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Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are general characteristics of somatic symptom and related disorder?

A

Preoccupations with health and/or body appearance or functioning, no identifiable medical condition causing the complaint, person is not faking, high comorbidity, and psychological distress but describe conditions as physical

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2
Q

What are types of somatic symptom and related disorders?

A

Somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis), and conversion disorder

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3
Q

What are symptoms of somatic symptom disorder?

A

Don’t always feel urge to take action, continually feel weak or ill, more concerned with symptoms than if it’s a serious disorder, la belle indifference, life revolves around symptoms, severe pain (physical cause)

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4
Q

What are causes of somatic symptom disorder?

A

Familial history of illness or injury, strong relationship to antisocial personality disorder (both impulsive - immediate attention and sympathy but eventual social isolation, novelty seeking and provocative sexual behavior)

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5
Q

What are treatments of somatic symptom disorder?

A

CBT to provide reassurance, reduce stress, and reduce doctor visits

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6
Q

What are symptoms of illness anxiety disorder?

A

Person fears that they have serious physical disorder, less concern with specific physical symptom (worry focused on developing or having an illness), and has a chronic course

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7
Q

What are the causes of illness anxiety disorder?

A

Focuses on physical sensations, which increases symptom intensity, misinterpret normal sensations which further increases anxiety - produces more symptoms

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8
Q

What is the triple vulnerability model for illness anxiety disorder?

A

A genetic tendency to overreact to stress, views negative life events as unpredictable and uncontrollable, and may have learned from family that they should be anxious about disease or illness

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9
Q

How can illness anxiety disorder use operant conditioning?

A

People can potentially frequently be around ill family and see that sick people get benefits like gifts, time off, and/or attention

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10
Q

What are treatments of illness anxiety disorder?

A

Medications (antidepressants) and CBT

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11
Q

What does CBT do for illness anxiety disorder?

A

Identifies and challenges misinterpretations, symptom creation, stress reduction, provide reassurance, and reduce frequency of help seeking behavior

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of conversion disorder?

A

Psychological conflicts are converted into physical symptoms, often mimics neurological disorder, “hysterical” blindness or “hysterical” paralysis, malfunctioning often involves sensory-motor areas, lacks a physical cause but person not faking, retains normal functions but lacks awareness,

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13
Q

What are the causes of conversion disorder?

A

Trauma, conflict and resulting anxiety are repressed, anxiety increases and threatens to emerge into consciousness

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14
Q

What is primary gain of conversion disorder?

A

Conversion into physical symptoms relieving pressure to deal with conflict and the anxiety

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15
Q

What is secondary gain of conversion disorder?

A

Receives attention and sympathy for physical ailment and avoid difficult tasks

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16
Q

What is the treatment for conversion disorder?

A

Identify and attend to traumatic or stressful experience, re-experience or reliving event, remove secondary gain, reinforce positive healthy behaviors

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17
Q

What is malingering?

A

Pretending to have a physical or mental disorder to get external gain

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18
Q

What is factitious disorder?

A

Faked condition not motivated by obvious benefit (formerly known as Munchausen syndrome)

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19
Q

What is factitious disorder by proxy?

A

Factitious disorder imposed on another where the individual deliberately makes someone else sick

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20
Q

What are general characteristics of dissociative disorders?

A

Dissociation results in some aspects of cognition or experience being inaccessible to consciousness, difficulty recalling identity, memory impairment of experiences, and a cause of extreme stress

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21
Q

What is depersonalization?

A

A type of dissociation where your perception is altered so you lose sense of your own reality

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22
Q

What is derealization?

A

Lose sense of the reality of the external world

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23
Q

What are types of dissociative disorders?

A

Dissociative amnesia, dissociative amnesia with dissociate fugue, and dissociative identity disorder

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24
Q

What is dissociative amnesia?

A

Sudden inability to recall extensive personal information due to trauma or extreme stress and may include amnesia for emotional reaction to events

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25
Q

What is dissociative fugue?

A

Person takes off and finds self in a new place, unable to remember the past or how they arrived at the location, may assume a new identity or be confused about old identity, and has a cause of intolerable situation

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26
Q

What are some general causes of fugue?

A

Tends to occur in adulthood, rapid onset, rapid dissipation, and occurs in more females than males

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27
Q

What are symptoms of DID?

A

Dissociation of person’s identity, at least 2 of the personalities repeatedly take control of the person’s behavior, identities may display unique behaviors, voice, and posture, and identities may also be fragments of personalities

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28
Q

What are unique characteristics of DID?

A

Alters - different identities or personalities
Host - identity that tries to hold the person’s identity together
Switch - quick transition from one personality to another

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29
Q

What are some characteristics of DID?

A

Onset usually in childhood and has high comorbidity rates and lifelong, chronic course (with BPD, somatization disorder, PTSD, substance abuse, anxiety, and depression)

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30
Q

What are causes of DID?

A

Histories of horrible child abuse like satanic cults, buried alive, or torture (dissociation permits escape from abuse), chaotic nonsupportive families, extreme PTSD, may be more suggestible

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31
Q

What are treatments of DID?

A

Gently moving toward dismantling the walls that have developed between the personalities by doing the following: recognizing the existence and gradually getting to know the alters, understanding the purposes of each alter, learning new coping strategies and obtaining increased support so that more awareness of traumatic memories is tolerable, reliving the early trauma to understand the original need for the walls and to process the intense negative emotions and thoughts associated with these memories, developing trust with the client, using potential hypnosis to access unconscious memories, and understanding how the trauma affected coping and learning and how the present differs from the past in ways that allow new and more adaptive coping strategies

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32
Q

What is unipolar mood disorder?

A

Person experiences only episodes of depression

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33
Q

What is bipolar mood disorder?

A

Person experiences episodes of mania and depression

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34
Q

What are 2 types of mood disorder?

A

Major depressive disorder and dysthymia

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35
Q

What are characteristics of MDD?

A

Requires one major depressive episode in the absence of any manic episodes or hypomanic episodes and usually consists of recurrent episodes

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36
Q

What are characteristics of dysthymia?

A

Differs from MDD in terms of severity and duration, is a chronic mild depressive condition that has been present for many years, requires a depressed mood, for most of the day or more days than not, for at least 2 years, requires one or more of the following symptoms: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness, symptoms cannot be absent for more than 2 months at a time during the 2-year period, they cannot meet the criteria for MDD for the first 2 years, cannot have a manic episode, and symptoms can persist unchanged over long periods

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37
Q

What is double depression?

A

Type of unipolar depressive disorder that includes a major depressive episode and persistent depressive disorder which usually develops first

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38
Q

What are the types of bipolar disorders?

A

Bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic

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39
Q

What consists of all 3 bipolar disorders?

A

Manic or hypomanic episodes or symptoms

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40
Q

What is bipolar I disorder?

A

At least one manic episode

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41
Q

What is bipolar II?

A

Requires at least one major depressive episode, at least one hypomanic episode, and no full-blown manic episodes

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42
Q

What is hypomania?

A

Episodes of increased energy that are no severe enough to qualify as mania

43
Q

What is cyclothymia?

A

Chronic but less severe form of bipolar disorder

44
Q

What are the characteristics of cyclothymia?

A

Same as dysthymia in addition to average age of onset is 12-14 and it affects females

45
Q

What are course specifiers?

A

More extensive descriptions of the pattern that the disorder follows over time

46
Q

What is a longitudinal course?

A

Past history of mood disturbance

47
Q

What is rapid cycling pattern?

A

Applies to bipolar I and II, have at least 4 manic or depressive episodes in a year

48
Q

What is seasonal pattern?

A

Episodes covary with changes in season and applies to MDD and bipolar disorder

49
Q

What mood disorder is more heritable?

A

Bipolar

50
Q

What is the permissive hypothesis?

A

When serotonin is low other neurotransmitters may become dysregulated contributing to depressions

51
Q

What neurotransmitter is related to manic and psychotic symptoms?

A

Dopamine

52
Q

What role does the HPA axis play in mood disorders?

A

When a person detects a threat, the hypothalamus releases CRF which causes the pituitary gland to secrete a hormone that causes the adrenal glands to release cortisol in the bloodstream (prepares person to respond to threat)

53
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

A disease associated with the thyroid gland (underactive thyroid) that suggests cortisol may play a role in depression

54
Q

How does too much cortisol cause depression?

A

Shrinks hippocampus and interferes with its neurogenesis. The hippocampus turns off cortisol secretions and regulates neurotransmitters normally.

55
Q

What is the hallmark of most mood disorders?

A

Sleep disturbance - problems falling asleep or waking up early, REM sleep earlier, diminished delta wave sleep (later) or none at all

56
Q

What is a bipolar disorder’s issue with sleep?

A

Increased sensitivity to light which leads to greater suppression of melatonin when exposed to light at night - insomnia may trigger mania

57
Q

What are the 4 psychological causes of mood disorders?

A

Stressful events, learned helplessness, cognitive distortions/thinking errors, and social support

58
Q

How does stress cause mood disorders?

A

Triggers most depressive episodes, poorer response to treatment, and longer time before remission

59
Q

What are triggering stressors for bipolar?

A

Schedule-disrupting events, achieving significant goals, or negative emotional expression and communication in the family

60
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Lack of perceived control over stress as a result of attributional style (internal v. external, stable v. unstable, and global v. specific)

61
Q

What is depressive attributional style?

A

Internal, stable, and global that all contribute to a sense of hopelessness

62
Q

What is the difference between anxiety and depression regarding hopelessness?

A

Both persons feel helpless and a lack of control but depressed persons feel hopeless about even gaining control

63
Q

When does depression occur according to Aaron Beck?

A

When maladaptive schema that are learned from negative childhood life events are activated by events

64
Q

What are schema?

A

Latent cognitive structures that allow us to make sense of our experiences

65
Q

What is an example of how depression generally occurs according to CBT?

A

“I’m a worthless person unless others value and care for me.” This activated schema automatically triggers negative emotions, behaviors, and moods that lead to thinking errors

66
Q

What are thinking errors?

A

Overgeneralization, focusing on the negative, all or nothing thinking, and catastrophizing

67
Q

What is the depressive negative triad?

A

Think negatively about oneself, about the world, and about the future

68
Q

What does social support do?

A

Less likely to develop depression if they experience a negative life event if they have strong social support, predicts quicker recovery from depression, and families with a lot of criticism and emotional outbursts increases chance of relapse

69
Q

What is the integrative theory to depression?

A

Biological - overactive response to stress; psychological - belief that person cannot cope with difficulties and a depressive cognitive style

70
Q

How does stress trigger the onset of depression?

A

Activates stress hormones that affect neurotransmitters and hippocampus, chronic stress turns on genes producing structural and chemical changes in the brain, disrupting circadian rhythms to activate negative thinking

71
Q

What are 4 types of antidepressants?

A

SSRI, TCA, MAOIs, and mixed reuptake inhibitors

72
Q

What are the most troublesome side effects of SSRIs?

A

Physical agitation, sexual dysfunction, low sexual desire, insomnia, and gastrointestinal upset

73
Q

What are characteristics of TCAs?

A

May be lethal in excessive doses and block reuptake of neurotransmitters (especially NE)

74
Q

What are MAOI characteristics?

A

Block monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin and NE, slightly more effective than TCAs, must avoid foods containing tyramine like beer, red wine, and cheese

75
Q

What do mixed reuptake inhibitors do?

A

Block reuptake of NE AND serotonin

76
Q

What is first choice medication for bipolar disorders and its characteristics?

A

Lithium; helps with depressive episode, helps prevent relapses, and has compliance problems with about 1/2 people, alternatives are anti-convulsant drugs

77
Q

How do psychologists use CBT for depression?

A

Thought records, activity schedule and hypothesis testing, later change schema, and active, directive and focused on present

78
Q

How is interpersonal therapy used for depression?

A

Focuses on current relationships and 4 different interpersonal problems that cause and maintain depression

79
Q

What are the 4 interpersonal problems?

A

Dealing with interpersonal role disputes, adjusting to the loss of a relationship, acquiring new relationships, and correcting deficits in social skills

80
Q

What are the goals of IPT?

A

Develop a better understanding of interpersonal problems that caused it and improve relationships by building communication and problem solving skills

81
Q

What are psychoeducational approaches to treating bipolar?

A

Educate clients about: symptoms, time course of symptoms, biological and psychological triggers, and treatment strategies

82
Q

What are other therapies for bipolar?

A

Interventions to manage interpersonal and practical problems that may improve compliance and CBT and IPT for depression side

83
Q

What is family focused treatment for bipolar?

A

Educates family about disorder, improves communication and problem solving skills, and helps prevent relapse

84
Q

What are the outcomes of psychological treatments for bipolar?

A

Comparable to medications, more effective in preventing relapse, and research indicates advantage of combined treatments

85
Q

What do psychosocial factors affect?

A

Neurotransmitters, neurohormones, and gene expression

86
Q

What is stress?

A

Any challenging event that requires physiological, cognitive, or behavioral adaptation

87
Q

What is psychosomatic?

A

A disease that is the produce of both the psyche and the soma

88
Q

What is behavioral medicine?

A

Multidisciplinary field that applies to behavioral science to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of physical disorders

89
Q

What is health psychology?

A

Subfield of psychology that studies how psychological factors affect health promotion and maintenance

90
Q

How are psychological factors the primary paths to physical illnesses?

A

Influence basic biological processes, behaviors may put people at risk for disease and injury

91
Q

What’s an example of how psychological factors affect physical illness?

A

AIDS; stress may speed up progression, and behaviors put people at risk of developing AIDS

92
Q

What is the social readjustment rating scale?

A

Views stressors that produce more life change units as causing more stress - stress ratings are linked to risk of physical illnesses

93
Q

What were the two kinds of appraisals of stress by Richard Lazarus?

A

Primary (significance of a stressor or threatening event) and Secondary (evaluation of the person’s ability to cope with it)

94
Q

What does the hypothalamus activate in response to stress?

A

SNS (affects smooth muscle and internal organs) and HPA axis (produces cortisol to mobilize body)

95
Q

What are some negative effects of chronic release of cortisol and CRF?

A

Damages hippocampus and interferes with its regulation of neurotransmitter functioning and mood regulation. muscles atrophy, hypertension develops, impairs fertility, and suppresses immune system functioning

96
Q

What was Hans Selye’s theory?

A

Body goes through several stages in response to sustained stress (general adaptation syndrome)

97
Q

What are the stages of GAS?

A

Alarm (immediate alarm response), resistance (body attempts to resist or adapt), and exhaustion (depleted energy)

98
Q

What is the most important factor to prevent stress?

A

Sense of control over events - negative emotions can lead to poor self-care, risky behavior, and impairment of immune system (self-efficacy will determine whether we feel anxiety, depression, excitement, or stress)

99
Q

How does the immune system work?

A

It identifies and eliminates foreign materials and body’s damaged cells (stress causes damage and focuses the immune system on that)

100
Q

What are the two branches of the immune system?

A

Humoral (blood and bodily fluids) and cellular (protects against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections)

101
Q

What are the primary agents of the immune system?

A

Leukocytes

102
Q

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

A

Studies psychological influences on the neurological response involved in the immune response

103
Q

What is problem-focused coping?

A

Involves attempts to change a stressor

104
Q

What is emotion-focused coping?

A

An attempt to alter internal stress

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