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2120 Health and Illness Concepts II > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A

an immunologic defense against tissue injury, infection, or allergy

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2
Q

First outcome

A

Involves acute inflammation and restitution
Best possible outcome
(ex-sprained ankle)

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3
Q

Acute inflammation

A

initial response to injury

Focus is to eradicate dead tissue and protect against infection

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4
Q

Restitution

A

damaged tissue is replaced by identical tissue

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5
Q

Second outcome

A

fibrous repair of the damaged tissue and formation of scar tissue
Substantial tissue damage (ex-burn)

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6
Q

Third outcome

A

development of chronic inflammation;
pathologic agent remains active;
tissue destruction continues;
high outcome of morbidity and mortality

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7
Q

Fourth outcome

A

death of tissue and death of host

worst possible outcome

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8
Q

What are the outward signs of acute inflammation?

A

5 cardinal signs:

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

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9
Q

Physiologic changes of acute inflammation

A

increased blood flow;
migration of leukocytes from the blood to the tissues;
proteins, fluids, lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes

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10
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

continues for weeks to years, never really goes away;

a granuloma is formed

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11
Q

Granuloma

A

at the site of an injury: an accumulation of macrophages, fibroblasts and collagen

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12
Q

Important history to assess for inflammation?

A 
What was the trigger?
-exposure to allergens
-exposure to infectious agents
-recent injury
Risk factors: very young, very old, immunocompromised
Physiological ability to respond
Symptoms and duration
Treatment up to the point of diagnosis
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13
Q

Internal signs of inflammation

A

fever, increased WBC, slowing/absence of tissue/organ function

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14
Q

Labs for inflammation

A

WBC with differential
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

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15
Q

C-reactive protein (CRP)

A

elevation tells us that there is presence of inflammation;

marker for cardiac disease

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16
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

refereed to as esedrate;

elevation indicates presence of inflammation

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17
Q

Epstein-Barr

A

virus that causes mononutriosis

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18
Q

C-diff

A

3 loose stools confirm presence;

needs protective isolation

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19
Q

H.pylori

A

microorganism;

antibiotic 7-10 days and ulcer is gone

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20
Q

Primary prevention of inflammation

A

hand hygiene, clean wounds, safety equipment in sports (helmets, padding), food and water safety standards

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21
Q

What does RICE stand for? (used for sprains)

A

Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation

22
Q

Steroid usage in inflammation

A

effective in reducing swelling and pain

23
Q

NSAIDs in inflammation

A

good for pain, fever, and inflammation

24
Q

Antipyretics in inflammation

A

for fever (103 or higher, get blood culture)

25
Q

Analgesics in inflammation

A

for pain

26
Q

Antimicrobials in inflammation

A

for actual microorganisms or prophylaxis

27
Q

Evidence definition

A

an integration of the best evidence available, nursing expertise, and the values and preferences of the individuals, families and communities that are served

28
Q

Primary literature involves

A

quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed design research
(original research)

29
Q

Quantitative research includes:

A

objective observation and validation;

random controlled double blind studies

30
Q

objective observation and validation

A

forms hypothesis of what the researcher is trying to prove

31
Q

random controlled double blind studies

A

least amount of bias;
two groups: controlled and experimental;
both patients and researchers are blind to interventions

32
Q

Qualitative research includes:

A

a person’ts experiences, interviews, surveys, questionaires

33
Q

Mixed design research

A

a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research;

provides a holistic approach to research questions

34
Q

Secondary literature involves

A

evidence summaries, and systematic reviews/meta-analysis

35
Q

Evidence summaries

A

summarizes original research studies

36
Q

Systematic reviews/meta-analysis

A

synthesis of the evidence and conclusion on effectiveness;

summarizes evidence from multiple studies

37
Q

Attributes of evidence

A

has to have:

  • replicability
  • reliability
  • validity
38
Q

GRADE system

A

Grades of recommendation assessment, development, and evaluation

39
Q

Grade A

A

Strongly recommends: high certainty that net benefit is substancial

40
Q

Grade B

A

Recommends: high certainty that the net benefit is moderate to substancial

41
Q

Grade C

A

Neutral: moderate certainty that the net benefit is small

42
Q

Grade D

A

Recommends against: moderate to high certainty that there is no net benefit OR that the harm to the patient outweighs the benefit

43
Q

Grade E or I

A

Insufficient evidence to recommend for or against

44
Q

Randomized controlled trial

A

test group and controlled group

45
Q

Cohort study

A

research following one group of people

46
Q

Case-controlled study

A

study of two groups that have two different outcomes

47
Q

Case study/reports

A

detailed analysis of members o f a group and making inferences

48
Q

Longitudinal study

A

study over time

49
Q

Ethnography

A

study of people and cultures

50
Q

Phenomenology

A

study of experiences and consciousness as experienced from a 1st person point of view

51
Q

Grounded theory

A

discovery of theory through analysis of data

2120 Health and Illness Concepts II (3 decks)

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