Exam 3 Flashcards
bilateral
relations between two states, for example a bilateral summit is a high-level conference between two states
mercantilism
an economic policy that combines free enterprise and government. the government uses its power, including its military, to enhance private business, and probate business provides revenues to the government to maintain and enhance its power
protectionism
policy of blocking or restricting the trade from other countries in order to “protect” domestic business from economic competition with foreign companies
colonialism
the situation where one country takes over another country and administers it with local bureaucracy
metropole
the “mother city” or center of empire. the metropole of the british empire was london
begger thy neighbor
an economic policy that stresses trade protectionism and causes other countries to bear the cost of efforts at securing prosperity at home
absolute advantage
when a country is more efficient at producing a single good than another country
comparative advantage
being more efficient at producing a good or strive relative to another goof or service. even if one country has an absolute advantage over another in all products, both countries benefit by specializing in the products they each produce most efficiently (their comparative advantage) and trading for the others
Industrial Revolution
the transition of many of the worlds states from an agricultural economic system to one that was based on industry. during this period, factories replaced farms as the biggest producer in many countries
hyperinflation
a situation where a currency loses is value very quickly. regular inflation occurs at relative low levels (3-5%) but hyperinflation means a currency can lose most of its value in a year, month or even day
trade war
a situation when many or all states engage in protectionism, the states try to block imports and promote exports, nut since al countries do this, very little international trade occurs
central planned (or command) economy
an economy that is run by the government rather than private citizens. examples include the Soviet Union and North Korea
Liberal International Economic Order (LIEO)
the post-World War 2 international economic system but on commitments to free trade and free market economics, with international institutions to help countries coordinate and cooperate
Bretton Woods System
the global economic system established in the US and other countries after WW2 to promote capitalism, free trade, and policy coordination. created the World Bank and IMF
World Bank
organization created in 1945 that provide loans and grants to countries for long-term development. the world bank stated by helping fund the reconstruction of Europe after WW2 and later focused on helping countries in the developing world grow their economies
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
organization created to help maintain a cooperative international system. the IMF helps countries facing balance-of-payments problems with short-term loans and also helps counties reschedule their debt
gold standard
US made the dollar gold back and equals $35 per ounce
austerity program
program of severely restricting government spending, often on welfare programs, imposed when the country must balance its accounts
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade( GATT)
an organization of countries that agree to work together to reduce trade barriers and promote free trade. tore members were considered “most favored nations” and received preferential trade agreements. the GATT was replaced but the World Trade Organization
Most-Favored Nation (MFN)
a preferential trade status that members of the GATT gave to other members. MFN could also be granted to non-members if a country was close to do so. The US granted China MFN stars for years before China entered the agreement
non-tariff barrier
a requirement that foreign goods or services must meet that is specifically designed to block or obstruct those goods or services from sale in that market
liberal capitalism
a philosophy of complete or near complete free markets and no governmental regulation in the economy. there are variations to liberal capitalism, but the idea is minimal government involvement in the economy
World Trade Organization
basically enforced what the GATT laid out.
devalue
when currency loses its value compared to other currencies
globalization
the global spread of technology, money, products, culture, and opinions through foreign trade, investments, transportation, and cultural exchange
islamist
extreme fundamentalists muslims
fair trade
the concept that producers should be paid a fair price do their products
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
a free trade agreement between Canada, Mexico and the US. The agreement greatly reduced all barriers to trade between the countries and resulted in a significant increase in trade of goods and services between all three
Eurozone
the portion of Europe that uses euro currency instead of the national currency
supranational organization
an institute, organization, or law that is over other states EX: EU is a supranational organizations because it has authority over many European States
liquidity crisis
a situation when a government runs out of cash and is unable to make minimum payments on its debt
subprime loans
loans given by banks to private citizens that would be considered to have a high likelihood of default. thesis loans were made to promote home ownership, but drove up prices and ultimately created an unsustainable economy that collapsed and caused the great recession
negative interest rate
a government policy of charging banks for holding too much of their currency in reserve. the policy is meant to make loans more available and spur economic growth.
economic statecraft
to use of economic means (money) to secure political ends (or goals.
tariff
a taxon products imported into one country from another country
economic sanctions
the cessation of some or all economic change between two countries
fissile material
nuclear materical used for atomic weapons
import and export sanctions
when one country reduces or stops biting or selling products from/to another country
sanctioning state
the sender, the one that reduces or cuts off completely from trading with another country
aid sanctions
cutting off aid to a country in order to change that country’s behavior
financial sanctions
the freezing of a county financial assets held in another country
third-party sanctions
a sanction levied against a third party state to keep that state from doing business with the primary target of the sanctions
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
an independent intergovernmental organization that reports to the UN and UNSC concerning the peaceful use of atomic energy, nuclear proliferation, and nuclear safeguards
arms embargo
not selling weapons to a country
coup d’état
translated to a “strike against the state;” when there is a forceful change in the government that overthrows the current leadership
foreign aid
money given by one country (the diner) to another country (the recipient) for health, economic development, or poverty relief
development aid
aid given to a country that needs help with it’s economy
Organization for Economic Cooperative and Development (OECD)
organization for 34 member states that promotes liberal economic and political reforms
Millennium Development Goals
eight goals established by the UN in 2000 to foster development in a sustainable and equal manner
military aid
aid given to a country to enhance their military
Organization of American States (OAS)
international organization composed of states in the North and South American continents
African Union (AU)
organizations in Africa devoted to representing the interests of African states
democracy aid
aid given to help a country enhance and consolidate its transition to democracy
humanitarian aid
aid given to a country to help mitigate the effects from a disaster or other humanitarian emergency
fungible
ability to use one type of power for multiple purposes
Magna Carta
the “Great Charter” signed by King John of England in 1215 which noted that freemen had a certain rights that the monarch could not take away, including the right not to be in prisoned without legal justification or a judgement by one’s peers
individual rights (first generation rights)
rights that individuals have simply because they are human beings and which are not to be violated by governments
societal rights (second generation rights)
material and economic rights that apply society-wide, such as the rights to education, employment, shelter, healthcare and so on
group rights (third generation rights)
rights needed to protect unpopular or minority groups from oppression of majority
honor-killings
the murder of girls or women by their husband, fathers, brothers, etc, when they were thought to violate socially acceptable sexually based roles. Kill them to restore honor, and not always prosecuted
cultural relativism
the idea that human rights are not truly universal and that different cultures have different systems of rights
responsibility to protect (R2P)
the norm that states have a responsibility to protect their citizens from avoidable harm. if they can not or will not the international community has a responsibility to intervene (UN)
Convention of Genocide
made genocide a crime no matter the circumstances
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
provided a list of the rights of all people
war crimes
excessive brutality in war, in violation of international treaties or conventions
restorative justice
a justice that seeks to repair the damage done to victims, give a voice to victim, and allow them to enter a more just society
populist revolutions
grassroots revolts typically against repressive governments, dominated by mass turnouts of the people
smart sanctions
sanctions that target specific individuals thought to be responsible for a regime’s human rights abuses rather than targeting a state’s entire population
International Criminal Court (ICC)
international court in the Netherlands that tries individuals accused of war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, and aggression
international civil society
non GNO based on norms of democracy and human rights (i.e. the Red Cross)
transnational advocacy networks (TANs)
when international organizations, non-governmental organizations and even individuals as types of actors come together from multiple countries to form broader recurring networks (only GNOs)
zionism
the movement to create a jewish homeland in Palestine
norms life cycle
the idea that TANs are successful when they can create new norms
policy entrepreneurs
individuals committed to innovate policy change and who voluntarily work to achieve these changes
boomerang model
internal groups repressed by their own states can turn to TANs to put pressure on other states, to then put pressure on those to go to the repressive state from the outside
self orientated TANs
TANs that advocate values that primarily benefit the network members
