Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 361 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The process of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s reproductive tract by a physician

A

Artificial Insemination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or False? All reflexes, such as the eye-blink reflex, last a lifetime

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The term for a newborn baby

A

neonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The basic nerve cell of the nervous system

A

neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Reflex in which the neonate tends to turn its head toward things that touch it’s cheek

A

rooting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Principal that means that we develop visual abilities well before we master the ability to walk

A

cephalocaudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Reduces the oxygen content and increases the carbon monoxide of the mother’s blood. Also quickly reduces the oxygen available for the fetus

A

Smoking cigarettes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Broad explanations and predictions about phenomena of interest

A

Theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 6 major theoretical perspectives in life development

A

Psychodynamic, behavioral cognitive, humanistic, contextual and evolutionary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The field of study that examines patterns of growth change stability and behavior that occurs throughout the entire lifespan

A

Lifespan development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Development involving the bodies physical make up, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep

A

physical Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Development involving the ways that growth and change and intellectual capabilities influence a persons behavior

A

Cognitive development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Omit involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the lifespan

A

Personality development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The way in which individuals interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life

A

Social development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A group of people born at around the same time in the same place

A

cohort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels

A

Continuous change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Development that occurs in the stink steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stage

A

Discontinuous change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences in the presence of certain kind of environmental stimuli are necessary for development to proceed normally

A

Critical period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of the stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences

A

Sensitive period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Predetermine unfolding of genetic information

A

Maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces memories and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples awareness and control

A

Psychodynamic perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior

A

Psychoanalytic theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A series of stages that children pass-through in which pleasure or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part

A

Psychosexual development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Development that encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others behavior

A

Psychosocial development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Developer of psychosocial development theory

A

Eric Erickson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Developer of psychoanalytic theory

A

Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The approach that suggest that the keys to understand development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment

A

Behavioral perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response

A

Classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weekend by its association with positive or negative consequences

A

Operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

A

Behavior modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Learning by observing the behavior of another person called a model

A

Social – cognitive learning theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Developer social – cognitive learning theory

A

Albert Bandura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Raw unorganized part of personality present at birth. Involves primary drives – hunger, sex, aggression, impulses. Operates on the pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification to reduce tension

A

Id

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Rational and reasonable part of personality evolving from id. Acts as the middleman/reality check. Operates on the reality principle.

A

Ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Represents a persons conscience, right versus wrong. Embodiment of parental and societal values. Focuses on how we ought to behave and strives for perfection producing feelings of pride or negative feelings of guilt

A

Super ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sexually responsive area of the body

A

Erogenous zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The condition of being partly stuck in the stage of psychosocial development

A

Fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Five stages of psychosexual development

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Perspective that focuses on learning through imitation

A

Social – cognitive learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Result of continuing exposure to specific environmental factors; developmental changes quantitative

A

Behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Approach that focuses on the process that allows people to know, understand, and think about the world

A

Cognitive perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Perspective that tries to understand how people process information and how their thinking and understanding affect our behavior

A

Cognitive perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Theory that states that people go through fixed sequences of universal stages of cognitive development

A

Piaget’s theory on cognitive development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Human thinking that is arranged and organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions

A

Schema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Process in which people understand new experiences in terms of their current stage of cognition and existing ways of thinking

A

Assimilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events

A

Accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Developmental perspective that seeks to identify the way people take in, use, and store information

A

Information processing approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Siri that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior

A

Humanistic perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

State of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way

A

Self actualization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds

A

Contextual perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The perspective suggesting that levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals

A

Bioecological approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Immediate environment: family, school, peer group, neighborhood, and childcare environment

A

Microsystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

A system comprised of connections between immediate environments

A

Mesosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

External environmental settings which only indirectly affect development. Local government, the community, schools, places of worship, and the local media

A

Exosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The larger cultural context: Society in general, types of government, religious and political value systems, and other broad, encompassing factors

A

Macrosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The way passage of time affects a child’s development

A

Chronosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture

A

Socio-cultural theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Developer of sociocultural theory

A

Vygotsky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

A

Evolutionary perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Examines the way in which our biological makeup influences our behavior

A

Ethology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Creates traits that are adapted to its environment

A

Natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

The process of posing in answering questions using careful control techniques that include systematic orderly observation in the collection of data

A

Scientific method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested

A

Hypothesis

64
Q

Extent to which two factors very together and that’s how well each factor predicts the other

A

Correlation

65
Q

Mathematical expression of the relationship ranging from -1.00 to + 1.00

A

Correlation coefficient

66
Q

Research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists

A

Correlational research

67
Q

Research design to discover causal relationships between various factors

A

Experimental research

68
Q

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring environments without trying to control manipulate the situation

A

Naturalistic observations

69
Q

And observation technique in which one person or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A

Case study

70
Q

Type of study where a group of people chosen to represent some larger population or ask questions about their attitudes, behaviors, or thinking on a given topic

A

Survey research

71
Q

Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more variables to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process, while controlling other relevant factors

A

Experiment

72
Q

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups

A

Random assignment

73
Q

The group that is exposed to the treatment or manipulation

A

Experimental group

74
Q

Group not exposed to the treatment or manipulation

A

Control group

75
Q

Experimental factor that is manipulated; The variable whose effect is being studied

A

Independent variable

76
Q

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

A

Dependent variable

77
Q

Research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant

A

Laboratory study

78
Q

Research design specifically to test some developmental exclamation and expand a scientific knowledge

A

Theoretical research

79
Q

Research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems

A

Applied research

80
Q

Research in which the behavior of one or more participants in the study is measured as they age

A

Longitudinal research

81
Q

Research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting

A

Field study

82
Q

People of different ages are compared at the same point in time

A

Cross-sectional research

83
Q

Researchers examine a number of different age groups at several points in time

A

Sequential studies

84
Q

True or false? Brain plasticity in infants is relatively low

A

False

85
Q

New cell formed by the process of fertilization

A

Zygote

86
Q

Basic unit of genetic information

A

Gene

87
Q

Forms about an hour after the sperm enters the ovum

A

zygote

88
Q

The substance that genes are composed of that determine the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function

A

DNA

89
Q

rod shaped portions of DNA that organized in 23 pairs

A

Chromosomes

90
Q

Twins were genetically identical

A

Monozygotic twins

91
Q

Twins Who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

A

Dizygotic twins

92
Q

What percent of pregnancies develop twins

A

Less than 3%

93
Q

The one trait that is expressed went to competing traits are present

A

Dominant trait

94
Q

A trait within an organism that is present, but is not express

A

Recessive trait

95
Q

The underlying combination of genetic material present (not outwardly visible) in an organism

A

Genotype

96
Q

An observable trait, the trait that is actually seen

A

Phenotype

97
Q

Inheriting from parent similar genes for a given trait

A

Homozygous

98
Q

Inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait

A

Heterozygous

99
Q

Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual

A

Temperament

100
Q

Discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues related to inherited disorders

A

Genetic Counseling

101
Q

What are the two big five personality traits linked to genetic factors

A

Neuroticism and extroversion

102
Q

Process by which a sperm an ovum join to form a single new cell

A

Fertilization

103
Q

Stage of the prenatal period that is from fertilization to two weeks

A

Germinal stage

104
Q

The period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems

A

Embryonic stage

105
Q

Layer of the embryo that form skin hair teeth sense organs brain and spinal cord

A

Ectoderm

106
Q

Distinct layer of the embryo that forms the muscles bones and circulatory system

A

Mesoderm

107
Q

Distinct layer of the embryo that forms the digestive system liver pancreas and respiration system

A

Endoderm

108
Q

The stage that begins at about eight weeks after conception and continues until birth

A

Fetal stage

109
Q

Disease contracted by the mother before 11 weeks of pregnancy that can cause blindness, deafness, architects, or brain damage

A

Rubella

110
Q

Disease that if contracted by the mother can cause birth defects

A

Chickenpox

111
Q

Disease that if contracted by the mother can cause increased risk of miscarriage

A

Mumps

112
Q

a disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potential he resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

113
Q

A condition in which children display some, but not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mothers consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

A

Fetal alcohol effects

114
Q

An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass

A

episiotomy

115
Q

What are the five things the apgar scale measures

A

Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

116
Q

Unlearned, organized involuntary response that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli

A

Reflex

117
Q

different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation

A

states of arrousal

118
Q

simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills

A

Hierarchical integration

119
Q

Different body systems grow at different rates

A

independence of systems

120
Q

reflex that causes a neonate to turn head towards things that touch it’s cheek

A

rooting reflex

121
Q

Reflex that includes the moving of legs when held upright with feet touching the floor

A

Stepping reflex

122
Q

Infant’s tendency to paddle and kick in a sort of swimming motion when lying face down in a body of water

A

swimming reflex

123
Q

Reflex activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly removed. The arms of the infant are thrust outward and then appear to grasp something

A

Moro reflex

124
Q

An infant fans out his toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot

A

babinski

125
Q

An infant in response to a sudden noise flings out arms arches back and spreads fingers

A

startle reflex

126
Q

The average performance of a large sample of children of a given age

A

norms

127
Q

A measure designed to determine infants’ neurological and behavioral responses to their environment

A

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

128
Q

The physical stimulation pf the sense organ

A

Sensation

129
Q

The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and the brain

A

Perception

130
Q

What is the age range of infants that can not be coaxed to cross the visual cliff

A

6 to 14 months

131
Q

Age babies reach adult accuracy in sound localization

A

1 year

132
Q

According to Piaget what is required for passage from one stage to the next

A

Appropriate level of physical maturation and exposure to relevant experiences

133
Q

Initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into 6 substages. While the timing of the substages may vary the order is set in stone

A

Sensorimotor Stage

134
Q

Substage that includes various inborn reflexes

A

Substage 1: simple reflexed

135
Q

Substage that includes beginning of coordination of what were separate actions into single, integrated activities

A

Substage -First habits and Primary Circular Reactions

136
Q

Substage that includes seeking to repeat enjoyable events in their environment that are produced through chance activities

A

Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions

137
Q

Substage in which several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem

A

Substage4: Coordination of secondary Circular reactions

138
Q

Substage that includes development of schemes regarding deliberate variation of actions that bring desirable consequences. Carry out miniature experiments to observe consequences

A

Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions

139
Q

Substage that includes the capacity for mental representation or symbolic thought, understanding of causality and ability to pretend

A

Substage 6: beginning of thought

140
Q

The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication

A

Language

141
Q

The basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences

A

Phoneme

142
Q

Smallest language unit that has meaning

A

Morpheme

143
Q

The rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences

A

Semantics

144
Q

One word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, the meaning of which depends on the particular context in which they are used

A

Holophrases

145
Q

Speech in which words not critical to the message are left out

A

Telegraphic speech

146
Q

The overly restrictive use of word, common among children just mustering spoken language

A

Underextension

147
Q

The overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning

A

Overextension

148
Q

The caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person

A

Stranger anxiety

149
Q

The distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs

A

Separation anxiety

150
Q

A style of language used in which language is used primarily to label objects

A

Referential style

151
Q

Style of language used in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others

A

Expressive style

152
Q

The theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning

A

Learning Theory approach to language development

153
Q

The theory that a genetically determined innate mechanism directs language development

A

Nativist approach

154
Q

Norm Chomsky’s theory that all world languages share a similar underlying structure

A

Universal grammar

155
Q

A neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language

A

Language acquisition device

156
Q

A type of speech directed towards infants characterized by short simple sentences

A

Infant directed speech

PSYC 361 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions