Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
the natural physical decline brought about by aging, not usually evident until later in life
A
Senescence
2
Q
According to the CDC, people should engage in at least how many minutes of moderate physical activity at least how many days a week
A
30 minutes 5 days a week
3
Q
Physical declines brought about by environmental factors or behavioral choices
A
Secondary aging
4
Q
the physical and emotional response to events that threaten or challenge us
A
Stress
5
Q
the study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors
A
Psychoneuroimmunology
6
Q
Most immediate reactions to stress
A
Increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and perspiration
7
Q
sudden, one-time events
A
Acute stressors
8
Q
long-term, continuing events
A
Chronic stressors
9
Q
the assessment of an event to determine where its implications are positive, negative, or neutral
A
Primary appraisal
10
Q
the assessment of whether one’s coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat or challenge posed by the potential stressor
A
Secondary appraisal
11
Q
characteristics of events which may have a high likelihood to produce stress
A
Events/circumstances that produce negative events
Situations that are uncontrollable or unpredictable
Events/circumstances that are ambiguous or confusing
Having to accomplish many tasks simultaneously
12
Q
the effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress
A
Coping
13
Q
managing a threatening situation by directly changing it to make it less stressful
A
Problem-focused coping
14
Q
conscious regulation of emotions / manage reaction
A
Emotion-focused coping
15
Q
coping that involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation
A
Defensive coping
16
Q
unconsciously trying to block emotions to avoid pain
A
Emotional insulation
17
Q
Who argued that young adult thinking must develop to deal with ambiguous situations
A
Labouvie-Vief
18
Q
thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms
A
Postformal thought
19
Q
an interest in and appreciation for argument, counterargument, and debate
A
Dialectical thinking
20
Q
Schaie’s stage of development that encompasses all of childhood and adolescence
A
Acquisition stage (1)
21
Q
Schaie’s stage of development that is reached by young adults in which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving the attainment of long-term goals regarding careers, family, and societal contribution
A
Achieving stage (2)
22
Q
Schaie’s stage of development where the major concerns of middle-aged adults relate to their personal situations, including protecting and nourishing their spouses, families, and careers
A
Responsible stage (3)
23
Q
Schaie’s stage of development that is the period in middle adulthood when people take a broader perspective than earlier, including concerns about the world
A
Executive stage (4)
24
Q
Schaie’s stage of development that is the period of late adulthood during which the focus is on tasks that have personal meaning
A
Reintegrative stage (5)
25
the period of postadolescence into the early 30s (40s) that focuses on developing close, intimate relationships with others
Intimacy vs. Isolation stage
26
Intimacy according to Erikson entails
Selflessness
Sexuality
Deep devotion
27
sacrifice own needs for another
Selflessness
28
experience of joint pleasure, not just focusing on one’s gratification
Sexuality
29
trying to combine the identities of both partners
Deep devotion
30
Important aspects for friendship
proximity and similarity
31
the theory that relationships proceed in a fixed order of three stages: SVR
Stimulus-Value-Role (SVR)
32
relationship are built on the surface, physical characteristics
Represents the initial encounter
Stimulus stage
33
increased similarities and values
| happens between the 2nd and 7th interaction
Value stage
34
relationship built on specific roles- BF/GF, husband/wife
Role stage
35
couples living together without being married
Cohabitation
36
Why cohabitate
Not ready for life-long commitment
Practice for marriage
Reject the idea of marriage
37
period lasting until about age 11, when career choices are made, and discarded, without regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities
Fantasy period (1)
38
spans adolescence, when people begin to think more practically about the requirements to various jobs and how their own abilities might fit with them
Accounting for personal values and goals
Tentative period (2)
39
occurs in early adulthood, when people begin to explore specific career options, either through actual experience on the job or through training for a profession, and then narrow their choices and make a commitment
Realistic period (3)
40
down-to-earth, practical problem solvers, physically strong but with mediocre social skills
Realistic
41
oriented toward the abstract and theoretical; not particularly good with people
Well suited for careers in math and science
Intellectual
42
have strong verbal skills and are good with people
Social
43
prefer highly structured tasks
| Make good clerks, secretaries, and bank tellers
Conventional
44
risk-takers, take-charge types and good leaders
| Make good managers and politicians
Enterprising
45
express themselves through art, prefer the world of art to interactions with people
Best suited for careers in the arts
Artistic
46
motivation that drives people to obtain tangible rewards, such as money and prestige
Extrinsic motivation
47
motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment, for personal rewards
Intrinsic motivation
48
the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group
Status
49
Around age 55, people begin a process in which bones become less dense that are attached to the spinal column
“settling” process
50
a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet
Osteoporosis
51
how many inches do women settle
2 inches
52
how many inches do men settle
1 inch
53
the ability to discern fine spatial detail in distant/close objects declines
Visual acuity
54
What happens to the eye's lens as we age
The eye’s lens shape changes and elasticity falls making it harder to focus images onto the retina
Lens is also less transparent
55
a nearly universal change in eyesight during middle adulthood that results in some loss of near vision
Presbyopia
56
Other changes in vision
Depth perception
Distance perception
Ability to see in three dimensions
Adapting to darkness (loss of rods/transparency)
57
a condition in which pressure in the fluid of the eye increase, either because the fluid cannot drain properly or because too much fluid is produced. Untreated can lead to blindness
Glaucoma
58
Hearing changes related to natural aging
Loss of cilia (hair cells) in the inner ear
| Eardrum becomes less elastic reducing sensitivity to sound
59
loss of the ability to hear sounds of high frequency (~12% of people 45 to 65)
Men more likely to be affected
Presbycusis
60
the period that marks the transition from being able to bear children to being unable to do so
Most notable sign is menopause
Female climacteric
61
the cessation of menstruation
Menopause
62
the period of physical and psychological change relating to the male reproductive system that occurs during late middle age (typically during their 50s)
Since the changes are gradual, it is difficult to know exactly when it starts
Male climacteric
63
unable to achieve or maintain an erection becomes common
Erectile dysfunction
64
behavior pattern characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility
Extremely ambitious
True multitaskers (many activities all at once)
Easily angered
Hostile if prevented from reaching their goals
Type A
65
behavior pattern characterized by non competitiveness, patience, and lack of aggression
Experience little time urgency and rarely hostile
Type B
66
reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, & memory
Arranging letter, memorizing a set of numbers
Fluid intelligence
67
the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations
Crystallized intelligence
68
How are crystallized and Fluid intelligence affected by aging?
Crystalized intelligence increases and Fluid intelligence decreases
69
the process by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas
Selective optimization with compensation
70
positively influencing the future and developing a sense of care, acting as a mentor, or leaving a lasting contribution
Generativity
71
lack of psychological growth, focus on own trivial activities, may feel like they have contributed very little, presence counted for little
Stagnation
72
Erikson's stage that is from to 40's to the 60's
Generativity vs. Stagnation
73
Erikson's stage in which the task is contributing to the world usually through family, work, and/or society
Generativity vs. Stagnation
74
a stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite
Midlife crisis
75
the experience that relates to parents’ feelings of unhappiness, worry, loneliness, and depression resulting from their children’s departure from home
Empty nest syndrome
76
young adults who return, after leaving home for some period, to live in the homes of their middle-aged parents
Boomerang children
77
couple who in middle adulthood must fulfill the needs of both their children and their aging parents
Sandwich generation
78
Young old
65-74yrs
79
Old old
75-84yrs
80
Oldest old
85yrs and older
81
what is the fastest growing segment of the population
Oldest old
82
how many Americans are 65+
1 in 8 Americans
83
prejudice and discrimination directed at older people
Ageism
84
aging that involves universal and irreversible changes due to genetic programming
Primary aging
85
changes in physical and cognitive functioning that are due to illness, health habits, and other individual differences that are not inevitable
Common, but avoidable
Secondary aging
86
cloudy or opaque areas on the lens of the eye that interferes with the passage of light
Left untreated can lead to blindness and a milky white lens
Cataracts
87
gradual loss in eyesight leaving only peripheral vision
| Most common cause for blindness and treated with medication or lasers
Age-related macular degeneration
88
For adults 65 to 74, what percent have some hearing loss
30% have some hearing loss
89
What percent of adults over 75 experience some hearing loss
50%
90
the most common mental disorder of the elderly, it covers several diseases, each of which includes serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning
Major neurocognitive disorder (MND)
91
a progressive brain disorder that produces loss of memory and confusion
100,000 deaths each year in the U.S.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
92
Alzheimer's is not defined by behavioral problems, but the presence of two pathologies in the brain
Amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles
93
Medical and social service professionals want to
extend active life spans
94
Erikson’s stage in which the task is looking back on life - Fulfilling? or Disappointing?
Integrity vs. Despair
95
Erikson’s stage at 60+ years
Integrity vs. Despair
96
Unable to accept aging and experience despair as they get older
Often found in nursing homes or hospitals
Disintegrated and disorganized personalities
97
Fearful of becoming ill, of the future, of inability to cope
| So fearful that they seek out family and care providers for help, even if they don’t need it
Passive-dependent personalities
98
Respond to fear of aging by attempting to act young, exercising vigorously, and engaging in youthful activities
Unrealistic expectations which may run the risk of disappointment
Defended personalities
99
Accepting aging with a sense of self-dignity
| Comfortable with aging
Integrated personalities
100
the point in life in which people examine and evaluate their lives
Common theme for many theorists
Life review
101
triggered by the increasing sense that death is approaching
Life review
102
the period in late adulthood that marks a gradual withdrawal from the world on a physical, psychological, and social level
Disengagement theory
103
lower energy and progressive slow down
Physical Disengagement
104
show less interest in their surroundings and spend more time inward
Psychological Disengagement
105
fewer interactions day-by-day and face-to-face and participation in society
Social Disengagement
106
suggests that successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, and social interactions with which they were involved during middle adulthood
Activity theory
107
suggests that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem
Continuity theory
108
the process by which people concentrate on selected skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas
Used to keep their general motivational, cognitive, and physical resources
Used to compensate for age related losses
Accounts for changes and losses in underlying capabilities which vary from person to person
selective optimization
109
how many adults over 65 live with other family members, typically their spouse
2/3
110
a community that offers an environment in which all the residents are of retirement age or older
Continuing-care community
111
a facility in which elderly individuals receive care during the day, but spend nights and weekends in their own homes
Adult day-care facilities
112
a facility that provides full-time nursing care for people who have chronic illnesses or are recovering from a temporary medical condition
rsing facilities
113
What percent of young old are in nursing homes
1.3%
114
What percent of old old are in nursing homes
4.4%
115
What percent of oldest old are in nursing homes
15.4%
116
a psychological state in which people in nursing homes develop apathy, indifference, and a lack of caring about themselves
Institutionalism
117
Three stages of widowhood
Preparation
Grief and mourning
Adaptation
118
the absence of a heartbeat and breathing
Functional death
119
Since functional death lacks precision, what is now “used” to determine the moment of death
brain functioning
120
a diagnosis of death based on the cessation of all signs of brain activity, as measured by electrical brain waves
Brain death
121
Children start to develop their concept of death around the age of
5
122
At what age do, children understand that death is final and universal and start to understand cultural customs around death
9
123
5 steps of dying
```
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
```
124
sadness based on events that have already occurred
Reactive depression
125
sadness over future losses
Preparatory depression
126
legal documents designating what medical treatments people want or do not want if they cannot express their wishes
Living will
127
removing medical equipment that may be sustaining a person’s life and allowing them to die naturally
Passive euthanasia
128
medical staff or caregivers ending the person’s life before death would naturally occur
Voluntary active euthanasia
129
an alternative to hospitalization in which dying people stay in their homes and receive treatment from their families and visiting medical staff
Home care
130
care provided for the dying in institutions devoted to those who are terminally ill
Hospice care
131
Average cost of a funeral is
$7,000
132
acknowledgement of the objective fact that one has experienced a death
Bereavement
133
the emotional response to one’s loss
| Initially, grief entails shock, numbness, disbelief, or outright denial
Grief
134
Studies show that the risk of dying can below many times higher than normal during the first year after a spouse has died
7x
135
The theory suggesting that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem is called __________.
continuity theory
136
According to Kübler-Ross, what is the first step people pass through as they move toward death?
Denial
137
Physical declines brought about by environmental factors of an individual's behavioral choices are called
secondary aging
138
The care provided for the dying in institutions devoted to those who are terminally ill is called __________.
hospice care
139
The tongue loses taste buds over time, making food less __________.
tasty
140
You are likely to feel differently about an upcoming history test if you passed the last one with flying colors than you would if you did poorly. This is an example of a(n) __________.
primary appraisal
141
According to Erikson, the focus of a person's early 30s is __________.
developing close, intimate relationships with others
142
Which of the "Big Five" major clusters of personality traits/characteristics pertains to the degree to which a person is easygoing and helpful?
Agreeableness
143
All of the following are major consequences of stress EXCEPT __________.
increased immune system response
144
When medical staff act to end a person's life before death would normally occur, this is called __________.
voluntary active euthanasia
145
According to the terminology used by demographers, people between the ages of 65 and 74 years are called __________.
young old
146
According to Ginzberg's theory, the third stage, which occurs in early adulthood when people begin to explore specific career options, is called __________.
realistic period
147
The life expectancy of a person born in 2012 is __________ years of age.
79
148
Men and women can reduce the risk of osteoporosis by consuming a diet high in calcium and __________.
getting regular exercise
149
Young adults who return to live in the homes of their middle-aged parents are called __________.
boomerang children
150
Assistance and comfort provided to a person dealing with a stressful situation is known as __________.
social support
151
The absence of a heartbeat and breathing is called __________.
functional death
152
Jorge cannot accept that he is getting older and experiences despair. According to Bernice Neugarten, what is his personality type?
Disintegrated and disorganized
153
The acceleration of decline in cognitive functioning related to impending death is called __________.
terminal decline
154
Adolescents tend to think they are invulnerable and death cannot happen to them, a belief system known as __________.
personal fable
