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HS 44 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we use the term STI rather than STD?

A

Because it is the infection of an individual with a sexually transmitted pathogen that concerns us, not whether he/she has evident signs of a STD

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2
Q

Which STI is the oldest on record?

A

Syphilis

- It has been referred to as both “French pox” and “English pox”

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3
Q

STIs caused by __ can be cured with antibiotics, while most STIs caused by __ cannot be cured

A

Bacteria; viruses

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4
Q

__ has the highest prevalence of any reportable STI in Canada

A

Chlamydia

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of chlamydia?

A

Most often asymptomatic or present minimal symptoms such as mild discharge from vagina, penis or anus. Burning or itching is also possible.

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6
Q

In women, chlamydia or gonorrhea infection may spread to the uterus and fallopian tubes and cause __ which can cause pain with or without intercourse

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

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7
Q

__ prevalence is highest among Canadian men who have sex with men and travellers who have had sex with locals while travelling abroad

A

Gonorrhea

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

A

Include a noticeable pus-like yellowish greenish discharge from vagina, urethra or anus. Throat pain is also common in cases of oral gonorrhea.

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9
Q

What are symptoms of PRIMARY syphilis?

A

Swelling of lymph nodes near the site of contact and single or multiple painless ulcers

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of SECONDARY syphilis?

A

A rash on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, and the trunk; may also include flat, warty lesions in the anogenital area, patches of erosions and/or whitish skin in the mouth etc.

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11
Q

If untreated, syphilis can progress to the TERTIARY stage, which it affects:

A

Blood vessels, heart, and eyes, and sensory or brain damage may occur; it may also cause growths called gummas on the bones or in internal organs

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12
Q

Herpes can be caused by two different but closely related types of the herpes simplex virus (HSV):

A
  • HSV Type 1 (found in both orolabial (lip) and anogenital areas
  • HSV Type 2 (rarely found outside the anogenital area)
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13
Q

__ is not a reportable disease in Canada; therefore precise information about its prevalence is limited

A

Herpes

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14
Q

For patients with infrequent outbreaks of herpes, oral antiviral medication can be taken at the __ stage of a recurrence to prevent or shorten the outbreak

A

Prodromal

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15
Q

While HPV is not a reportable STI in Canada, it is by all estimates:

A

The most prevalent STI in this country

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16
Q

What are the two most common low-risk types of HPV that cause genital warts?

A

HPV 6 and HPV 11

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17
Q

What are the two most common high-risk types of HPV that cause precancerous lesions or cancers of the anogenital region?

A

HPV 16 and HPV 18

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV infection?

A

Initially, they may experience flu-like symptoms with enlarged lymph nodes; and later an untreated HIV-infected individual will experience moderate to severe immune system damage

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19
Q

The three types of viral hepatitis that all involve inflammation of the liver and are most concern to Canadians are:

A

1) Hepatitis A
2) Hepatitis B
3) Hepatitis C

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20
Q

Hepatitis __ is mainly transmitted by fecal-oral routes, prevalent at epidemic levels in certain “closed” communications i.e. prisons, also common among men who have sex with men

A

A

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21
Q

Hepatitis __ can be transmitted through sexual contact, the sharing of contaminated drug-injection or drug-prep equipment, or sharing of sex toys

A

B

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22
Q

Hepatitis __ can be transmitted through blood contact, the sharing of contaminated drug-injection or drug-prep equipment, and sexual activities that cause trauma to the sites of sexual contact. Also, it is not readily transmissible through most sexual activities

A

C

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23
Q

__ is an uncommon STI in most regions of Canada. It is prevalent in parts of Africa and other areas of the world and more common among women with multiple sex partners

A

Trichomoniasis (“trich”)

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24
Q

If trichomoniasis is left untreated, what can happen?

A

Infertility, increased risk of cervical cancer, inflammation of the uterus, endometritis, and premature delivery

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25
Q

How is public lice transmitted?

A

Direct sexual or non-sexual contact with infected persons, contaminated surfaces such as bed sheets or towels

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26
Q

Moniliasis, also commonly referred to as __ or __ is a vaginal yeast infection caused by the overgrowth of naturally occurring vaginal organisms

A

Candidiasis; thrush

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27
Q

__ is caused by an overgrowth of bacteria that normally live in the vagina, and it is fairly common in pregnant women. It is not considered an STI, and it is not entirely clear how it is caused

A

Bacterial vaginosis (BV)

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of Moniliasis ‘thrush’?

A

Pain during intercourse, vaginal itchiness, and discharge that may be white and clumpy in acute cases

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29
Q

What are the symptoms of Bacterial vaginosis (BV)?

A

Fishy odour, vaginal discharge, itching around the vagina, pain during intercourse (dyspareunia)

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30
Q

When condoms are used correctly and consistently, they will effectively prevent several STIs including: __
Although they may not be as highly effective in the prevention of: __

A

Chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, and HIV;

Genital herpes and HPV infection (because these can be transmitted via areas that condoms do not completely cover)

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31
Q

Highly effective vaccines are available to prevent infections with:

A

HPV, hepatitis A and B

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32
Q

What does secondary prevention measure (STIs)?

A

Measures include sign and symptom awareness, STI screening and testing, Pap tests, adherence to STI treatment, partner notification and treatment

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33
Q

Research has demonstrated that children who know a lot about sexuality are more likely to:

A

Make informed and responsible sexual choices as they get older

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34
Q

Preadolescence, which generally occurs between ages 8-12, is the developmental stage that Freud refers to as the:

A

Latency period; suggesting that children’s interest in sex and sexuality decreases during this stage

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35
Q

When does sexualization occur?

A

When people are made to feel as though their value or worth is linked to their sexual appeal, when they equate their physical attractiveness to being sexy, when they are sexually objectified, etc

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36
Q

During puberty, the __ characteristics change, and __ characteristics develop as a result of hormonal changes

A

Primary sex; secondary sex

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37
Q

In females, the most salient biological change is __, although girls also begin to develop secondary sex characteristics

A

Menarche (first of menstruation)

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38
Q

Males also experience their first ejaculation, sometimes referred to as __

A

Semenarche

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39
Q

Why can dating be very difficult for LGBTQ teenagers?

A

Lack of opportunity and presence of social disapproval

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40
Q

What is serial monogamy?

A

Having a series of exclusive, intimate relationships, one following immediately or closely after the termination of another

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41
Q

Canadian researchers have found that people who spend more time on Facebook report:

A

More jealousy-related feelings and behaviors

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42
Q

Research has shown that individuals who engage in extradyadic sex tend:

A

To be male, more educated, less religious, and tend to have more sexual interests, more permissive sexual values, more opportunity for sex outside of the relationship, and less satisfaction in their primary relationship

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43
Q

Researchers concluded that __ experience more sexual problems associated with the biological effects of aging

A

Men

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44
Q

The time after the last menses is referred to as __

A

Postmenopause

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45
Q

A steady decrease in testosterone in the brain and body of older men has also been associated with:

A

The decline in sexual function and sexual desire

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46
Q

__ on the part of health care professionals and embarrassment may stand in the way of routine STI testing

A

Ageism

47
Q

Why do we use the term affectional orientation over sexual orientation?

A

The term sexual orientation is too limited, as it overemphasizes the sexual aspects of an orientation and thus oversimplifies what an orientation is

48
Q

How does the Kinsey Scale determine placement of sexual/affectional orientation?

A

Offers operational definitions of sexual orientation that range from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual; placement on the scale is determined primarily by self-reported sexual behaviour and secondarily by self-reported sexual desires and attractions

49
Q

What is the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid?

A

It includes measures of 7 components:

1) Sexual attraction
2) Sexual behaviour
3) Sexual fantasies
4) Emotional preference
5) Social preference
6) Self-identification
7) Heterosexual/homosexual lifestyle
- Each component is assigned a number from 1 (other sex only) to 7 (same sex only) past & present and self-defined “ideal” circumstances

50
Q

What are the six components of the Alderson, Orzeck, Davis, and Boyes scale (which is based on The Sexuality Questionnaire)?

A

1) Sexual attraction
2) Sexual fantasies
3) Sexual preference
4) Propensity to fall in love romantically
5) Being in love romantically
6) The extent to which one has female and/or female sexual partners

51
Q

Why are sexual identity labels considered socially constructed?

A

Labels such as gay/lesbian identity, bisexual, etc, indicate more than just preference for engaging in sexual and romantic relationships with members of a certain sex; they also entail certain self-perceptions and world views i.e. Most gay females prefer to refer to themselves as lesbian because a lesbian identity generally carries with it a certain political allegiance to female solidarity and feminist ideology

52
Q

An important factor in adopting a certain sexual identity label is that:

A

The identity it signifies has a personal significance to the individual

53
Q

What is a queer identity?

A

An identity status that is intended to not label one’s sexuality
(in a sense, this is an oxymoron as saying one has a queer identity IS to label one’s identity)

54
Q

In terms of identity labels, what are the differences of essentialism and social constructionism?

A

Essentialism: Consists of a belief that identity is natural, inevitable, and genetically and biologically determined

Social constructionism: Consists of a belief that identity is a result of a social construction, and that people do not need to fit into a certain identity

55
Q

What did researchers find when sampling an asexual group of men and a normative group of men?

A

Although men in the asexual group reported lower sexual response than the normative men, these men masturbated with the same frequency as normative men

56
Q

How did the Ancient Greeks view same-sex sexual behaviour?

A

They held more positive views of male-male sexual behaviour than did other cultures, but they were only acceptable for members of upper classes, caused much moral debate among philosophers, and were never viewed positively by the majority of citizens

57
Q

What is conversion therapy?

A

Therapy directed at changing a same-sex or bisexual orientation into a heterosexual orientation

58
Q

What are the serious ethical concerns associated with conversion therapy?

A

It targets only individuals with same-sex orientations, and its goal is essentially to “fix” a minority population that is deemed to have undesirable traits; research evidence demonstrates the negative consequences of CT such as increased suicide, increased anxiety and depression and self-esteem etc.

59
Q

What is LGBTTIQQ affirmative therapy?

A

Therapy directed at helping LGBTTIQQ individuals view their sexual/affectional orientation, sexual identity, and/or gender identity in a positive light

60
Q

Jannini et al. investigated the role of biological as well as cultural factors in determining affectional orientation, they restricted their focus to male-male sexuality for which 3 reasons?

A

1) Same-sex sexual behaviour is more common among males than among females
2) There is more scientific research regarding male-male sexual behaviour
3) Religious and moral concerns are more focused on male-male sexuality as compared to female-female sexuality

61
Q

What are the two most consistent findings that support a biological causality of same sex sexual/affectional orientation?

A

1) Hand preference - Gay men are more frequently left-handed compared to heterosexual men
2) Fraternal birth order - The greater number of older brothers a male has, the more likely he will identify as gay

62
Q

John Money provided evidence that sexual orientation is determined by:

A

Prenatal hormones; males who are prenatally exposed to too little testosterone have an increased chance of identifying as gay later in life, and for females too much testosterone have an increased chance of identifying as either bisexual or lesbian later in life

63
Q

What is identity confusion?

A

The individual labels some of his or her thoughts, emotions, and/or behaviours as homosexual; which creates a deeper question of whether the person should identify as gay or lesbian

64
Q

What is identity comparison?

A

The feelings of being different result in some degree of social alienation, and further questioning occurs

65
Q

What is identity tolerance?

A

The individual moves closer to identifying as a gay or lesbian person, expressed in the statement “I probably am a gay person.” They begin to seek out the company of other gay individuals and their subculture

66
Q

What is identity acceptance?

A

The individual accepts a gay or lesbian identity instead of merely tolerating and exploring it

67
Q

What is identity pride?

A

The individual is absorbed into the gay/lesbian community, spending most of his/her time with these people, and develops a certain distrust of heterosexual people

68
Q

What is identity synthesis?

A

The individual’s homosexual identity becomes integrated with his/her other identities; it no longer rules the person’s interactions with others

69
Q

What is identity disclosure?

A

The process of telling another person or other people your sexual identity label

70
Q

What are the reasons why lesbian couples report greater relationship satisfaction than gay or heterosexual couples?

A

1) Their desire for and achievement of equality in their relationships
2) The high value placed on emotional intimacy
3) Their attachment styles
4) Their ability to resolve conflict
5) Their high levels of self-esteem
6) The social support they garner for their lives together

71
Q

What doesn’t a substantial bisexual community exist?

A

Many bisexual men and women report feeling isolated, at least in part because they are often viewed by non-bisexual individuals as “fence sitters” who pursue pleasure without taking on the stigma that often comes with a gay or lesbian identity

72
Q

What is often the key reason and strong motivator for entering into a romantic relationship with another person?

A

Attraction

73
Q

What is the mere-repeated-exposure effect?

A

The tendency for repeated exposure to a stimulus (i.e. another person) to increase our preference for that stimulus

74
Q

__ is the term used to refer to our tendency to associate and connect with others who are similar to us

A

Homophily

75
Q

People tend to choose and often marry partners who are similar to themselves, a tendency known as __

A

Assortative mating

76
Q

Do women prefer more masculine or feminine looking faces?

A

Depends; for women that are most fertile (follicular phase of menstrual cycle) they believe masculine faces are more attractive, but prefer feminine male faces at times of low fertility (luteal phase)

77
Q

There is evidence to suggest that people prefer partners who have MHC genes that are __ to their own

A

Dissimilar

78
Q

Research has revealed that in general both men and women prefer what type of pick up lines?

A

Innocuous and direct lines over cute-flippant ones

79
Q

What is intimacy often characterized by?

A

Affection, caring, trust, understanding, sharing, togetherness, and associated with feelings of closeness in a relationships

80
Q

What are the five types of intimacy commonly assessed with the Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationships (PAIR)?

A

1) Emotional “My partner listens to me when I need to talk
2) Social “Having time together with friends is important”
3) Sexual “Sexual expression is essential”
4) Intellectual “My partner helps my clarify my thoughts”
5) Recreational “We enjoy the same recreational activities”

81
Q

What is attachment theory?

A

Our formation of relationships in adulthood is shaped by our early experiences and attachment to caregivers in childhood

82
Q

What is secure attachment style?

A

Those with a positive view of themselves who are able to easily form close relationships with others

83
Q

In the Positive Model of Other, what is Preoccupied?

A

Overly invested and involved in close relationships; dependent on others for self-worth, demanding, needy etc.

84
Q

In the Positive Model of Other, what is Dismissing?

A

Compulsively self-reliant, distant in relationships; downplays the importance of intimate relationships

85
Q

In the Positive Model of Other, what is Fearful?

A

Dependent on others, but avoids intimacy due to fear of rejection. Low self-esteem and high attachment anxiety.

86
Q

In the Positive Model of Other, what is Secure?

A

Comfortable with intimacy and autonomy in close relationships; self-confident, and resolves conflict constructively

87
Q

What are the two most common types of love?

A

1) Passionate love

2) Companionate love

88
Q

What is passionate love?

A

A state of intense loving for union with another “being in love”

89
Q

__ love seems to share brain patterns with other euphoric states such as cocaine-induced euphoria

A

Passionate

90
Q

What happens in the brain when one is rejected in love?

A

A study has found that dopamine-rich areas of the brain associated with motivation and reward were activated in individuals who viewed a photo of their ex-partner

91
Q

What is the duplex theory of love?

A

It consists of two parts or subtheories:

1) The triangular theory of love
2) The theory of love as a story

92
Q

What is the triangular theory of love?

A

Focuses on the structure of love;
Three components form different types of love:
1) Intimacy
2) Passion
3) Commitment(decision)
- Intimacy involves feelings of closeness to a loved one
- Passion involves physical arousal and attraction
- Commitment is the decision that one person loves another

93
Q

__ love, also known as complete love, is often what people endeavour for in romantic relationships

A

Consummate

94
Q

What is habituation (sexual)?

A

When increased accessibility to a partner and predictability in sexual interactions leads to reduced sexual interest

95
Q

__ refers to romantic, erotic, and passionate love; intense and wishes to know a partner on all levels

A

Eros

96
Q

__ is love based on friendship and compatibility; someone who likely values commitment in the long term over excitement

A

Storge

97
Q

__ is game-playing love that does not involve commitment; they may have intimate or sexual relationships with numerous others

A

Ludus

98
Q

__ is practical love that involves rational decision-making; they may have a list of qualities she/he is looking for in a partner

A

Pragma

99
Q

__ is dependent, possessive, and obsessional love; may experience emotional ups and downs in a relationship

A

Mania

100
Q

__ is altruistic love that is characterized by giving rather than receiving; compassionate and places more importance on a partner’s well-being than on her or his own

A

Agape

101
Q

Berscheid et al. two-factor theory of live proposed that passionate love arises when two conditions are met:

A

1) Intense physiological arousal is experienced by an individual
2) Situational cues i.e. the presence of another person

102
Q

What is misattribution of arousal?

A

When one physiological arousal stemming from one state (e.g. fear) is misinterpreted as stemming from another state (e.g. love)

103
Q

What is objectum sexuality (OS)?

A

Feel emotionally and physically attracted to and fall in love with an object or objects; often described as a sexual orientation

104
Q

What is optimal sexuality?

A

Having sexual experiences that are (subjectively) extraordinary

105
Q

__ theory has been applied to the study of jealousy

A

Evolutionary theory

106
Q

What are the two main goals in educating Canadians about sexuality?

A

1) Promoting positive sexual health outcomes i.e. informed productive decisions
2) Avoiding negative sexual health outcomes i.e. STIs, unintended pregnancy

107
Q

What are the five key principles that are identified in the Canadian Guidelines?

A

1) Accessibility - sex education should be available to all Canadians
2) Comprehensiveness - program content should cover all relevant areas with age-appropriate topics
3) Effective approaches - sex education should go beyond simply providing participants with information about sex i.e. encourage personal insight
4) Training and support - people should go undergo mandatory training
5) Program planning, evaluation & revision - sex education programs should be developed to address the needs of the targeted audience and the community at large

108
Q

What are the IMB model outlined steps for effective program development and evaluation?

A

1) Determine the sexual health needs of the target population through research
2) Design a program to meet these needs
3) Evaluate the program

109
Q

The IMB model specifies that sexual health behaviours are initiated and maintained by three factors:

A

1) Information or knowledge about the behaviour - to reduce sexual health risks and promote healthy sexuality
2) Motivation to apply knowledge in order to maintain sexual health - emotional, personal & social motivations
3) Behavioural skills enabling someone to engage in sexual health behaviour, which includes objective skills i.e. being able to negotiate condom use with partner

110
Q

What are the two main types of sex education programs in North America?

A

1) Comprehensive programs

2) Abstinence-only sexual health education

111
Q

What do comprehensive sex education programs promote?

A

Abstaining from sexual activity and employing strategies to protect oneself from STIs and unintended pregnancy

112
Q

McKay et. al state that school-based sex education in Canada should not be based within an abstinence-only framework for two main reasons:

A

1) Abstinence-only programs can be viewed as unethical because they without some of the information people need to make informed decisions about their sexual health
2) The long-term effectiveness of abstinence-only programs on reducing sexual behaviour among teens has not been demonstrated in the majority of studies

113
Q

What is a ceiling effect?

A

A levelling off of an effect when something reaches its maximum impact on something else

HS 44 (2 decks)

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