Exam 2 Flashcards
Hitch ball
- the steel, ball shaped piece over which the trailer coupler latches
- diameters are 1 7/8 inch, 2 inch, 2 5/16 inch, 3 inch
Bumper hitch
- some trucks and SUVs have provisions on their rear bumpers for attaching a hitch ball for towing
- only good for light duty applications
Bolt-on hitch
- a permanent hitch ball and bracket that are welded or bolted directly to the tow vehicle
- can be a fixed tongue hitch, which includes the ball and platform or a receiver style with a removable draw bar
Class I hitch
- trailer hitch with a capacity up to 2000 pounds gross trailer weight, with up to 200 pounds of tongue weight
Class II hitch
- trailer hitch with a capacity up to 3500 pounds gross trailer weight, with 300 to 350 pounds of tongue weight
Class III hitch
- trailer hitch with a capacity up to 5000 pounds gross trailer weight, with 500 pounds of tongue weight
Class IV hitch
- trailer hitch with a capacity up to 10,000 pounds gross trailer weight, with 1000-2000 pounds of tongue weight
Class V hitch
- fifth wheel or gooseneck trailer hitch
Coupler
- the forward most part of the trailer tongue that drops over the hitch ball and latches
Fifth wheel hitch
- a class V hitch that mounts in the bed of a pickup truck.
- much smaller, but designed similar to those used on tractor trailers
Gooseneck
- a class V hitch that mounts on the bed of a pickup to engage a coupler on a trailer.
- ball sizes can be 2 5/16 inch or 3 inch
Gross combined vehicle weight rating (GCVWR)
- total combined weight of truck and trailer including all passengers, fuel, fluids and cargo
Gross trailer weight rating (GTWR)
- the manufacturer-specified recommended maximum weight of a trailer when fully loaded
Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR)
- the manufacturer-specified recommended maximum weight of a vehicle when fully loaded
Safety chains
- these chains attach to the eyelets adjacent to the receiver
- they keep the trailer connected should the coupler come unhooked from the hitch ball
Sway control
- a system that uses a shock absorber to resist side to side swaying movement of a trailer tongue sometimes caused by passing vehicles or cross winds
Surge brake system
- self contained system used on trailers
- have a master cylinder in the trailer coupler
- when you apply the brakes in the tow vehicle, the initial slowing compresses the piston inside the master cylinder to apply braking force at the trailer wheels
Tongue weight
- the downward weight applied by the towable equipment on the hitch ball
- tongue weight should be around 7 to 8 percent of GTW and should not be more than 10% of the GTW
Torsion bar
- a type of suspension that uses bars that twist rather than coil or leaf springs
- weight distributing hitch A receiver style hitch system that includes additional equipment such as spring bars that work to distribute trailer tongue loads to the trailer axles and to the front axle of the tow vehicle
Trailer maintenance
1) before every trip
1) trailer lights and turn signals
2) trailer brakes
3) trailer hitch - is it stable?
4) trailer safety cables
5) spare trailer and truck tires and tools to change a tire, including a jack
6) trailer floorboards
7) wasp nets and other insects
Trailer maintenance
2) every 3-4 months
1) tires (tread,inflation,dry rot) including spare
2) jacks
3) floorboards
4) lights
5) hitch welds, safety chain welds, snaps
6) wheel chocks
7) grease hitch ball as needed
Trailer maintenance
3) yearly maintenance
1) inspection of frame
2) inspection of wiring
3) grease all hinges, springs
4) bearings checked and repacked
5) inspection of brakes and emergency breakaway cable, pin and control box
Loading and Unloading
- SAFETY IS THE KEY FACTOR
1) horse should be trained to load before planning a trip
2) handler should always have an escape route
3) horses should not be tied to the trailer while horses are loading and unloading
4) door should be held open or opened wide
5) horse should be led straight towards the trailer
And handler should walk in first
6) encouragement can be provided with rope or lunge whip if needed
7) once loaded handler can exit and door should be secured after last horse is loaded
8) unloading depends on trailer either horse will back out or can have space to turn and lead the horse out
9) important to be clear of the horse before he gets off the trailer
Traveling with horses
- variables to consider such as length of trip, out of state, more than one horse and if with mare and foal
1) plan to have all traveling paperwork in order before leaving - needs a current minimum of 12 month coggins test (tested negative for equine infectious anemia)
2) consider the stress on the horse - ensuring proper ventilation (travel at night when temp is cooler if in summer)
- have hay available for reassurance (make sure hay bag is hung where horse can’t get foot caught)
- if horse is a nervous traveler bringing a second well-seasoned horse may help calm or hanging a mirror can calm a nervous herd bound horse
3) how long to travel with a horse before stopping - approximately every 400 miles or 6 hours
- take time for horse to stand on trailer without having to balance bc not moving
- offer horse water at each stop
- try to keep horse on trailer until reach destination
- every 10-12 hours horse needs a longer break from balancing (don’t need to unload but needs to stand quietly on trailer)
- if you do unload recommended to find a layover barn with a stall or small paddock for horse
4) double check everything before you leave again - check hitch, all doors, windows and make sure all equipment is secure
- do not travel with drop down windows open unless face guard or screen is there
Estrous
- entire cycle
- 21 days
- 23 days for ponies
2 phases
1) estrus phase
2) Diestrus phase
Estrus
- in “heat” -> when mare is receptive to stallion for breeding
- concludes with ovulation
- 5 to 7 days long
Diestrus
- period between estrus phases
- mare is not receptive to stallion (out of heat)
- 12 to 16 days long
Sub stages
1) luteal phase
- 5 days after ovulation the CL is fully functional and secreting progesterone
- part of estrous cycle when mare is under influence of corpus luteum (secreting progesterone)
- this hormone is needed to maintain pregnancy
2) proestrus
- around day 13 CL regresses
- period post corpus luteum regression and
pre-estrus
- brief period of time where not thinking pregnant, but also not ready for fertilization
Seasonally polyestrous
- multiple estrous periods for a portion of the year and none at other times
- undergoes regular estrus cycles during a portion of time (late spring, summer and early fall) and none at others (winters -> prevents fooling in bad weather)
Anestrus
- complete absence of estrus cycle
- winter periods for the most part bc don’t wanna have a foal in the middle of winter
- no estrus cycle means horse is DORMANT
- in south: anestrus starts around Oct 15-Nov30 and will become estrus again around Feb 1
- period is longer in northern climates
Transitional Phase
- between estrous cycle and anestrus cycle
- either early or late in the breeding season
Ovaries
- the primary sex organ of the mare
- large and kidney shaped, 7-8 cm
- more than 60,000 oocyte(cell that can become ovum-> egg) present at birth
- 10 oocytes used per cycle - 80% of ovulations occur between 4-8am (overnight)
- mare can ovulate with progesterone present
- will cause cycle irregularity
Follicles
- dominant and secondary
- grow 3-5 mm per day (large)
- ovulation size is 45-60 mm
- mare will develop follicles during the estrous cycle
Ovulation
1) when the follicle “implodes” and oocyte passes through ovulation fossa to oviduct
2) once the dominant follicle ruptures it becomes the corpus hemorrhagicum (CH)
- it appears as the black center in a corpus luteum (CL)
3) Becomes corpus luteum which is around 79% of the diameter of the follicle
4) ovulation usually occurs one day before the end of estrus cycle (34%) or the last day of estrus cycle (35%)
- egg is only viable for 12 hours after ovulation
- do not start breeding until we know follicle has reached a critical size
Estrogen
- secreted from follicle
- is responsible for estrus (in heat) behavior
Progesterone
- secreted by the CL that is formed after the mare has ovulated
- prevents estrus cycle behavior -> if a riding horse and don’t want to breed the mare giving this will prevent heat/crabby behavior
- can also help with keeping a pregnancy if mare is not forming accessory CL
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- responsible for ovulation
- controls and maintains development of CL
- secreted from anterior pituitary
- use when breeding to ensure timed ovulation it regulates cycle
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- responsible for follicular waves and dominant follicle development
- helps follicle grow larger
2 Waves: smaller wave and then a larger wave closer to estrus cycle to help follicle grow
Prostaglandin F2a
- responsible for lysing CL (destroys it)
- immediate drop in levels of progesterone which permits mare to begin showing estrus behavior (short cycle the mare-> lutalyse)
- uterus will release this from the uterine lining if can’t detect pregnancy
- occurs approximately day 17-19 of estrus only
- will save time and money bc accelerates estrous cycle to either get mare pregnant faster or terminate the pregnancy
hCG
- times ovulation in mares in estrus cycle
- mimics LH and causes ovulation (human drug that horses are responsive to)
- can only use 2-3 times per estrous cycle because horse will build antibodies and become immune
Deslorelin
- does the same thing as hCG, but won’t lead to build up of antibodies
- more expensive and is a pharmaceutical compounded drug
Transitional Phase
- late winter/early spring; late summer/early fall
- 60 to 90 days in spring -> cycling by April 7 +- 1 week
- negative feedback on production of melatonin
- sufficient FSH, insufficient LH -> no ovulation
Rule of Thumb: 4 consecutive days estrus followed by 8 consecutive days of diestrus, the first day of next estrus considered first day of breeding season
- estrus indicates to begin teasing
- most mares are fully cycling/breed able by first week of April
Phototropic Stimulation
- use of artificial lighting
- induce earlier regular estrus
- same length of transitional phase, but happens earlier in the year
- start 2-3 months prior to desired first breeding date
- requires minimum of one 100 watt bulb in 12x12 stall
- requires minimum of 14-16 hrs/day
- 60 day stimulus required
- extreme cold weather may override
- used to try to trick mare into beginning estrous cycle early but can also be used to keep summer coat on riding horses in the winter
Cessation (end) of light
- return to transitional or anestrus phase
- 3 day cessation
Stallion fertility
- Daily Sperm production -> 7 day collection, then you average the number collected
- 3 to 6 billion sperm cells per day are produced and it takes 57 days to mature
The number of mares a stallion can breed with depends on
1) testicular size -> 80 mm for breeding soundness exam
2) volume of semen -> sperm and secondary fluid
3) number of sperm cells
4) motility -> progressively motile (swimming) KEY
5) morphology (semen shaped correctly)
- primary problems occur in development (can’t help)
- secondary happens during semen processing -> bad management
- abnormalities -> double tails, bent tails (secondary), disconnected heads from tails, cold shock (huddled together)
Morphology anomalies (in sperm)
1) primary anomalies-> genetic errors
2) secondary anomalies-> semen handling, human error
Stallion Management
1) exercise -> physical and psychological health
- worry about mental health is if stallion only exercises on hot walker will become “Tarzan”
2) anabolic steroids negative feedback
- reduced reproductive efficiency
3) stallion handling
- breeding should be pleasing, excitement okay as long as safety is not compromised
- handler safety most important
- let them have enough libido, act like a “stallion” but still mannerly with handlers
- consistency aids libido -> direction to breeding shed, use certain halter, handling different for work and for breeding. Mannerly for work and libido for breeding
Mare management
1) sound health and nutrition
- turnout should be in a herd of brood mares
2) attention to detail
3) body condition score -> 5 or better, but if lactating 6-7
4) teasing is very important
Teasing
1) tease daily until 2 says after first heat
2) discontinue teasing for 10 days
- won’t be receptive after ovulation
3) tease every other day until mare returns to estrus or until day 20 following first heat
4) if mare returns not pregnant, restart teasing protocol
5) always use a wall in between mare and stallion
To check to see if horse is in estrus
- instead of doing an ultrasound everyday, just tease as a group or one at a time
- ultrasound mares every 4 hours around ovulation to find the best time to inseminate
Teasing Grades
1) not receptive at all, kicking at stallion
2) a little more interested, maybe allow licking, still some kicking
3) start winking
4) park out and get sturdy, receptive for mounting, a lot of winking and urination
Live Cover (actual sex)
1) teasing program is essential for life cover
- no heat means lots of kicking which is dangerous for be stallion
2) protect the mare by using breeding hobbles
- ties back feet together to can’t kick stallion
3) lift mares head -> less likely to kick stallion
4) clean mare with water
5) don’t let stallion rush to mare
6) wrap mares tail
7) have a large space to allow safe exits
8) lead mare away and turn to side to prevent kicking stallion
Artificial insemination
Advantages
1) safer
2) ship semen
3) breed more mares
4) overcome infertility
5) infertility due to semen quality quickly discovered
Disadvantages
1) poor technique=decreased fertility
2) breed registry regulation
3) perpetuating infertility (if mare is hard to get pregnant can pass it to the foal)
4) limited uterine clearance post breeding -> oxytocin
Collecting a Stallion
1) Colorado AV
- normally used at CUEC
- bulkier, harder to set up, but stallions are more receptive to it
2) Missouri
Semen Quality
1) larger volume of sperm is better, most efficient
2) high sperm concentration
3) progressive motility
4) morphology
Semen Quality
1) ejaculate volume
2) sperm concentration
3) total stern per ejaculate
4) progressive motility
5) morphology
1) 70 ml (range 30-250 ml)
2) 120 million per ml (range 30-600 million per ml)
3) typically 7-10 billion
4) greater than 60%
5) greater than 60% normal
Al Procedures (Artificial Insemination) with cooled or fresh semen
On farm with Cooled or Fresh semen
1) use breeding stocks if possible, tie up tail wash and rinse
2) sterile glove coated with non-spermicidal sterile lubricant
3) semen into plastic insemination syringe with pipette
4) cup pipette tip in Palm covering tip with thumb
5) insert hand vertically into vagina up/over the pelvic brim
6) locate the cervix and insert forefinger (to the first knuckle)
7) slide tip along finger into the uterus and just last the tip of you finger 1 inch
8) plunge syringe with slow moderate speed
9) slowly withdraw to prevent suction from removing semen
Artificial Insemination
With frozen semen
- conception rates vary by stallion
- decreases rates by 10% are normal compared to cooled or transported semen
- insemination must occur 12 hours pre to 6 hour post ovulation TIMING IS CRITICAL
1) give hCG or Deslorelin to induce ovulation (AI at 24 and 40 hours if follicle is greater than 35mm)
2) semen packed in 1/2 ml or 5 ml straws
3) Thawing protocols may accompany semen
If not
4) 30s in 37 degree C water for 1/2 ml straw
5) 45-52s in up to 52 degree C water for 5ml straw, with inversion each time the bubble reaches the top
6) rapidly transfer to second water bath with water at 35 degrees Celsius for further 5s to halt heating process
Embryo Transfer
1) superovulate with FSH
2) harvest embryo and place into a hormonally synchronized surrogate mare
- new technology in breeding, hormonal stimulation
- if you want a baby from a mare, but don’t wanna breed her bc she’s a show horse do this
- not allowed for certain breeds bc $ and politics
Diagnoses of Pregnancy
1) 14 days after ovulation -> ultrasound
2) heart beat detected at 25 days post ovulation
3) hormonal tests -> estrone sulfate
4) tease -> behavior, if they are supposed to be in heat at that time and not acting receptive probably preggo
Pregnancy Milestones
1) Day 7 -> embryo in the uterus
2) day 25 -> detect heartbeat
3) Days 36-38 -> endometrial cup formation
- accessory CLs
- fetus will start taking over production of progesterone to maintain pregnancy
4) day 60-> ultrasound to confirm pregnancy
- fetus is past the pelvic rim and difficult to see much during rectal ultrasound after 60 days
Twins
- not healthy for a mare, often ends in fetal death
- if detected will pinch one off for the safety of the other fetus and the mare
Gestation of mare
- 340 days (range 320-360)
- longer if bred in winter/spring compared to summer/fall
- want foal to be born closer to January so breed in the spring/summer
Prolonged pregnancies
1) test pastures
2) remove mares from infected fescue pastures at 300 days of gestation -> no fescue hay either
3) domperidone -> fescue toxin anecdote
- given 15 days prior to calculated foaling date until foaling
Managing Pregnant Mare
1) first 8months
- feed as non-pregnant mare
2) last 3 months
- increase grain with high quality legume/grass hay mix
- pay attention to copper and zinc levels
Managing pregnant mare
- vaccinations and more
1) Rhinopneumonitis
- 3, 5, 7 and 9 months with killed vaccine
2) tetanus toxoid-sleeping sickness influenza booster
- one month prior to foaling along with rhino
- 5 way compounded together into one shot
3) deworming - FEC normal and avoid Quest
4) daily exercise
5) hoof care
Prediction of Parturition(birth)
1) gestation length - 340 days
2) physical signs
- 1 month prior -> udder bags up
- 2-4 weeks -> distended abdomen, softening croup muscles, relaxation of vulva and udder development
- final week -> teats enlarge and small bead of wax “waxing up”, milk changes from watery serum colored to thick honey like (colostrum)
Electrolyte concentrations in predicting parturition
- milk strip test
- sodium, potassium and calcium
- the quicker the test turns purple and the more boxes turn purple the closer to parturition
Delivery of Foal
1) begun monitoring mare 6 weeks prior to expected foaling date
2) foaling stall bedded in straw
3) minimum size stall is 14x14 with solid walls and gates
4) open caslicks sutures
- sutures on top of vulva In a mare that has poor vulval confirmation (anus sunken and fecal would go into genitalia)
5) after foaling strip stall, spread like and let breath before rebedding if possible
Just before foaling
1) mare becomes restless, circles stall
2) rolls into sternum
3) up and down frequently
4) elevates tail, sweats and looks at abdomen
5) rectal temp may rise
6) vaginal mucosa may redden
Foaling Procedures
Stage 1
- foal getting into position
- mare is uneasy, looks at flank sweats and paces
- could last minutes or days
Foaling procedures
Stage 2
1) water breaks(chorioallantois) consisting of 2+ gallons
2) red bag is an issue. It is the premature separation of the placenta (comes out first)
3) mare normally lays down to birth
4) less than 20 min it’s good
5) more than 60 minutes problem call vet
6) let cord break naturally
Foaling procedure
Stage 3
1) expulsion of placenta
- tie up placenta to help pull out
- usually within 1 hour of foaling
- more than 6 hours is a problem and call vet -> retained placenta risk of infection can cause laminitis, systemic problems or death
2) inspect for completion
- lay on ground, fill with water and clamp off hole to make sure no water is leaking out
Fetus positioning during partition
- soles down, nose half up the cannon bones
- one hoof in front of other
- hind legs will straighten and come out last, soles facing up
Dystocia
- 4%
1) going out backwards clamps off umbilical cord
2) head pointed down -> walk mare down hill or manually push foal in and position head
Red Bag
- premature separation of placenta
- low oxygen for foal
- need to break it open and help foal out quickly
Birth and after
1) always pull down toward mares hocks DURING CONTRACTION
2) foal should be standing within 30 minutes no later than an hour
3) first nursing attempt within an hour to 2 hours
Placental problems
1) inverted placenta
- shiny side out instead of velvety inside
2) retained placenta
- likely going to need to lovage and oxytocin treatment
- call vet
3) Hippomanes
- soft putty like aggregates of urinary calculus (stones) which form throughout pregnancy and are present in all placentas in the allantoic cavity
Immunoglobulins
1) primary defense foal receives is from colostrum (pre milk rich in immunoglobulin)
- up to 24 hours after foaling
- passive transfer
2) IgG can be absorbed in intestinal lining for 18 hours after birth
3) immunoglobulins provide passive immunity to foal until develops its own
4) specific gravity of colostrum
- test within 4 hours after birth
5) blood test foal between 4 and 13 hours after first nursing
- IgG below 400 mg/dl -> failure of passive immunity
- 400-800 mg/dl -> partial failure
- 800 mg/dl -> adequate
- 800-1000 mg/dl -> required in particularly stressful situations
Failure of Passive Immunity
1) antibodies -> fight bacteria and viruses
2) IgG, igM, IgA -> IgG passed in highest amounts
3) colostrum
4) failure
- failure to ingest, absorb or poor quality colostrum
4) colostrum bank
5) plasma therapy
6) antibiotic therapy may be needed
Foal health care after birth
1) after a few minutes will struggle away from mare
2) one hour after birth will stand (15min-2.5 h)
3) within two hours After birth will suckle (35min-7 h)
The umbilical cord
1) cord will break naturally one inch from foals body
2) umbilicus is what is left on the foal
- dip in antiseptic - Novalsan or Chorahexadine
- if wet in morning use iodine mix
- if still wet 1.5 days later use silver nitrate
- needs to stay dry first week or 2 to prevent infection
3) hernia -> urination through umbilical stump
4) septicemia
Mass Meconium
1) pass Meconium(first feces what sits in digestive tract during growth) during first 24 hours
- enema 10-12 hours after birth if needed
Foals on the first day of birth should
1) nap, nurse and explore
- excessive napping or no nursing is an issue
2) be checked by a vet
- check for birth defects or delivery related trauma
- take blood sample for passive transfer
Box stall for foal
- foal should remain in box stall for 1-3 days
- if the weather is permitting can be turned out for 1-2 hours in a private paddock the first day
- wait until foal is 1 week old to turn out with other mares and foals
Feeding and Vaccinating Foals
1) foal may check hay by mare by 3 days old
2) creep feed prior to 6 weeks old
- peak milk production and begins to decline shortly after
3) vaccinate at 6-8 weeks, boosted 4 weeks later
- tetanus toxoid, sleeping sickness
4) vaccinate for influenza and Rhinopneumonitis by 8-10 weeks, booster 4 weeks later
5) deworm at 2 months and 1-2 month intervals after that
Foal Diseases
1) prematurity under 320 days -> 2 or more weeks earlier
- lungs last to develop
- over 30 days premature hard to save
- dysmature 320-340 days
2) failure of passive transfer
3) bacterial infection
- E. coli, rhodicoccus p.
4) Rhinopneumonitis
- respiratory problems, contagious, reduces efficiency to grow and perform
- diseases of the lungs
5) diseases of digestive tract
- Meconium impact ion
- colic
- gastric ulcers
- diarrhea
Foal Health
1) neonatal maladjustment syndrome
2) Seizures
3) neonatal isoerythrolysis
4) septic arthritis
1) CNS disease, lethargic appear sick, dull look in eyes
2) high fever can cause this, varies in intenseness
3) attacks RBC, test mares colostrum for this disease if has it give foal a diff mares colostrum
- foal is sick after 2-3 days
4) make sure umbilicus stays dry
Leg and Muscle Diseases
1) Lax Tendons (let them run around)
2) Contracted tendons (keep confined longer)
3) crooked legs
4) white muscle disease
- selenium and vitamin E deficiencies
Foal Management
1) daily inspections
- 2x per day every few hours
2) start foals on creep feed ASAP
- high protein OK 14-16%
- don’t use molasses in creep feed bc botulism
- oats/corn with protein supplement
3) epiphysitis
- if too much creep feed
- bone characterized by the enlargement of growth plates in long bones such as tibia, radius and cannon bones
Interdental space
- Empty space where the bit can fit and interact best with the mouth
Normal Dental Anatomy
1) 6 upper and lower incisors or front teeth
2) 4 canine teeth, not present in mares
3) 2 wolf teeth (some have 3 or 4)
- extracted at around 6 months - 1 year
4) 6 upper and lower premolars
5) total of 42-44 teeth
6) premolars and molars are called cheek teeth or molars
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ joint)
- space where mandible (jaw) connects with cranium
Eruption and eruption bumps in young horses
- the movement of the tooth crown out from the bone of the jaw through the gum into the mouth
- teething stage is a result of erupting permanent premolars
- 3-4 year olds
Tooth reserve
- portion of tooth that is embedded in the jaw
- get smaller as horse ages
Incisors
- front teeth
- used to bite forage
- tongue moves forage back to the cheek teeth
Molars
- second 3 sets sets of large cheek teeth top and bottom jaws used for grinding
- also known as cheek teeth
- crush and shear forage
- usually 1/4 to 3/8 inches long, so digestion will be complete
- no deciduous molars erupt as permanent
Three layers of a tooth
1) outer layer
- cementum attaches to the periodontal ligament, which anchors the tooth to the surrounding bone
- supports the enamel
2) dentin
- makes up most of the tooth
- gives good strength to teeth and surrounds the enamel
- prevents access to pulp cavity
3) enamel
- hardest substance in the body
- brittle
Chewing creates points
- chew in oval pattern which creates ramps and points
- soft type hay (Bermuda) requires less chewing than cold weather hay (Timothy)
Chewing and grinding motion
- chew on only one side of mouth
- jaw moves in angled oval motions guided by molar table angles
- the temporal mandibular joint enables jaw to move backwards and forwards as well as side to side when chewing
Floating
- the removal or smoothing of sharp points on the outer edge on upper molars and inner edge on lower molars
- act of rasping down sharp edges on teeth
- prevents ulceration
Incisor Reduction
- top teeth can overgrow bottom jaw which is why we file them
Why float teeth?
Upper molars:
- pain while chewing (head tilt)
- loss of suppleness in turns
- failure to maintain vertical head carriage
Lower Molars:
- excessive tongue motion
- loss of appetite from irritation of taste buds
- head shaking
Signs a horse needs their teeth floated
1) slow eating
2) eating hay before grain which allows horse to pack food in the cheek protecting the soft tissue
3) head tilt while eating
4) resistance in turns, pulling on reins, raising head
Speculum
- tool used to keep horses mouth open for dental work
- if horse has huge reaction when opening speculum check TMJ
Problems in Dental
1) teeth not growing correctly
- cal is a deciduous tooth (baby tooth) that won’t come loose because it is attached to the adult one
2) Wave mouth
3) Parrot Mouth
- due to genetics
4) monkey mouth
- undershot jaw/ protruding lower jaw, wouldn’t be able to eat
5) Exaggerated Transverse Ridges
- transverse ridges are normal and necessary, but when exaggerated it can restrict the horses movement and force the horse to have to open its mouth to move jaw
6) periodontal disease
- due to their diet
- inflamed/receding gums, food wedged in between
- filling a gap between gums will fill in space in 2-3 weeks
Age determination (younger)
1) 2 sets of teeth: milk teeth and permanent
2) temporary incisors
- 8 days(central), 8 weeks (intermediate), 8 months for 11 corner incisors, 12,13
3) permanent teeth are larger, longer, darker in color, and do not have well defined neck joining root and gum that temporary teeth do
Age determination by years
1) central incisors -> 3 years
2) intermediate incisors -> 4 years
3) corner incisors -> 5 years
4) -premolars -> deciduous are present at birth or erupt within first 2 weeks
- permanent -> erupt at 2 1/3, 3 and 4 years
5) wolf teeth -> 5-6 months if present
6) molars erupt at 1, 2, and 3 1/2 to 4 years (permanent only)
Cups in dental
- young permanent teeth have deep indentures in the center of their surfaces
- upper teeth are deeper than the lower ones
- cups become smooth as follows
1) lower centers -> 6years
2) intermediates -> 7 years
3) corners -> 8 years
4) upper centers -> 9 years
5) upper intermediates -> 10 years
6) upper corners -> 11 years
Dental Stars
- as cups smooth these will appear
- first as narrow, yellow lines in front of central enamel ring, then as dark circles near the center of the tooth in advanced age
Angle of Incidence
- 160 to 180 degrees in young horses, to less than 90 as the incisors appear to slant forward and outward with age
Hook on incisor
- upper corner incisors develop a hook at 7 years of age
- it may disappear in a year or 2, then reappear at 12-15 years and then disappear again
Shape of teeth
- broad and flat in young horses
- twice as wide as they are deep
- 8-12 years the back (inside) surfaces become oval, the rectangular at 15 years
- at 20 years teeth may be twice as deep from front to rear as they are wide
Galvaynes Groove
1) 10 years -> groove first appears on corner incisor
2) 15 years -> groove is halfway down
3) 20 years -> groove is all the way down
4) 21 years -> groove begins to recede from gum side
5) 25 years -> groove is halfway gone from gum side
6) 30 years -> groove disappears
1) Cap
2) shedding caps
1) a baby tooth that sits in place on the permanent tooth ready to erupt
2) the loss of expired baby teeth as the new permanent teeth erupt to take their place
Cheek teeth
- indicates all grinding teeth, premolars and molars
Crown
- the portion of the tooth that gradually erupts into the mouth and is used for grinding
- not the root
Deciduous teeth
- baby teeth
- replaced by permanent teeth
1) Malocclusion
2) mastication
3) occlusion
4) in wear
1) abnormal contact between opposing teeth
2) the act of chewing or grinding food
3) the contact points of opposing teeth
4) the point in time when opposing teeth have reached sufficient height above gum like to grind against one another
