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PSYC 361 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the natural physical decline brought about by aging, not usually evident until later in life

A

Senescence

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2
Q

According to the CDC, people should engage in at least how many minutes of moderate physical activity at least how many days a week

A

30 minutes 5 days a week

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3
Q

Physical declines brought about by environmental factors or behavioral choices

A

Secondary aging

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4
Q

the physical and emotional response to events that threaten or challenge us

A

Stress

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5
Q

the study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors

A

Psychoneuroimmunology

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6
Q

Most immediate reactions to stress

A

Increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and perspiration

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7
Q

sudden, one-time events

A

Acute stressors

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8
Q

long-term, continuing events

A

Chronic stressors

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9
Q

the assessment of an event to determine where its implications are positive, negative, or neutral

A

Primary appraisal

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10
Q

the assessment of whether one’s coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat or challenge posed by the potential stressor

A

Secondary appraisal

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11
Q

characteristics of events which may have a high likelihood to produce stress

A

Events/circumstances that produce negative events
Situations that are uncontrollable or unpredictable
Events/circumstances that are ambiguous or confusing
Having to accomplish many tasks simultaneously

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12
Q

the effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress

A

Coping

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13
Q

managing a threatening situation by directly changing it to make it less stressful

A

Problem-focused coping

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14
Q

conscious regulation of emotions / manage reaction

A

Emotion-focused coping

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15
Q

coping that involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation

A

Defensive coping

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16
Q

unconsciously trying to block emotions to avoid pain

A

Emotional insulation

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17
Q

Who argued that young adult thinking must develop to deal with ambiguous situations

A

Labouvie-Vief

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18
Q

thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms

A

Postformal thought

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19
Q

an interest in and appreciation for argument, counterargument, and debate

A

Dialectical thinking

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20
Q

Schaie’s stage of development that encompasses all of childhood and adolescence

A

Acquisition stage (1)

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21
Q

Schaie’s stage of development that is reached by young adults in which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving the attainment of long-term goals regarding careers, family, and societal contribution

A

Achieving stage (2)

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22
Q

Schaie’s stage of development where the major concerns of middle-aged adults relate to their personal situations, including protecting and nourishing their spouses, families, and careers

A

Responsible stage (3)

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23
Q

Schaie’s stage of development that is the period in middle adulthood when people take a broader perspective than earlier, including concerns about the world

A

Executive stage (4)

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24
Q

Schaie’s stage of development that is the period of late adulthood during which the focus is on tasks that have personal meaning

A

Reintegrative stage (5)

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25
Q

the period of postadolescence into the early 30s (40s) that focuses on developing close, intimate relationships with others

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation stage

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26
Q

Intimacy according to Erikson entails

A

Selflessness
Sexuality
Deep devotion

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27
Q

sacrifice own needs for another

A

Selflessness

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28
Q

experience of joint pleasure, not just focusing on one’s gratification

A

Sexuality

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29
Q

trying to combine the identities of both partners

A

Deep devotion

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30
Q

Important aspects for friendship

A

proximity and similarity

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31
Q

the theory that relationships proceed in a fixed order of three stages: SVR

A

Stimulus-Value-Role (SVR)

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32
Q

relationship are built on the surface, physical characteristics
Represents the initial encounter

A

Stimulus stage

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33
Q

increased similarities and values

happens between the 2nd and 7th interaction

A

Value stage

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34
Q

relationship built on specific roles- BF/GF, husband/wife

A

Role stage

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35
Q

couples living together without being married

A

Cohabitation

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36
Q

Why cohabitate

A

Not ready for life-long commitment
Practice for marriage
Reject the idea of marriage

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37
Q

period lasting until about age 11, when career choices are made, and discarded, without regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities

A

Fantasy period (1)

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38
Q

spans adolescence, when people begin to think more practically about the requirements to various jobs and how their own abilities might fit with them
Accounting for personal values and goals

A

Tentative period (2)

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39
Q

occurs in early adulthood, when people begin to explore specific career options, either through actual experience on the job or through training for a profession, and then narrow their choices and make a commitment

A

Realistic period (3)

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40
Q

down-to-earth, practical problem solvers, physically strong but with mediocre social skills

A

Realistic

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41
Q

oriented toward the abstract and theoretical; not particularly good with people
Well suited for careers in math and science

A

Intellectual

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42
Q

have strong verbal skills and are good with people

A

Social

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43
Q

prefer highly structured tasks

Make good clerks, secretaries, and bank tellers

A

Conventional

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44
Q

risk-takers, take-charge types and good leaders

Make good managers and politicians

A

Enterprising

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45
Q

express themselves through art, prefer the world of art to interactions with people
Best suited for careers in the arts

A

Artistic

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46
Q

motivation that drives people to obtain tangible rewards, such as money and prestige

A

Extrinsic motivation

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47
Q

motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment, for personal rewards

A

Intrinsic motivation

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48
Q

the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group

A

Status

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49
Q

Around age 55, people begin a process in which bones become less dense that are attached to the spinal column

A

“settling” process

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50
Q

a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet

A

Osteoporosis

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51
Q

how many inches do women settle

A

2 inches

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52
Q

how many inches do men settle

A

1 inch

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53
Q

the ability to discern fine spatial detail in distant/close objects declines

A

Visual acuity

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54
Q

What happens to the eye’s lens as we age

A

The eye’s lens shape changes and elasticity falls making it harder to focus images onto the retina
Lens is also less transparent

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55
Q

a nearly universal change in eyesight during middle adulthood that results in some loss of near vision

A

Presbyopia

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56
Q

Other changes in vision

A

Depth perception
Distance perception
Ability to see in three dimensions
Adapting to darkness (loss of rods/transparency)

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57
Q

a condition in which pressure in the fluid of the eye increase, either because the fluid cannot drain properly or because too much fluid is produced. Untreated can lead to blindness

A

Glaucoma

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58
Q

Hearing changes related to natural aging

A

Loss of cilia (hair cells) in the inner ear

Eardrum becomes less elastic reducing sensitivity to sound

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59
Q

loss of the ability to hear sounds of high frequency (~12% of people 45 to 65)
Men more likely to be affected

A

Presbycusis

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60
Q

the period that marks the transition from being able to bear children to being unable to do so
Most notable sign is menopause

A

Female climacteric

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61
Q

the cessation of menstruation

A

Menopause

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62
Q

the period of physical and psychological change relating to the male reproductive system that occurs during late middle age (typically during their 50s)
Since the changes are gradual, it is difficult to know exactly when it starts

A

Male climacteric

63
Q

unable to achieve or maintain an erection becomes common

A

Erectile dysfunction

64
Q

behavior pattern characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility
Extremely ambitious
True multitaskers (many activities all at once)
Easily angered
Hostile if prevented from reaching their goals

A

Type A

65
Q

behavior pattern characterized by non competitiveness, patience, and lack of aggression
Experience little time urgency and rarely hostile

A

Type B

66
Q

reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, & memory
Arranging letter, memorizing a set of numbers

A

Fluid intelligence

67
Q

the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations

A

Crystallized intelligence

68
Q

How are crystallized and Fluid intelligence affected by aging?

A

Crystalized intelligence increases and Fluid intelligence decreases

69
Q

the process by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas

A

Selective optimization with compensation

70
Q

positively influencing the future and developing a sense of care, acting as a mentor, or leaving a lasting contribution

A

Generativity

71
Q

lack of psychological growth, focus on own trivial activities, may feel like they have contributed very little, presence counted for little

A

Stagnation

72
Q

Erikson’s stage that is from to 40’s to the 60’s

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation

73
Q

Erikson’s stage in which the task is contributing to the world usually through family, work, and/or society

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation

74
Q

a stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite

A

Midlife crisis

75
Q

the experience that relates to parents’ feelings of unhappiness, worry, loneliness, and depression resulting from their children’s departure from home

A

Empty nest syndrome

76
Q

young adults who return, after leaving home for some period, to live in the homes of their middle-aged parents

A

Boomerang children

77
Q

couple who in middle adulthood must fulfill the needs of both their children and their aging parents

A

Sandwich generation

78
Q

Young old

A

65-74yrs

79
Q

Old old

A

75-84yrs

80
Q

Oldest old

A

85yrs and older

81
Q

what is the fastest growing segment of the population

A

Oldest old

82
Q

how many Americans are 65+

A

1 in 8 Americans

83
Q

prejudice and discrimination directed at older people

A

Ageism

84
Q

aging that involves universal and irreversible changes due to genetic programming

A

Primary aging

85
Q

changes in physical and cognitive functioning that are due to illness, health habits, and other individual differences that are not inevitable
Common, but avoidable

A

Secondary aging

86
Q

cloudy or opaque areas on the lens of the eye that interferes with the passage of light
Left untreated can lead to blindness and a milky white lens

A

Cataracts

87
Q

gradual loss in eyesight leaving only peripheral vision

Most common cause for blindness and treated with medication or lasers

A

Age-related macular degeneration

88
Q

For adults 65 to 74, what percent have some hearing loss

A

30% have some hearing loss

89
Q

What percent of adults over 75 experience some hearing loss

A

50%

90
Q

the most common mental disorder of the elderly, it covers several diseases, each of which includes serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning

A

Major neurocognitive disorder (MND)

91
Q

a progressive brain disorder that produces loss of memory and confusion
100,000 deaths each year in the U.S.

A

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

92
Q

Alzheimer’s is not defined by behavioral problems, but the presence of two pathologies in the brain

A

Amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles

93
Q

Medical and social service professionals want to

A

extend active life spans

94
Q

Erikson’s stage in which the task is looking back on life - Fulfilling? or Disappointing?

A

Integrity vs. Despair

95
Q

Erikson’s stage at 60+ years

A

Integrity vs. Despair

96
Q

Unable to accept aging and experience despair as they get older
Often found in nursing homes or hospitals

A

Disintegrated and disorganized personalities

97
Q

Fearful of becoming ill, of the future, of inability to cope

So fearful that they seek out family and care providers for help, even if they don’t need it

A

Passive-dependent personalities

98
Q

Respond to fear of aging by attempting to act young, exercising vigorously, and engaging in youthful activities
Unrealistic expectations which may run the risk of disappointment

A

Defended personalities

99
Q

Accepting aging with a sense of self-dignity

Comfortable with aging

A

Integrated personalities

100
Q

the point in life in which people examine and evaluate their lives
Common theme for many theorists

A

Life review

101
Q

triggered by the increasing sense that death is approaching

A

Life review

102
Q

the period in late adulthood that marks a gradual withdrawal from the world on a physical, psychological, and social level

A

Disengagement theory

103
Q

lower energy and progressive slow down

A

Physical Disengagement

104
Q

show less interest in their surroundings and spend more time inward

A

Psychological Disengagement

105
Q

fewer interactions day-by-day and face-to-face and participation in society

A

Social Disengagement

106
Q

suggests that successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, and social interactions with which they were involved during middle adulthood

A

Activity theory

107
Q

suggests that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem

A

Continuity theory

108
Q

the process by which people concentrate on selected skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas
Used to keep their general motivational, cognitive, and physical resources
Used to compensate for age related losses
Accounts for changes and losses in underlying capabilities which vary from person to person

A

selective optimization

109
Q

how many adults over 65 live with other family members, typically their spouse

A

2/3

110
Q

a community that offers an environment in which all the residents are of retirement age or older

A

Continuing-care community

111
Q

a facility in which elderly individuals receive care during the day, but spend nights and weekends in their own homes

A

Adult day-care facilities

112
Q

a facility that provides full-time nursing care for people who have chronic illnesses or are recovering from a temporary medical condition

A

rsing facilities

113
Q

What percent of young old are in nursing homes

A

1.3%

114
Q

What percent of old old are in nursing homes

A

4.4%

115
Q

What percent of oldest old are in nursing homes

A

15.4%

116
Q

a psychological state in which people in nursing homes develop apathy, indifference, and a lack of caring about themselves

A

Institutionalism

117
Q

Three stages of widowhood

A

Preparation
Grief and mourning
Adaptation

118
Q

the absence of a heartbeat and breathing

A

Functional death

119
Q

Since functional death lacks precision, what is now “used” to determine the moment of death

A

brain functioning

120
Q

a diagnosis of death based on the cessation of all signs of brain activity, as measured by electrical brain waves

A

Brain death

121
Q

Children start to develop their concept of death around the age of

A

5

122
Q

At what age do, children understand that death is final and universal and start to understand cultural customs around death

A

9

123
Q

5 steps of dying

A 
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
124
Q

sadness based on events that have already occurred

A

Reactive depression

125
Q

sadness over future losses

A

Preparatory depression

126
Q

legal documents designating what medical treatments people want or do not want if they cannot express their wishes

A

Living will

127
Q

removing medical equipment that may be sustaining a person’s life and allowing them to die naturally

A

Passive euthanasia

128
Q

medical staff or caregivers ending the person’s life before death would naturally occur

A

Voluntary active euthanasia

129
Q

an alternative to hospitalization in which dying people stay in their homes and receive treatment from their families and visiting medical staff

A

Home care

130
Q

care provided for the dying in institutions devoted to those who are terminally ill

A

Hospice care

131
Q

Average cost of a funeral is

A

$7,000

132
Q

acknowledgement of the objective fact that one has experienced a death

A

Bereavement

133
Q

the emotional response to one’s loss

Initially, grief entails shock, numbness, disbelief, or outright denial

A

Grief

134
Q

Studies show that the risk of dying can below many times higher than normal during the first year after a spouse has died

A

7x

135
Q

The theory suggesting that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem is called __________.

A

continuity theory

136
Q

According to Kübler-Ross, what is the first step people pass through as they move toward death?

A

Denial

137
Q

Physical declines brought about by environmental factors of an individual’s behavioral choices are called

A

secondary aging

138
Q

The care provided for the dying in institutions devoted to those who are terminally ill is called __________.

A

hospice care

139
Q

The tongue loses taste buds over time, making food less __________.

A

tasty

140
Q

You are likely to feel differently about an upcoming history test if you passed the last one with flying colors than you would if you did poorly. This is an example of a(n) __________.

A

primary appraisal

141
Q

According to Erikson, the focus of a person’s early 30s is __________.

A

developing close, intimate relationships with others

142
Q

Which of the “Big Five” major clusters of personality traits/characteristics pertains to the degree to which a person is easygoing and helpful?

A

Agreeableness

143
Q

All of the following are major consequences of stress EXCEPT __________.

A

increased immune system response

144
Q

When medical staff act to end a person’s life before death would normally occur, this is called __________.

A

voluntary active euthanasia

145
Q

According to the terminology used by demographers, people between the ages of 65 and 74 years are called __________.

A

young old

146
Q

According to Ginzberg’s theory, the third stage, which occurs in early adulthood when people begin to explore specific career options, is called __________.

A

realistic period

147
Q

The life expectancy of a person born in 2012 is __________ years of age.

A

79

148
Q

Men and women can reduce the risk of osteoporosis by consuming a diet high in calcium and __________.

A

getting regular exercise

149
Q

Young adults who return to live in the homes of their middle-aged parents are called __________.

A

boomerang children

150
Q

Assistance and comfort provided to a person dealing with a stressful situation is known as __________.

A

social support

151
Q

The absence of a heartbeat and breathing is called __________.

A

functional death

152
Q

Jorge cannot accept that he is getting older and experiences despair. According to Bernice Neugarten, what is his personality type?

A

Disintegrated and disorganized

153
Q

The acceleration of decline in cognitive functioning related to impending death is called __________.

A

terminal decline

154
Q

Adolescents tend to think they are invulnerable and death cannot happen to them, a belief system known as __________.

A

personal fable

PSYC 361 (3 decks)

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