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Horse Care Techniques > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Wound assessment

A

1) restrain horse
2) evaluate overall health
3) Assess type of wound
4) Assess age of wound

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2
Q

Biosecurity

A
  • series of management protocols to prevent or limit the spread of infectious diseases
  • goal to prevent diseases from happening at all
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3
Q

Why shoes?

A

1) protection or prevent excessive wear
- once young horses put in work, footing can wear hoof away
2) shoes increase traction on footing
- minimize slipping
- studs and caulks increase even more (cleats)
3) gait alteration
- heavier shoe to add animation (knee and hock action or flexion) during movement
4) therapeutic reasons
- therapeutic shoes correct foot alignment and other problems (wedge pad or shoe with a wing)

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4
Q

Rasping the hoof

A
  • filing down the hoof wall and sole
  • always use a 45 degree angle or heel to toe across foot rather than a perpendicular (side to side motion) because it can create uneven dips
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5
Q

Woven Wire

A 
Pros:
1) durable if installed well and maintained
2) low to moderately expensive
3) sight board on top
Cons:
1) horses feet can get caught
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6
Q

Tracking

A
  • 4th part of lameness evaluation
  • track horse at walk and trot both straight away and in circles to look for gait deviations
  • if predicts its due to soft tissue injury they may track horse on soft footing
  • if predicts its due to bone or joint issues should be monitored on hard footing such as asphalt
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7
Q

MRI

A
  • very advanced, give clearer image of tissue changes, tendon problems
  • very expensive
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8
Q

Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)

- 1888

A
  • virus that can affect all equines (specific pathogen)
    1) Testing
  • Leroy Coggins - 1970s (Coggins Test)
  • Govt program for surveillance and eradication
    2) Transmission
  • infected horses (blood biting insects, dirty needles or bits, infected blood)
    3) Clinical Signs
  • 2 weeks to several months of high fever, depression, lack of appetite, rapid loss of body condition
    4) Vaccine/Treatment
  • none
    5) Management
  • test every 12 months
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9
Q

Tetanus

A
  • caused by clostridium tetani, in places that harbor anaerobic bacteria (rust), spore forming bacterium
    1) Transmission
  • not contagious, infection through punctures, lacerations, exposed tissue
    2) Clinical Signs
  • muscle stiffness, rigidity, flared nostrils, hypersensitivity
    3) treatment
  • supportive
    4) management
  • vaccinate annually, can give tetanus antitoxin after suspected exposure
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10
Q

Blood flow to hoof

A
  • venous blood returned via pumping action
    1) venous plexus on both sides of lateral cartilages
  • coffin bone pushes blood back to heart
    2) movement
  • weight bearing constrict veins and pushes blood out
  • swing phase opens vessels (arterial pressure and gravity bring blood in)
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11
Q

Nerve blocking

A
  • lameness diagnostic tool after basic exam
  • once you’ve flexed you can block pain using lidocaine product, can block nerves in parts of the hoofs or joints, work bottom to top
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12
Q

Electrified Wire or Tape

A 
Pros
1) inexpensive
Cons:
1) must keep it hot
2) it can sag and rust
3) high maintenance
4) can cut horses legs bc won't break
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13
Q

Hoof growth Trends

A

1) grows faster when they are younger
- .6 inches (foal) to .25 inches (aged)
2) hind hooves faster than front (12%)
3) fastest in spring
4) slowest in winter
5) biotin (vitamin B) increases rate of growth
- helps horses with poor hoof growth or hair benefit from it in their feed

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14
Q

Using the knife for farrier work

A
  • be careful to not take off too much sole bc if it’s too thin bruising will occur
  • and don’t take too much of the frog off bc if it is not big enough there will be a lack of pressure with the ground and will compromise blood flow/return and it will increase chances for contraction of heels
  • leave the hoof knife to the pros
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15
Q

1) Antibiotic
2) Antiseptic
3) Antimicrobial
4) Antibacterial

A

1) drug that kills or slows growth of bacteria
2) kills or prevents growth and reproduction of various microorganisms on the external surface of the body
3) kills or slows the growth of microbes
4) interferes with the growth and reproduction of bacteria

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16
Q

Pulling old shoes off

- tool to get it off

A
  • start at the heels and work ur way around
  • crease nail puller is an easier system - you grip the individual head and pull back and forth to loosen then pull forward to remove the nail completely
  • can save the hoof wall
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17
Q

Buffer

A
  • farrier tool
  • “clench cutters”
  • cuts clenches
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18
Q

Keratin

A
  • external hoof: hoof wall
  • hard non-mineralized, fibrous connective tissue
  • 6 to 12 mm thick
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19
Q

Optimize Resistance

A

1) good nutrition
2) good air quality in housing and transport
3) reduce other stressors as possible
4) vaccination

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20
Q

Pritchel

A
  • farrier tool

- is used to carry hit shoe from forge to horse

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21
Q

Stall sizes

A

1) 10 by 10 -> for show venue or short term keeping
2) 10 by 12 -> Minimum size for long term keeping, size of stalls in CUEC staff barn
3) 12 by 12 -> ideal, preferred standard size
4) 12 by 14 -> for larger breed horses

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22
Q

1) cold shoeing

2) hot shoeing

A

1) more common we do this

2) heating up shoe and then putting it on the horse it will stick to the hoof

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23
Q

Other heel problems

A

1) too long heels

2) heel bulb damage

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24
Q

Standard Operating Procedurez

A
  • herd health
  • routine husbandry
  • identifying sick animals
  • separating and treating the sick animals
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25
Q

Desired Barn and Facility Design

A

1) pavements to arenas or trails
2) manure disposal
3) gates to pastures in convenient location
4) utilities
5) bedding and hay storage
6) restroom/office
7) tack and feed rooms
8) quarantine and other biosecurity rooms
9) trailer storage and turn around

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26
Q

How horses handle weather ?

A
  • they can handle any 2 of the 3 inclement weather conditions
  • at least one of the three need to be prevented
  • cold, wind, precipitation (rain, snow, hail)
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27
Q

Ways to reduce risk in visitors

A
  • ask about recent contact with sick horses
  • walk through foot bath
  • wash hands when leaving and entering
  • visitor log
  • no visiting vehicles in barn / pastures
  • have one entrance that all visitors use*
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28
Q

Purpose of Wound Bandaging

A

1) aiding Debridement
2) controlling hemorrhage
3) absorbing exudates
4) preventing wound dessication

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29
Q

Pellets as bedding Pro and Cons

A

Pro:
1) absorbent

Cons:

1) not cushy
2) expands when wet

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30
Q

What determines vaccination site?

A
  • preference of vet/owner
  • temperament of horse
  • risk of area versus safety
  • primarily administered through IM but not always (strangles and influenza aren’t)
  • NEVR INJECT NECK OF NURSING FOAL
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31
Q

Different types of barns

A

1) Hobby Farm (for pleasure)
2) Commercial Operations
- boarding, training, breeding, lesson barn
3) layover barn (overnight stable)
4) rehabilitation facility

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32
Q

Alternative Horseshoe

A
  • therapeutic options

- bars, padding, etc

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33
Q

Desired Orientation of Barn (where barn sits on property)

A

1) Prevailing Winds
- capture summer breeze
- avoid winters harsh winds
2) Sun Path
- take advantage of morning sun and afternoon shade
3) Runoff Patterns during Storms
- give flowing water a wide margin to flow away from barn
- soil erosion is a continual problem

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34
Q

Treatment Options

A

1) layup - stall rest
- 1st line of defense is rest
2) shockwave therapy
3) Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP)
- take a blood sample and extract the antagonist for the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1
- accelerates healing
4) Stem Cell Therapy
- need stem cell sample that becomes enriched to proliferate stem cells and then differentiate into function cell of interest for healing of bone, cartilage, tendon
5) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
- come as pain reducer and anti-inflammatory medicine (like Advil) for horses
- common ones are phenylbutazone(bute) or even better is a COX-2 inhibitor - firicoxib - equioxx (previcox in dogs) and banamine is one
6) Experimental
- Tildren is used for navicular and some other applications for lameness

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35
Q

Hoof testers

A
  • lameness diagnostic tool after basic exam
  • if you think it’s hoof related use this
  • used to provide pressure on specific points of the sole or hoof wall

Diagnosis

  • soreness on heel may indicate navicular syndrome
  • soreness at apex, or point, of the frog may indicate laminitis
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36
Q

Front and hind w/ Clips

A
  • they aid in preventing shoe from twisting, can be on the quarter or the toe region of the shoe
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37
Q

Nuclear Scintigraphy

A
  • lameness diagnostic tool after basic exam
  • aka bone scan
  • will illuminate bone turnover (shows up black spots within gray bone on image)
  • used for stress fractures, OCD lesions, etc
  • expensive, requires a vet clinic w radioactivity, clearance and quarantine
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38
Q

The 4 Stages of Wound Healing

A

1) Inflammation
2) Debridement (pus develops to remove debris and infection from wound)
3) Repair
4) Maturation

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39
Q

At CUEC STALL FLOORS

A
  • hard packed clay, crusher run, topped with rock dust and mats
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40
Q

Flared feet

A
  • irregularity in hoof

- need to be reduced by proper maintenance

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41
Q

Disrepair

A
  • poor condition due to neglect
    1) dangerous
    2) ineffective
    3) liability
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42
Q

Wood Bedding Benefits

A

1) typically readily available if near saw mills
2) very absorbant
3) smells good

  • don’t use hard wood because have oils that will give skin inflammation and health issues
  • only use pine
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43
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE) and

Western Equine Encephalomyelitis (WEE)

A
  • viral infection that affects the nervous system
    1) Transmission
  • wild birds or rodents, Mosquitos, biting flies
    2) Clinical Signs
  • behavioral changes, loss of appetite, fever, dementia, head pressing, teeth grinding, circling, blindness
    3) Treatment
  • Supportive -> 90% fatal EEE, 30-50% WEE
    4) management
  • vaccinate annually
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44
Q

Cracks

A
  • cracks in hoof wall
  • quarter crack
  • not a lot holding onto the laminae
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45
Q

Digital cushion

A
  • connective tissue pad underneath the bone
  • cushion foot as it strikes the ground in motion
  • aids in maintaining proper alignment of the bones at an angle
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46
Q

Prepare for injection

1) equipment
2) horse
3) substance

A

1)

  • sterile
  • IM 20 gauge, 1in needle (if horse over 2 years use 1.5 inch needle)
  • if liquid is thick use 18 gauge

2) Restraints and injection site/prep
3) read label for adverse(bad) reactions

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47
Q

Hoof angles

1) normal hoof-pastern angle
2) long toe-short heel pastern angle
3) short toe-long heel pastern angle

A

1) normal stride
2) long stride
3) short stride

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48
Q

Flexors

A
  • tendons that run along the back of the leg
  • superficial flexor tendon-> connects P1&P2
  • deep flexor tendon -> connects P3
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49
Q

Type of Vaccinations/Drugs

A

1) Intravenous (IV)
2) Intramuscular (IM)
3) Subcutaneous (SubQ)
4) Intradermal

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50
Q

Infrared/Thermal resonance(Imaging)

A
  • highlights inflammation and heat
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51
Q

Seedy toe

A
  • separation of horses hoof wall from underlying sensitive laminae at the white line
  • results in a cavity that fills w dirt, etc
  • takes 6 months to a year to correct
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52
Q

Hoof cutters

A
  • farrier tools
  • “nippers”
  • cut away extra growth
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53
Q

Rim shoes

A
  • have a higher height to either the inside rim the outside rim depending on intended purpose (polo, barrel racing, etc- where tight turning is involved)
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54
Q

Abcess

A 
- infection pocket in sensitive laminae 
Symptoms 
1) acute, immediate lameness
2) increased pulse
3) ruptures through coronet or sole
Healing
1) can use drawing agents (Icthammol, Epsom salts, hydrogen peroxide) to help draw abscess out
2) heat
3) hoof testers
4) don't pare or make a large hole
- will reduce healing time and quicker return to work
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55
Q

Shredded newspaper Bedding pros and cons

A 
Pros:
1) better for allergies 
2) very absorbent
Cons:
1) hard to find
56
Q

Reducing risk of exposure

A

1) have a closed herd
2) group horses by production phase
3) quarantine new horses
4) immediately isolate sick horses
5) have area dedicated to isolation

57
Q

Subcutaneous Injections (SubQ)

A
  • absorbed slower than intramuscular injection
  • not into tissue
  • reproductive drugs (some)
  • can cause abscess if not designed to be a SubQ
58
Q

Indoor Pros and Cons

A

Pros

1) can individually feed
2) save pasture from wear and tear
3) injury healing
4) reduce risk of injury

Cons

1) requires cleaning
2) Ventilation
3) behavioral modifications
- stable vices, pawing, chewing, head flipping
4) physically confining horse

59
Q

External hoof wall parts

1) water line
2) white line

A
  • external hoof: hoof wall is pigmented
    1) thicker near distal end (inner hoof wall, unpigmented)
    2) insensitive lamellae
  • more elastic
60
Q

Label hoof pics

A
  • not in this
61
Q

Rasp

A
  • farrier tool

- smooths edges

62
Q

Flexion tests

A
  • lameness diagnostic tool after basic exam
  • start with flexion test if you believe it is joint related
  • will check the most distal joints first and then move their way up the limb
  • performed by bending joint in the most flexed position for 60-90 seconds and then the horse is trotted away
  • observe for increased signs of pain or weight bearing
63
Q

Thrush

A
  • central sulcus, lateral sulcus -> frog (little divots in frog)
  • Corium of frog and lameness
  • poor sanitation, atrophy of frog and lack of pressure (spherophorous necrophorus in soil and produces necrotizing toxin)
  • smells foul and black discharge
  • drying agents to treat
64
Q

Stall Floor Types

A

1) Clay -> no drain
2) Clay/Sand
3) Limestone -> drains
4) wooden floors -> ammonia, rodents, rot
5) concrete -> expensive, high injury rate, no drain and hard
6) asphalt-unsealed -> drains, hard
7) rubber mats -> cushion, no digging
- minimum 1/2 inch mat thickness, but 3/4 preferred, sold in size 4 by 6

65
Q

Equine Protozoal Myloencephalomyelitis (EPM)

A
  • central nervous system disease
    1) transmission
  • caused by protozoal parasite, sarcocystis neurona
  • Host: opossum
  • sporocysts ingested through feed or water, migrate from intestinal tracts to blood/brain barrier
    2) Clinical Signs
  • vary widely, ataxia, muscle atrophy, paralysis of facial muscle, seizure, abnormal sweating
  • vary due to location of lesion in brain, brain stem or spinal cord
    3) Treatment
  • treat through blood and cerebrospinal fluid analysis
  • antiprotozoal drugs are very expensive, so can supplement with vitamin E and NSAIDS
66
Q

Extensors

A
  • tendons that run along the front leg

- the main extensor: common digital extensor tendon (finger pointing)

67
Q

West Nile Virus (WNV)

A
  • virus is a neurological disease
    1) Transmission
  • avian reservoir, Mosquitos, horse or person
    2) Clinical Signs
  • high fever, lack of appetite, lethargy, neurological symptoms, 7 to 10 day incubation
    3) Treatment
  • supportive 40% fatal
    4) Management
  • vaccinate annually and reduce mosquito population
68
Q

Type of shoe material

1) steel
2) aluminum
3) titanium
4) polymers

A

1) most durable but heavy
2) is lightweight but quickly wears down
3) more durable than alum and are lightweight but more expensive
4) would be plastics for therapeutic shoes

69
Q

Intravenous Injection (IV)

A
  • fastest route (within minutes)
  • some vaccines irritate skin or muscle and cause an abscess
    Site:
  • jugular vein (be careful of carotid artery can cause shock or death)

Technique:

1) find the jugular vein
2) occlude the vein and insert the beveled edge of the needle into the vein
3) make sure the needle is in the vein by observing that dark red blood is dripping out
4) attach the syringe to the needle and draw blood to be sure that you are still in the vein and the administer

70
Q

Barn Ventilation Requirements

A

1) 6inch ridge vent
2) 12-14 inch overhang with vented soffit
3) copulas
4) mechanical fans

71
Q

Lameness evaluation 4 parts

A

1) history of the horse
2) visualize the horse
3) palpate
4) tracking

72
Q

History of the Horse

A
  • part one of lameness evaluation
  • who rides/riding frequency (mismatch person to big for horse)
  • tack used … It could be poorly fitted
  • how long has it been present
73
Q

Sand as bedding

A
  • abrasive

- can lead to colic if ingested

74
Q

Purpose of General Wrapping

A

1) provide support for tendons and ligaments during strenuous workouts
2) protect legs from concussion and impact
3) prevent or reduce swelling (edema) after exercise, injury or during stall rest

75
Q

Types of leg wraps

A

1) exercise wrap
- used during exercise to support tendons
2) wound bandage
- cover wound
3) stable/standing wrap
- used to prevent or reduce swelling
4) pressure wrap
- stop bleeding

76
Q

First Aid Kit includes: name 3

A

1) Wound cleaners
2) Wound ointments
3) Wound dressings

77
Q

Corium

A
  • red, vascularized

- part of the integument system-> sensitive

78
Q

Reduce risk in new horses

A
  • rigorous pre-screening of new horses
  • prescreening includes quarantining new horses for a min 14 days
  • use separate equipment
  • handle after all chores with resident herd complete
  • monitor for signs of illness
79
Q

Bones of lower limb

A

1) long pastern (P1)
2) short pastern (P2)
3) coffin bone (P3) - pedal bone
4) navicular bone - distal sesamoid

80
Q

Lameness Scale

A
  • scale based on 0-5
    0) no lameness shown
    1) lameness is difficult to observe and not consistently apparent, regardless of circumstance
    2) difficult to observe at a walk or when trotting in a straight line, but consistently apparent under certain circumstances
    3) consistently observable at a trot under all circumstances
    4) obvious at walk
    5) produces minimal weight bearing in motion and at rest, or a complete inability to move
81
Q

Straw Bedding Pros and Cons

A

Pros:

1) stays fluffy
2) around same price as wood

Cons:

1) not very absorbent
2) replace every time you clean it
3) horses will eat it sometimes, not digestible

82
Q

Wood Fencing

A

Pros:

1) durable
2) Safe
3) Attractive

Cons:

1) horses chew and it could rot
2) maintenance is required
3) moderately expensive

83
Q

Club foot

A
  • irregular angle of hoof wall (broken hoof/pastern angle)
  • creates/alters pressure points and pain
  • can be genetic
  • the toe can break off and this will happen
  • or can be due to bad farrier work
84
Q

Irregularities and problems

A

1) bone structure/structural issues
2) hoof shape
3) integrity of horses
4) disease

85
Q

Intradermal Injection

A
  • skin layer
  • primarily for testing (allergies)
  • localized treatment
86
Q

Intramuscular injection (IM)

A
  • second fastest route
  • safest route and most tolerated
  • muscle can handle large volumes
  • up to 15 cc in one injection site
    Sites:
  • neck, hip, chest
    Technique:
    1) pull the appropriate dose into syringe
    2) determine site where vaccine will be given
    3) pinch skin
    4) push needle into muscle
    5) aspirate
    6) depress plunger
87
Q

Palpate

A
  • step 3 of lameness evaluation
  • feel for edema, heat, use one hand on each leg and then switch to compare
  • inflammation
  • heat
  • joint pain reflex along back and hips is a sign
88
Q

X-ray/radiograph

A
  • to further illuminate problem areas, for bone changes in joints or for fractures
89
Q

Contracted heels

A

1) narrower in heel than normal
2) lack of frog pressure or moisture in hoof
Can be caused by:
- Leaving hoof wall too long
- trimming away too much frog
- trimming away too much bars
- leaving toe too long
3) usually associated with thrush

90
Q

Kegs

A
  • a standard preformed shoe with traditional rims it is even on both inside and outside rim
91
Q

Fencing Good and Bad choices

A

Good: Wood, PVC, Woven or v-mesh wire, tendon/electrified/tape

Bad: Barbed wire, chain link

92
Q

PVC Fencing

A

Pros:

1) Long life expectancy
2) attractive with little maintenance

Cons:

1) can be brittle and crack
2) easy for horses to push out boards
3) expensive
4) can mildew

93
Q

Vesicular Stomatitis

A
  • sporadic, reemerging viral disease
    1) Transmission
  • spreads from animal to animal through saliva or fluids from ruptured blisters
    2) Clinical Signs
  • vesicular lesions on the tongue, oral mucosa, teats or coronary bands of cattle, horses and swine
  • people who handle livestock can also be infected
  • vesicles in the mouth, chomping, drooling, rubbing mouth on things
  • lesions in coronary bands can cause lameness
    3) Treatment
  • supportive, antibiotics for secondary infection
    4) Management
  • vaccine available during sporadic outbreaks
94
Q

Housing Options

A

1) Indoor Housing-> stalls/barns
2) Outdoor-> pasture
3) Combination

95
Q

Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)

A
  • respiratory disease
    1) Transmission
  • carrier stallion can shed through semen
    2) clinical signs
  • abortion in pregnant mare
    3) Treatment
  • vaccination available
    4) Management
  • keep recently inoculated stallions isolated
96
Q

Abrasions

A
  • skin not fully penetrate
  • superficial wound (shallow/on surface)

Treatment
- minimal treatment, ointment

97
Q

Reducing risk at home (ur farm)

A
  • maintain facility cleanliness
  • eliminate insects (carry EEE, WNV), rodents (carry salmonella, E.coli) and wildlife (carry salmonella, rabies)
  • vaccination and deworming protocol
  • limit visitors if possible
  • keep a visitor log
  • keep visiting horses out pastures and stalls
  • disinfect barn surfaces often
  • hold regular staff training sessions
98
Q

Visualize the horse

A
  • part two of lameness exam
  • conformational flaws
  • observable inflammation of injury
99
Q

Reduce risk in sick horses

A
  • isolate sick animals immediately
  • have equipment dedicated exclusively to isolation area
  • change clothing before entering or leaving isolation area (may require shower)
  • keep all equipment separate from general use
  • may need to dispose of manure separately
  • disinfect stall and equipment regularly
  • don’t spread manure from sick animal onto pasture
100
Q

Nailing on the shoe

A
  • the last nail (towards heel) must be no further than the apex of the frog, or else it prevents proper expansion and movement
101
Q

Rhinopneumonitis (Equine Herpes virus)

- EHV

A
  • EHV-1 and EHV-4, respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortion
    1) Transmission
  • aerosolized secretions, indirect, aborted fetal tissues
    2) Clinical Signs
  • fever, lethargy, coughing, nasal drainage, anorexia, abortion
    3) Treatment
  • supportive-> isolate sick horses
    4) Management
  • Vaccinate every 6 months, isolate new arrivals
102
Q

Rabies

A
  • viral disease, neurologic
    1) transmission
  • bite from infected animal, incubation 2-6 weeks
    2) clinical signs
  • highly variable: fever, anorexia, blindness, lameness, ataxia, paralysis, sudden death, mania
    3) treatment
  • none
    4) management
  • vaccinate annually and limit access to wild animals where applicable
103
Q

traits of good farrier

A

1) answers questions
2) team player with owner and vet
3) knows the internal biomechanics of the equine digit
4) fits shoes to horse
5) helps prevent degenerative diseases
6) pursues continuing education*

104
Q

Factors to consider when vaccinating

A

1) age
2) health
3) stabling (environment)
4) use/production stage
5) diseases prelevant to area

105
Q

Sole

A) sole callus

A
  • sole structure of the hoof
  • shock absorbing
  • should make some contact with the ground

A) coffin bone- tip of the frog

106
Q

Vascularization

A
  • two major veins and arteries going into foot

- supporting sensitive lamina

107
Q

Strangles (Streptococcus Equi)

A
  • highly contagious bacterium
    1) Transmission
  • direct contact with infected horses or through fomites
    2) Clinical Signs
  • high fever (106), dysphagia, anorexia, swollen or abscesses lymph nodes, copius nasal discharge
    3) Treatment
  • supportive
    4) management
  • consider vaccination, quarantine new arrivals (incubation 2-4 weeks), isolate infected horses, quarantine farm
108
Q

Reduce risk on the road

A
  • well ventilated trailer
  • do not share equipment
  • limit nose to nose contact
  • keep an empty stall between you and others horses
  • do not use group water troughs
  • research potential for additional vaccinations
109
Q

Proper shoe maintenance has

A

1) shoes of correct weight and size, shaped to fit the foot
2) level feet, correct limb alignment for free movement
3) no loss of weight bearing surface
4) an owner who realizes that foot care is his/her day to day responsibility

110
Q

Why have a Vaccination Program?

A

1) cheaper
2) less labor
3) less time
4) safer for health of horse compared to not vaccinating and developing diseases
5) protects from diseases even if off farm

111
Q

Equine Influenza

A
  • respiratory RNA virus
    1) transmission
  • aerosol or indirect
    2) clinical signs
  • fever, coughing, nasal discharge, possible distal limb edema, possible cardiac myopathy, incubation 24 hours to 3 days
    3) Treatment
  • supportive -> isolate sick animals, virus viable 2 days on fomites, 3 days in water, sick animals can shed the virus 1-day after clinical signs
    4) Management
  • vaccinate bi-annually, quarantine new arrivals
112
Q

Potomac horse fever

A
  • neoriketssia ristici, intercellular bacterium agent of disease
    1) Transmission
  • microorganism that attacks intestines, if caught early it is treatable
  • can mimic colic
  • seasonal issue from late spring to early fall
    2) clinical signs
  • depression, severe fever, abortion, loss of appetite, acute diarrhea, colic like symptoms
  • 50% survival rate
  • 25-30% of survivors have chronic laminitis
    3) Treatment
  • oxytetracycline is a choice
    4) Management
  • vaccinate biannual or annual
113
Q

Hammer

A
  • farrier tool

- knocks in nails and twists off ends

114
Q

Chain of Infection

A
  • break the chain to reduce risk
  • pathogen ->mode of transportation -> susceptible hose
  • pathogens have some reservoir where they live
  • mode of transport is usually people, vehicles, equipment, then new animals, pests, feed, water, air
115
Q

How to prevent one of the three elements: cold, wind, precipitation (rain, snow, hail)

A

1) loafing shed
2) wind break
- straw bales, cedar hedge, board fence, trees
3) water proof blanket

116
Q

Ultrasound

A
  • lameness diagnostic tool after basic exam

- for soft tissue problems (tendons)

117
Q

Bars

A
  • part of sole structure of hoof
  • hard horn
  • Infolding of wall
  • seat of corn-> height of the heel
  • helps prevent contracted heels
118
Q

Outside Housing Pros and Cons

A

Pros

1) lots of exercise
2) graze pasture so saves money on feed

Cons

1) weather
2) need good fencing

119
Q

Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)

A
  • moon blindness aka periodic opthalmia
    1) Transmission
  • bacteria (leptospirosis)
  • virus (respiratory EHV and influenza virus)
  • parasites (biting midge, toxoplasma gondii)
  • trauma (blunt or intrusive)
    2) Clinical Signs
  • redness, swelling, pus, pupil construction in the dark, cloudiness, squinting and photophobia
    3) Treatment
  • short term maintenance (atropine to dilate the eye, followed by steroid or antibiotic)
  • long term maintenance (aspirin, bute, banamine)
120
Q

Environment/Use Vaccine Considerations

A

1) stay at home -> not as rigid due to low exposure
2) traveling -> very tight schedule
3) Board/Breeding Farm -> very tight schedule

121
Q

Cuts

1) Incised Cut
2) Lacerated Cut
3) Punctures

A

1) clean straight edges, best type to suture, tends to bleed
2) edges are irregular, can be sutured, often left open due to contamination

When to call a vet:
- if on face, needs suturing or wound is deep

3) soft tissue penetration, do not suture call vet, must heal from inside out and prevent scab from covering inside, systemic antibiotics

122
Q

Corns

A
  • bruise in angle of heel area
  • unequal pressure or concussion
    Due to:
  • faulty conformation or trimming
  • small repeated pressures
123
Q

Anaphylactic Shock

A
  • sever systemic, sometimes fatal, allergic reaction
  • asthma-like constriction of bronchi leading to lungs
    1) Transmission
  • from a shot you have given
  • must aspirate to ensure not in vein
    Ex: you gave a shot IV instead of IM
    2) clinical signs
  • seizures
    3) Treatment
  • trimethoprin-sulfa (antibiotic), Vitamin E/Selenium, Thiamine
124
Q

Drawing/hoof knife

A
  • farrier tool

- removes horn overgrowth

125
Q

Getting Diagnostics

A

1) availability
- not all vets have access to them all
2) cost
- not all owners can afford
3) still need to treat in addition with diagnosis

126
Q

Sulfur amino acids

A
  • cysteine and methionine

- aid in external hoof/hoof wall building

127
Q

Age/Health Vaccination Considerations

1) when to start?
2) older horses
3) vaccinate upon signs of disease or illness?

A

1) 2 to 3 month old, later if passive immunity
2) decreased Immune system
3) No fever -> go for it
Fever -> no

128
Q

Clencher

A
  • farrier tool

- bends over new nails

129
Q

Contusion

A
  • bruise, no skin damage, swelling
  • associated with blunt force trauma (ex:kick)

Treatment
- anti inflammatory

130
Q

Pincers/shoe pullers

A
  • farrier tools

- removes shoe

131
Q

4 main parts of the equine foot

A

1) the bones
2) the sensitive structure
3) the insensitive structure
4) the elastic structure

132
Q

Indoors

A

1) Tie stalls -> feeding and carriage horses
2) Box Stalls (CUEC)
3) free access -> make sure don’t hurt themselves

133
Q

Frog

A
  • part of the sole structure of the hoof
  • soft horn
  • elastic and shock absorbing
  • shed 2x a year
134
Q

Bulbs of heels

A
  • part of sole structures
  • soft horn
  • wall, heels, and coronary join
  • waxy
135
Q

Pete Moss bedding

A
  • absorbent

- used in Europe

136
Q

Sole bruises

A
  • red specks/dots on sole or frog
  • should be trimmed to walk on the wall
  • too much contact with ground leads to this
  • typically single blow to sole
137
Q

Preventing Lameness

A

1) maintaining appropriate hoof care
2) maintaining horse at an appropriate body weight
3) being a conscious rider

Horse Care Techniques (4 decks)

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