

A

Abdominal pain and lethargy, dry skin, brittle hair/nails/lanugo, infertility, impaired kidney function, CV difficulties, dental erosion, osteoporosis, electrolyte imbalance, amenorrhea

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14
Q

What are comorbid disorders of anorexia?

A

OCD and other anxiety disorders, depression, personality disorders, and substance abuse

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15
Q

What are social causes of eating disorders?

A

Attitudes about how women and men should look, changing standards of beauty, (emphasis on thinness)

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16
Q

What are family influences of eating disorders?

A

Bulimia: conflict and rejection
Anorexia: successful, ambitious, concerned about outside appearance, maintaining harmony, and avoiding conflicts

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17
Q

What is the enmeshment hypothesis?

A

Families may be too close and control every aspect of a person’s life so the only thing a person can control is their eating

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18
Q

What are the biological influences of eating disorders?

A

Genetic factors, emotional instability and poor impulse control, perfectionistic and tendency for negative affect, and low levels of serotonin trigger impulsive behavior like binge eating

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19
Q

What are the psychological influences of eating disorders?

A

Diminished sense of control and confidence in their abilities and talents, struggle for control, perfectionists, perfectionism, low self-esteem, and distorted perception of body image interact, preoccupied with how they appear to others and view any impression of competency as fraudulent, feel like imposters in social group which increases social anxiety, try to control emotions, lack of interoceptive awareness, distortion of body shape after eating, anxiety before and during eating that purging relieves, and some have difficulty tolerating negative emotions

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20
Q

What are some medication treatments for eating disorders?

A

Useful in some cases of bulimia and not effective for anorexia; antidepressants may be somewhat effective short-term and enhance effects of therapy

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21
Q

What is CBT used for in treatment of bulimia?

A

Teach consequences of binge eating and purging, ineffectiveness of purging, and adverse effects of dieting and targets bingeing and restrictions on eating (patients eat frequent small, manageable amounts of food, arrange activities so person not alone after eating, and cognitive restructuring)

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22
Q

What is cognitive restructuring?

A

Alter negative thoughts and attitudes about body shape, weight, and eating

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23
Q

What is the goal of psychological treatments of anorexia?

A

Restore patient’s weight and use cognitive restructuring

24
Q

What does family therapy do for patients with anorexia?

A

Eliminates the negative communications regarding food and eating and make meals more structured and reinforcing and change family’s attitude about body image and shape

25
Q

What is a personality disorder?

A

Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts and are inflexible and maladaptive and cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress

26
Q

What are characteristics of personality disorders?

A

Are stable, of long duration, and originating at least in adolescence or early adulthood, are inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of situations, cause clinically significant distress (to person or inflicted on others) or impairment in important areas of functioning, ego-syntonic, prevalence: 0.5-2.5% of population (although 1 study suggested 1 in 10), more inpatient than out, high comorbidity (poor prognosis), and strong counter-transference

27
Q

What are weaknesses of personality disorder diagnoses?

A

Difficult to identify, lack of reliability, etiology poorly understood, difficult to treat, common to have more than one, and some may reflect sexual bias

28
Q

What are strengths of personality disorder diagnoses?

A

Associated with significant social and occupational impairment, pathological personality traits during adolescence predict later psychological disorders, personality disorders are the beginning stage of a more severe psychological disorder, and provide important information for treatment and prognosis

29
Q

What are cluster A personality disorders?

A

Paranoid personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder

30
Q

What are cluster B personality disorders?

A

Antisocial personality disorders and borderline personality disorder

31
Q

What are cluster C personality disorders?

A

Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder

32
Q

What is the clinical description of paranoid personality disorder?

A

Mistrust and suspicion (pervasive and unjustified), few meaningful relationships, volatile, tense, sensitive to criticism, and excessive need for autonomy

33
Q

What are causes of paranoid personality disorder?

A

Appears to be a strong genetic role, possible relationship to schizophrenia, possible role of early experience (trauma, mistreatment, and view of the world and others), and cultural factors like how certain groups of people may exhibit paranoia (prisoners, refugees, people with hearing impairments, and elderly)

34
Q

What are treatments for paranoid personality disorder?

A

Unlikely to seek treatment, difficulty developing therapeutic alliance, CBT used to change beliefs that people cannot be trusted and are malevolent, no treatment has demonstrated effectiveness

35
Q

What is the clinical description of schizotypal personality disorder?

A

Considered to be on a continuum of disorders with schizophrenia but without some of its more debilitating symptoms, psychotic-like symptoms (magical thinking, ideas of reference, illusions), odd or unusual behaviors and appearance (wearing layers in summer, mumbling), socially isolated and express little emotion, highly suspicious and paranoid thoughts

36
Q

What are causes of schizotypal personality disorder?

A

Schizophrenia genotype (schizophrenia genes with lack of biological influences or environmental stresses that cause schizophrenia), cognitive impairment (left hemisphere or generalized brain abnormalities)

37
Q

What is treatment for schizotypal personality disorder?

A

Treat comorbid depression, and multidimensional approach (social skill training, antipsychotic medication, community treatment)

38
Q

What is the clinical description for antisocial personality disorder?

A

Noncompliance with social norms, social predators (violate rights of others, irresponsible, impulsive, deceitful), lack of conscience, empathy, and remorse

39
Q

What is the defining criteria for psychopathy?

A

Glibness/superficial charm, grandiose sense of self-worth, proneness to boredom/need for stimulation, pathological lying, conning/manipulative, and lack of remorse

40
Q

What are the defining criteria for antisocial personality disorder?

A

Uses observable behavior to increase reliability of diagnosis and symptoms

41
Q

What is the overlap between psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder and criminality?

A

Intelligence

42
Q

What are the causes for antisocial personality disorder?

A

Developmental (early history of behavioral problems, conduct disorder, family history of inconsistent parental discipline, lack of parental support, criminality and violence, alcoholism, and reinforcement of antisocial behavior, alienate good role models and attract poor role models, poor school/occupational/social functioning), genetics (may produce differences in neurotransmitters and neurohormones that affect aggressiveness, impulsivity, empathy, stress, and fear) and theories

43
Q

What is the underarousal hypothesis that is a proposed cause of antisocial?

A

Abnormally low levels of cortical arousal

44
Q

What is the fearlessness hypothesis that is a proposed cause of antisocial?

A

Higher threshold for fear

45
Q

What is Gray’s model of brain functioning that is a proposed cause of antisocial?

A

Three major brain systems influence learning and emotional behavior (behavioral: BIS - low, reward: REW - high, and fight or flight: FFS - low) in which an imbalance means insufficient anxiety and fear and rewards more prominent

46
Q

What is treatment for antisocial personality disorder?

A

Rarely seek therapy (manipulative), focus on specific features of disorder (CBT for anger and sexual deviance), rarely effective, and incarceration

47
Q

What is prevention for antisocial personality disorder?

A

Early intervention, rewards for pro-social behavior, social skills training

48
Q

What is the clinical description for borderline personality disorder?

A

Patterns of instability (labile, intense moods), stormy, unstable relationships (fear of abandonment, idealize or devalue), very poor self-image, self-mutilation, suicidal gestures

49
Q

What are comorbid disorders with BPD?

A

Depression (24-74%), bipolar (4-20), substance abuse (67), eating disorders (25% of people with bulimia also have BPD)

50
Q

What are the causes of BPD?

A

Biological (genetic - mutation in serotonin transporter gene, abnormalities in frontolimbic network affect emotion regulation and serotonin neurotransmission), early childhood experience (neglect, trauma, abuse)

51
Q

What is treatment of BPD?

A

Likely to seek treatment, anticonvulsants and newer antipsychotics may be helpful (complicated by drug abuse, treatment compliance, and suicide), some clinicians will not work with them, dialectical behavior therapy most effective

52
Q

What are the priorities of DBT?

A

Self harm behavior, treatment interfering behaviors, behaviors interfere with quality of life

53
Q

What are characteristics of DBT?

A

Help clients cope with stressors that seem to trigger suicidal behavior, taught to identify and regulate emotion, taught problem solving, prior trauma is re-experienced, and trust their own responses rather than rely on others for validation

54
Q

What is the clinical description for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A

Fixated on doing things the right way, work oriented, only distantly related to OCD (obsessions and compulsions rare), rigid, may occur in serial killers and pedophiles, perfectionistic, orderly, preoccupied with details, and poor interpersonal relationships

55
Q

What are causes of OCPD?

A

Weak genetic predisposition (predisposed to favor structure) and parents reinforce their tendency to conform, be neat and orderly

56
Q

What is treatment for OCPD?

A

Attack fears that underline need for orderliness (inadequacy), decrease rumination and procrastination (help relax and use distractions), use CBT and treatment similar to OCD, appears to be effective

Ab Psych (3 decks)

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