Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
The process of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s reproductive tract by a physician
A
Artificial Insemination
2
Q
True or False? All reflexes, such as the eye-blink reflex, last a lifetime
A
False
3
Q
The term for a newborn baby
A
neonate
4
Q
The basic nerve cell of the nervous system
A
neuron
5
Q
Reflex in which the neonate tends to turn its head toward things that touch it’s cheek
A
rooting
6
Q
Principal that means that we develop visual abilities well before we master the ability to walk
A
cephalocaudal
7
Q
Reduces the oxygen content and increases the carbon monoxide of the mother’s blood. Also quickly reduces the oxygen available for the fetus
A
Smoking cigarettes
8
Q
Broad explanations and predictions about phenomena of interest
A
Theories
9
Q
What are the 6 major theoretical perspectives in life development
A
Psychodynamic, behavioral cognitive, humanistic, contextual and evolutionary
10
Q
The field of study that examines patterns of growth change stability and behavior that occurs throughout the entire lifespan
A
Lifespan development
11
Q
Development involving the bodies physical make up, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep
A
physical Development
12
Q
Development involving the ways that growth and change and intellectual capabilities influence a persons behavior
A
Cognitive development
13
Q
Omit involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the lifespan
A
Personality development
14
Q
The way in which individuals interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
A
Social development
15
Q
A group of people born at around the same time in the same place
A
cohort
16
Q
Gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels
A
Continuous change
17
Q
Development that occurs in the stink steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stage
A
Discontinuous change
18
Q
Specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences in the presence of certain kind of environmental stimuli are necessary for development to proceed normally
A
Critical period
19
Q
A point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of the stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences
A
Sensitive period
20
Q
Predetermine unfolding of genetic information
A
Maturation
21
Q
The approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces memories and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples awareness and control
A
Psychodynamic perspective
22
Q
The theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
A
Psychoanalytic theory
23
Q
A series of stages that children pass-through in which pleasure or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part
A
Psychosexual development
24
Q
Development that encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others behavior
A
Psychosocial development
25
Developer of psychosocial development theory
Eric Erickson
26
Developer of psychoanalytic theory
Freud
27
The approach that suggest that the keys to understand development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment
Behavioral perspective
28
A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
Classical conditioning
29
Form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weekend by its association with positive or negative consequences
Operant conditioning
30
A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
Behavior modification
31
Learning by observing the behavior of another person called a model
Social – cognitive learning theory
32
Developer social – cognitive learning theory
Albert Bandura
33
Raw unorganized part of personality present at birth. Involves primary drives – hunger, sex, aggression, impulses. Operates on the pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification to reduce tension
Id
34
Rational and reasonable part of personality evolving from id. Acts as the middleman/reality check. Operates on the reality principle.
Ego
35
Represents a persons conscience, right versus wrong. Embodiment of parental and societal values. Focuses on how we ought to behave and strives for perfection producing feelings of pride or negative feelings of guilt
Super ego
36
Sexually responsive area of the body
Erogenous zone
37
The condition of being partly stuck in the stage of psychosocial development
Fixation
38
Five stages of psychosexual development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
39
Perspective that focuses on learning through imitation
Social – cognitive learning
40
Result of continuing exposure to specific environmental factors; developmental changes quantitative
Behavior
41
Approach that focuses on the process that allows people to know, understand, and think about the world
Cognitive perspective
42
Perspective that tries to understand how people process information and how their thinking and understanding affect our behavior
Cognitive perspective
43
Theory that states that people go through fixed sequences of universal stages of cognitive development
Piaget's theory on cognitive development
44
Human thinking that is arranged and organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions
Schema
45
Process in which people understand new experiences in terms of their current stage of cognition and existing ways of thinking
Assimilation
46
Changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events
Accommodation
47
Developmental perspective that seeks to identify the way people take in, use, and store information
Information processing approach
48
Siri that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior
Humanistic perspective
49
State of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way
Self actualization
50
The theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds
Contextual perspective
51
The perspective suggesting that levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals
Bioecological approach
52
Immediate environment: family, school, peer group, neighborhood, and childcare environment
Microsystem
53
A system comprised of connections between immediate environments
Mesosystem
54
External environmental settings which only indirectly affect development. Local government, the community, schools, places of worship, and the local media
Exosystem
55
The larger cultural context: Society in general, types of government, religious and political value systems, and other broad, encompassing factors
Macrosystem
56
The way passage of time affects a child's development
Chronosystem
57
Theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture
Socio-cultural theory
58
Developer of sociocultural theory
Vygotsky
59
The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
Evolutionary perspective
60
Examines the way in which our biological makeup influences our behavior
Ethology
61
Creates traits that are adapted to its environment
Natural selection
62
The process of posing in answering questions using careful control techniques that include systematic orderly observation in the collection of data
Scientific method
63
Prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested
Hypothesis
64
Extent to which two factors very together and that's how well each factor predicts the other
Correlation
65
Mathematical expression of the relationship ranging from -1.00 to + 1.00
Correlation coefficient
66
Research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists
Correlational research
67
Research design to discover causal relationships between various factors
Experimental research
68
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring environments without trying to control manipulate the situation
Naturalistic observations
69
And observation technique in which one person or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Case study
70
Type of study where a group of people chosen to represent some larger population or ask questions about their attitudes, behaviors, or thinking on a given topic
Survey research
71
Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more variables to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process, while controlling other relevant factors
Experiment
72
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups
Random assignment
73
The group that is exposed to the treatment or manipulation
Experimental group
74
Group not exposed to the treatment or manipulation
Control group
75
Experimental factor that is manipulated; The variable whose effect is being studied
Independent variable
76
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
Dependent variable
77
Research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant
Laboratory study
78
Research design specifically to test some developmental exclamation and expand a scientific knowledge
Theoretical research
79
Research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems
Applied research
80
Research in which the behavior of one or more participants in the study is measured as they age
Longitudinal research
81
Research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting
Field study
82
People of different ages are compared at the same point in time
Cross-sectional research
83
Researchers examine a number of different age groups at several points in time
Sequential studies
84
True or false? Brain plasticity in infants is relatively low
False
85
New cell formed by the process of fertilization
Zygote
86
Basic unit of genetic information
Gene
87
Forms about an hour after the sperm enters the ovum
zygote
88
The substance that genes are composed of that determine the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function
DNA
89
rod shaped portions of DNA that organized in 23 pairs
Chromosomes
90
Twins were genetically identical
Monozygotic twins
91
Twins Who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time
Dizygotic twins
92
What percent of pregnancies develop twins
Less than 3%
93
The one trait that is expressed went to competing traits are present
Dominant trait
94
A trait within an organism that is present, but is not express
Recessive trait
95
The underlying combination of genetic material present (not outwardly visible) in an organism
Genotype
96
An observable trait, the trait that is actually seen
Phenotype
97
Inheriting from parent similar genes for a given trait
Homozygous
98
Inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait
Heterozygous
99
Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual
Temperament
100
Discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues related to inherited disorders
Genetic Counseling
101
What are the two big five personality traits linked to genetic factors
Neuroticism and extroversion
102
Process by which a sperm an ovum join to form a single new cell
Fertilization
103
Stage of the prenatal period that is from fertilization to two weeks
Germinal stage
104
The period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems
Embryonic stage
105
Layer of the embryo that form skin hair teeth sense organs brain and spinal cord
Ectoderm
106
Distinct layer of the embryo that forms the muscles bones and circulatory system
Mesoderm
107
Distinct layer of the embryo that forms the digestive system liver pancreas and respiration system
Endoderm
108
The stage that begins at about eight weeks after conception and continues until birth
Fetal stage
109
Disease contracted by the mother before 11 weeks of pregnancy that can cause blindness, deafness, architects, or brain damage
Rubella
110
Disease that if contracted by the mother can cause birth defects
Chickenpox
111
Disease that if contracted by the mother can cause increased risk of miscarriage
Mumps
112
a disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potential he resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child
Fetal alcohol syndrome
113
A condition in which children display some, but not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mothers consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
Fetal alcohol effects
114
An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass
episiotomy
115
What are the five things the apgar scale measures
Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
116
Unlearned, organized involuntary response that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
Reflex
117
different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation
states of arrousal
118
simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills
Hierarchical integration
119
Different body systems grow at different rates
independence of systems
120
reflex that causes a neonate to turn head towards things that touch it's cheek
rooting reflex
121
Reflex that includes the moving of legs when held upright with feet touching the floor
Stepping reflex
122
Infant's tendency to paddle and kick in a sort of swimming motion when lying face down in a body of water
swimming reflex
123
Reflex activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly removed. The arms of the infant are thrust outward and then appear to grasp something
Moro reflex
124
An infant fans out his toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot
babinski
125
An infant in response to a sudden noise flings out arms arches back and spreads fingers
startle reflex
126
The average performance of a large sample of children of a given age
norms
127
A measure designed to determine infants' neurological and behavioral responses to their environment
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
128
The physical stimulation pf the sense organ
Sensation
129
The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and the brain
Perception
130
What is the age range of infants that can not be coaxed to cross the visual cliff
6 to 14 months
131
Age babies reach adult accuracy in sound localization
1 year
132
According to Piaget what is required for passage from one stage to the next
Appropriate level of physical maturation and exposure to relevant experiences
133
Initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into 6 substages. While the timing of the substages may vary the order is set in stone
Sensorimotor Stage
134
Substage that includes various inborn reflexes
Substage 1: simple reflexed
135
Substage that includes beginning of coordination of what were separate actions into single, integrated activities
Substage -First habits and Primary Circular Reactions
136
Substage that includes seeking to repeat enjoyable events in their environment that are produced through chance activities
Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions
137
Substage in which several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem
Substage4: Coordination of secondary Circular reactions
138
Substage that includes development of schemes regarding deliberate variation of actions that bring desirable consequences. Carry out miniature experiments to observe consequences
Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions
139
Substage that includes the capacity for mental representation or symbolic thought, understanding of causality and ability to pretend
Substage 6: beginning of thought
140
The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication
Language
141
The basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences
Phoneme
142
Smallest language unit that has meaning
Morpheme
143
The rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences
Semantics
144
One word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, the meaning of which depends on the particular context in which they are used
Holophrases
145
Speech in which words not critical to the message are left out
Telegraphic speech
146
The overly restrictive use of word, common among children just mustering spoken language
Underextension
147
The overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning
Overextension
148
The caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person
Stranger anxiety
149
The distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs
Separation anxiety
150
A style of language used in which language is used primarily to label objects
Referential style
151
Style of language used in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others
Expressive style
152
The theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning
Learning Theory approach to language development
153
The theory that a genetically determined innate mechanism directs language development
Nativist approach
154
Norm Chomsky's theory that all world languages share a similar underlying structure
Universal grammar
155
A neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language
Language acquisition device
156
A type of speech directed towards infants characterized by short simple sentences
Infant directed speech
