Exam 3 Flashcards
What are some factors that play a role in determining when a person will first have sexual intercourse at a later age?
- Positive emotional connections with family members
- Parental disapproval of early sex and contraceptive use
- Greater parental control
- Higher peer-related self-esteem
- Academic achievement and participation
- Greater religiosity
What are some factors that play a role in determining when a person will first have sexual intercourse at an earlier age?
- Greater peer pressure to have sex
- Substance use with friends
- Having an older partner
- Prior experience of unwanted sexual contact
How do gynaecologists who support hymen reconstruction view it?
Promoting and protecting women’s physical, psychological, and social well-being; they argue that women have a right to make decisions about their own bodies
How do gynaecologists who oppose hymen reconstruction view it?
Deceptive toward future marriage partners and their families and it is not medically necessary
Why do some people object to the hymen reconstruction surgery?
They believe that it perpetuates the discriminatory practice of requiring women to prove their virginity
How is sexual consent defined?
An individual’s agreement to engage in sexual behavior
What are the two key components to giving sexual consent?
1) A clear understanding of what it is that the person is consenting to
2) The consent is given freely, without coercion or undue infuence
What is sexual compliance?
An individual’s willing consent to engage in sexual behavior when she or he does not desire sexual activity
What motivates people to consent to sexual activity that they do not desire?
Relationship factors such as wanting to make one’s partner happy, promoting intimacy, and avoiding relationship conflict
According to social script theory, there are two additional levels at which sexual scripts exist:
The interpersonal, and the intrapsychic or individual
Sexual thoughts or images that stimulate a person physiologically and/or emotionally are known as __
Sexual fantasies
What is a strategy often introduced in sex therapy to help people struggling with low sexual desire and arousal?
Incorporating fantasy into one’s sexual activities
Research has found evidence to support that more men than women masturbate, why?
Men may have higher sex drives and therefore desire sexual satisfaction more often than do women
__ is known as “dry humping”
Frottage
What is interfemoral intercourse?
The sexual practice in which a man moves his penis between his partner’s thighs without intromission
__ is intercourse in which a man inserts his penis into a woman’s vagina
Coitus
Sex researchers have long described orgasm as primarily a physiological response, although more recent definitions recognize its __ aspects
Biopsychosocial
What are some examples of individual factors, relational factors, and lifestyle factors?
- Individual: Younger age, fewer sexual problems, greater frequency of orgasm
- Relational: Relationship satisfaction, effective communication
- Lifestyle: Working the same shifts
How might sexual satisfaction be distinguished from sexual functioning?
Because it reflects the interpersonal and affective qualities of sex, whereas sexual functioning focuses on sexual responses (arousal, orgasm, lubrication)
- It may be the quality of sex and intimacy rather than discrete sexual functions that ultimately determine sexual satisfaction
The interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction (IEMSS) is based on __
Social exchange theory:
which describes discrete interpersonal behaviors or interactions as “exchanges”
Research suggests that we are more sexually satisfied when we are __ satisfied AND when our sexual interactions with a partner include more of what we find pleasing and less of what we find displeasing
Relationally
What are sexually explicit materials?
Textual, visual, and/or audial material that promotes or creates sexual arousal
How do partners successfully navigate differences in their sexual preferences, maximizing sexual rewards and minimizing sexual costs?
Couples use sexual self-disclosure and communication to negotiate a mutually pleasurable sexual script
Marital experts suggest that __ are better predictors of long-lasting relationships than are partners’ similarities in interests or personality
Healthy communication and effective conflict resolution
Why might cohabitation tend to be less stable than marriages and more likely to dissolve?
Couples may “slide” into cohabitating relationships for reasons like “it was time” or to save money on rent, rather than making a well-considered, long-term commitment to each other when moving in
__ suggest that couples who are relationally satisfied tend to stay sexually satisfied over decades and vice versa
Longitudinal studies
What are the four components of a friends with benefits relationship?
1) It is ongoing
2) It is sexual
3) No sexual or emotional exclusivity is required
4) Relationship is rarely discussed directly or revealed to others
__ involves being in a romantic and sexual relationship with more than one person at the same time
Polyamory
Why might polyamory appeal to some?
It offers a more flexible framework on which type can build the type of relationships they desire
Historically, when did polygyny emerge?
In largely agrarian societies where having larger family units was an advantage
__ is the practice of both partners in an emotionally committed or married couple agreeing to and participating in sex with other individuals, usually at the same time
Swinging
Early studies indicate that most swingers are __ (what type of characteristics)?
- Heterosexual
- Caucasion
- Married relationships
- Conservative political views
__ relationships are more similar to swinging than to __ relationships, in that most take the form of one primary and “emotionally exclusive” relationship where both partners freely consent to one or both partners having sexual relation, but not emotional bonds with others
Open; polyamorous
Higher risk of extramarital sex was associated with __ background factors, such as being male or having divorced parents, as well as current __ factors, such as having considered divorcing, presence of spousal violence etc.
Individual; relational
What is the agenda-setting theory?
A theory that proposes that media influence our thoughts and behavior by highlighting what we should pay attention to
What is the cultivation theory?
A theory that proposes that media portrayals create a shared set of values and expectations about reality among media consumers
What is social learning theory?
A theory based on the idea that learning occurs through modelling of observed behavior
How does media have a positive influence on sexuality?
1) Media can provide quick access to reliable information on sexual health
2) Offers diverse sexual models that may serve as personal role models and offer guidance for relationship interactions
3) Media characters allow individuals to vicariously practice sexual and relationship norms and ideals
What are the girl-zines?
Self-published print or online magazines written by young women to express their thoughts and feelings about sexuality in a non-judgmental outlet
What are the three categories of online sexual activity (OSA)?
1) Establishing and maintaining relationships
2) Obtaining sexuality information
3) Obtaining sexual gratification
What are the negative effects on relationships and intimacy involving OSA?
Communication problems between partners, because it is difficult to communicate emotional tone and humour without facial expressions, vocal tones, and gestures
May also result in one partner neglecting his/her responsibilities toward the other
What are the positive effects on relationships involving OSA that have been reported?
OSA participants reported an increased quality and frequency of sexual activity and increased intimacy with their partners
- Also, sexual communication improved
Petersen and Hyde found that men reported __ use of sexually explicit material than women did
More
What are paraphilias?
Any intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners
The DSM-5 defines a paraphilic disorder as:
A paraphilia that is currently causing distress or impairment to the individual, or a paraphilia that causes personal harm, or risk of harm, to others when acted upon
Criterion A specifies:
The qualitative nature of the paraphilia i.e. exposing one’s genitals to strangers
Criterion B specifies:
The negative consequences of the paraphilia i.e. distress, impairment, or harm to others
For a diagnosis, the paraphilic disorder must have been present for at least:
Six months
Why is it difficult to research characteristics of people who engage in atypical sexual behaviors?
Because these behaviors are generally expressed in private, what happens behind closed bedroom doors is still considered by many to be taboo
What are most fetishes directly related to?
The human body or objects that are in close association with the body
- also tend to be female gender-specific
The DSM-5 provides two specifiers for the diagnosis of transvestic disorder in men:
1) If an individual also reports sexual arousal to the fabrics, materials he is wearing (diagnosed with fetishism)
2) If the individual is sexually aroused by thoughts of himself as a female (diagnosed with autogynephilia)
BDSM, known more generally as __
Kink
What does bondage and discipline include?
Bondage is the use of restraints (handcuffs, ribbons)
Discipline may include painful whipping, biting, application of hot wax
The prevalence rate of BDSM activity is __ among men than among women
Higher
Where does the term sadism come from?
The period of the French Revolution (Donatien Alphonse Francois)
What does sexual sadism disorder involve?
Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the physical or psychological suffering of another person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors
How was the term masochism created?
Richard von Krafft-Ebing who wrote novels about his masochistic fantasies: being humiliated, beaten, bound, etc.
Nymphomania in __ and satyriasis in __ “sex addiction”
Females; men
Hypersexual behavior in males and females was found to be associated with:
Risk-taking behaviors such as smoking, heavy drinking, drug use
Hypersexuality is characterized by:
Dysregulation in impulse control, resulting in excessive frequency and intensity of maladaptive behaviors
What is persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD)?
Spontaneous, persistent, uncontrollable genital arousal that is not associated with sexual desire
What is priapism?
A persistent, often painful erection
__ is diagnosed when an individual has recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of disrobing and/or engaging in sexual activity
Voyeuristic disorder
When does voyeuristic behavior become abnormal?
When it becomes preferred to partnered sex, interferes with a person’s daily activities, or when it involves crimes such as breaking/entering
Voyeurism is often comorbid with many other paraphilias such as:
Sadism, masochism, and exhibitionism
Why is exhibitionism far more common in men than women?
Anecdotal evidence suggests that one possible explanation for this difference can be that men have fewer socially acceptable outlets for exposing themselves than women do i.e. strip clubs
What is telephone scatalogia?
A form of verbal exhibitionism in which a person becomes aroused by making sexually explicit telephone calls, based on the reaction of the victim
__ is a french verb meaning rubbing or friction
Frotter
__ is the erotic interest in committing rape
Biastophilia
It was found that online offenders with a history of contact offenders had higher __ rates than contact-only sex offenders
Recidivism (committing another crime)
The best predictor of recidivism that we have to date is arousal to children as measured by __
Penile plethysmography (PPG)
__ refers to travel for the purposes of engaging in uninhibited sex
Sex tourism
__ is the erotic interest in contact with feces
Coprophilia
__ is the arousal to the feeling of a texture
Hyphephilia
__ is the arousal to enemas
Klismaphilia
