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Political Science 130 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

war

A

organized, violent (i.e. military) conflict between two or more parties

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2
Q

interstate war

A

armed conflict between two or more states

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3
Q

extra-systemic or extra-state war

A

armed conflict between a site and a non-state entity, such as colonial wars and wars with non-state national or terrorist groups

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4
Q

conventional war

A

armed conflict between two or more states in which military forces of each side are used against each other, and in which weapons of mass destructions such as nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons are not used

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5
Q

general war

A

armed conflicts in which the participants seek to conquer and control territory of their opponents and use the full available arsenals against military targets and against the infrastructure of the country

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6
Q

limited war

A

armed conflict with conventional weapons for limited goals and without use of full available arsenals

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7
Q

unconventional war

A

armed conflict in which civilian and non-military targets are emphasized, forced used include nontraditional forces outside organized militaries, and in which a wide array of weaponry including weapons of mass destructions may be employed

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8
Q

weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

A

nuclear, chemical and biological weapons

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9
Q

asymmetric war

A

armed conflict between two or more groups of very different military size or power

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10
Q

IEDs (improvised explosive devices)

A

a homemade bomb, often placed on roadsides and other sites, fashioned from an explosive devise and a detonator, usually triggered by remote

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11
Q

terrorism

A

indiscriminate violence aimed at noncombatants to influence a wider audience

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12
Q

state-sponsored terrorism

A

includes covert and overt repression of and violence against civilian populations, and more extreme acts such as genocide, supported or perpetrated but the state

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13
Q

trinitarian war

A

armed conflict in which the roles and participation of government, militaries, and populations are distinct

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14
Q

non-trinitarian war

A

armed conflict in which the roles and participation of government are blurred

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15
Q

power transition theory

A

systemic theory holding that wars are most likely when charged in power distributions occur

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16
Q

cyclical theories of war

A

conflict based on the rise and relative decline of leading powers in the international system in which stability occurs as the victors in major wars assert themselves, and war occurs as a function of the subsequent and inevitable rise of challengers to those dominant powers

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17
Q

hegemon

A

a country that is an undisputed leader within its region or the world. After WW2, the United States was considered the world hegemon

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18
Q

national attributes

A

features of states or nations such as regime type, type of economy, culture, geography, resources and the like.

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19
Q

diversionary theory

A

states suffering from poor economic conditions or internal strife are more likely to resort to force outside their borders in efforts to divert attention from those internal problems

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20
Q

war weariness

A

states that have most recently experienced a significant, costly war are more peaceful in the aftermath because of the impact of those costs and experiences

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21
Q

frustration-aggression theory

A

resort to violence under conditions of persistent denial of expected treatment, for example, fairness and equality

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22
Q

relative deprivation

A

discrepancy between what people actually have and what they think they deserve based on what others actually have

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23
Q

ethnic geography

A

the spatial and ecological aspects of ethnicity, which affect the culture, politics and social practices of states, nations, groups, and individuals

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24
Q

irredentist claims (or irredentism)

A

claims to territory in another state based on historical control or the presence of people with common ethnic identity

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25
Q

primordialism

A

stresses the fundamental bonds of kinship and identity that establish ethnic differences that divide people and often generate ancient ethnic hatreds

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26
Q

intrumentalism

A

stresses the role of leaders who emphasize and exacerbate ethnic differences as a means to their own ends

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27
Q

constructivism (and ethnicity)

A

emphasizes the social construction of identity and the ways that social interactions define ethnicity for groups of people

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28
Q

political sovereignty

A

the principle that a state has authority and independence to rule without interference within its own borders

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29
Q

territorial integrity

A

the principle that other actors should not violate the territory or boundaries of a state

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30
Q

defense burden

A

the ratio of military spending to overall gross domestic product of a country

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31
Q

revolution in military affairs

A

the transformation of weapons, military organizations, and operational concepts for military force that leverages the information and communications revolutions of the latter twentieth and early twenty-first centuries

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32
Q

arms race

A

peacetime competition in armaments bu two or more states driven by conflict interest, fear, and suspicion

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33
Q

alliance

A

formal commitments between states to cooperate for specific purposed such as mutual defense

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34
Q

protection

A

(in alliances) an arrangement by a small state to gain help from a larger state

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35
Q

bandwagoning

A

(in alliances) siding with a rising power to gain benefits

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36
Q

balancing

A

(in alliances) forming coalitions to counter the rising power and threat of a state

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37
Q

balance of power politics

A

patterns of shifting alliances, force, and counterforce among states as they seek power, counter the efforts of rivals, and confront security threats

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38
Q

internal balancing

A

countering the power go a rival by increasing one’s own power and military might

39
Q

external balancing

A

countering the power of a rival by forming coalitions with other states

40
Q

deterrence

A

persuading a potential adversary to refrain from attacking through the threat of costly retaliation

41
Q

direct deterrence

A

the use of retaliatory threats to discourage attacks against the state making the deterrence threat

42
Q

extended deterrence

A

retaliatory threats to discourage attacks against allies and friends of the state making the deterrent threat

43
Q

immediate deterrence

A

the threat to retaliate against attackers who are believed to be actively considering specific military operations against the target

44
Q

general deterrence

A

threats to retaliate in a context of underlying politico-military competition, but when there is no active military conflict generating the need to respond

45
Q

massive retaliation

A

the threat to respond to provocations with disproportionate and devastating nuclear attacks

46
Q

brinkmanship

A

the strategy of escalating conflicts or crises to nuclear threats in order to force the other side to back down

47
Q

mutually assured destruction (MAD)

A

the ability of both sides to field a secure, second-strike capability of sufficient size to destroy a significant portion of the other side’s society

48
Q

counter-value

A

targeting an adversary’s cities and industrial centers for nuclear strikes

49
Q

counter-force

A

targeting an adversary’s nuclear arsenals and other war-fighting abilities for nuclear strikes

50
Q

defence

A

deploying and using military force to fight of an attack

51
Q

preemption

A

the use of military force to strike first when an attack is imminent to blunt the effectiveness of the impending attack

52
Q

prevention

A

the use of military force to strike first when an attack is inevitable to take advantage of more favorable balance of forces rather than wait for an adversary to fain the advantage from which to strike

53
Q

national missile defense

A

the capability to protect a country from nuclear attack by shooting down incoming missiles

54
Q

theater missile defense

A

the capability to protect a specific or limited geographic area from nuclear attack by shooting down incoming missiles

55
Q

compellence

A

the use of military force to stop a for from doing something it was already doing, or force it to start doing something it was not yet doing

56
Q

coercive diplomacy

A

a strategy that combines threats and the selective use of force with negotiation in a bargaining strategy to persuade an adversary to comply with one’s demands

57
Q

disarmament

A

the elimination of arsenals or classes or types of weapons

58
Q

arms control

A

regulation of the amount, type, positioning, or use of weapons

59
Q

Baruch Plan

A

a nuclear disarmament proposal authored by U.S. statesman Bernard Baruch after WWII to place nuclear weapons and energy activities under the control and authority of the UN

60
Q

collective security

A

states join together into an organization, ban the use of force by its members, and commit themselves to joining together to respond to any attack by one member on any other member

61
Q

peacekeeper

A

the provision of third-party forces from the UN or other regional organizations to help keep peace by providing a buffer between parties in conflict, often along a border or an agreed-upon cease-fire line to monitor and maintain peace

62
Q

security community

A

a group of states bound by shared identities and interests and complex interactions among which security threats are virtually nonexistent

63
Q

cultural exchange

A

programs involving the exchange of citizens - students, teachers, scientist, artist, and others - between countries to foster cultural understanding and cooperation

64
Q

democracy promotion

A

a cluster of activities ranging from diplomacy to aid intervention designed to foster and support democratization in other countries

65
Q

functionalism and neo-functionalism

A

technical cooperation on economic and social issues the build linkages and shared interests among societies and expand to more areas, leading to even greater cooperation and institutional connections

66
Q

Law of the Sea Convention

A

a treaty thar first went into force in 1982 and then was revised in 1994; 165 states are parties to this treaty, as is the EU, which sets rules for the use and protection of the high seas and its resources

67
Q

international law

A

a body of res that binds states and other agents in world politics in their relations to one another

68
Q

treaty

A

formal, written agreements among states

69
Q

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

A

a 1969 agreement among states defining the nature and obligations regarding treaties under international law

70
Q

custom

A

the general practice of states accepted as law; a source of international law

71
Q

universal jurisdiction

A

the idea that states have a right and duty to enforce international law when in comes to the most serious human rights abuses such as genocide, crimes against humanity, torture, war crimes, extrajudicial killings, and forced disappearances, regardless of where these offenses ay occur or whether or not the alleged violator is from another country

72
Q

reciprocity

A

in international law, the principle that a state follows international law so that others will do so in return

73
Q

national enforcement

A

states enforce some international law through their own national legal systems

74
Q

horizontal enforcement

A

those measures that states themselves can take when a state violates an international law and other states can attempt to punish the violator themselves

75
Q

vertical enforcement

A

the enforcement of international law by international institutions

76
Q

compulsory jurisdiction

A

in international law, the condition in which parties to a dispute must submit the case to a court

77
Q

majority rule

A

in internation organizations, a decision process that relies on voting with one vote per member, in which gaining a majority of the votes prevails

78
Q

weighted voting

A

in international organizations, a decision rule in which member votes are weighted according to some factor related to size, power or wealth

79
Q

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A

one of the Bretton Woods organizations created in 1946 to help maintain countries facing balance-of-payment problems with short-term loans and also helps countries reschedule their debt

80
Q

unit veto

A

in international organizations, a decision rule in which some or all members can block decisions with their voters: in a pure unit veto decision rule every member exercises a veto; in a modified unit veto, only some members have the veto power

81
Q

P-5 (Perm-5)

A

the five permanent members of the UN Security Council - the United States, Britain, France, China, and Russia - each of which holds veto power

82
Q

World Bank

A

a Bretton Woods organization created in 1945 that provides loans and grants to countries for long-term development. The World Bank started by helping fund the reconstruction of Europe after WWII and later focused on helping countries in the developing world grow their economies

83
Q

Most-Favored Nation (MFN)

A

the trade status the members of GATT gave to each other, ensuring the each received the best trade terms available. MFN could also be granted to non-members if a country chose to do so

84
Q

European Commission (EC)

A

the executive branch of the EU. The Commission is led by the president, has budgetary powers, and includes a 28-member cabinet that oversees policy development in agriculture, trade, social policy, the environment, and many other areas

85
Q

European Council

A

made up of the heads of government of the EU member states, the European Council represents the interest of their member states within the EU

86
Q

Council of Ministers

A

made up of sitting ministers of their national governments, the council of Ministers represents member states and approves all EU legislation

87
Q

European Parliament (EP)

A

the EU legislative body made up of directly elected EU laws, together with the Council of Ministers

88
Q

European Court of Justice

A

the EU’s judicial branch whose rulings take precedent over even national law. It is changed with interpreting EU law and ensuring that it is applied equally across all member states

89
Q

Concert of Europe

A

a nineteenth century multilateral organization composed of Great Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France to promote stability, cooperation, and multilateral diplomacy

90
Q

United Nations

A

an international institution established after WWII to promote peace and security, the development of friendly relations and harmony among nations, and cooperation on international programs

91
Q

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)

A

the plenary body of the UN in which all UN members have a seat. Functioning on a majority rule decision process, it is central forum for discussion of global issues

92
Q

United Nations Security Council

A

15-member council that carries the primary UN responsibilities for peace, security, and collective security operations.

93
Q

UN Secretariat

A

the bureaucracy and administrative arm of the UN

94
Q

UN Secretary General

A

the head of the UN Secretariat, the UN’s administrative leader elected by the UNGA at the recommendation of the UNSC

Political Science 130 (2 decks)

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