Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Exam #3 :( > Flashcards

Exam #3 :( Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Body Organization

A

-100 trillion cells(100 billion of them are in the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 General Types of Tissue

A

Epithelial Tissue: for covering and protection
Connective Tissue: for binding structures together and for support
Muscle Tissue: for movement
Nervous Tissue: for coordinating body activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Eleven organ system in the human body

A

Integumentary system : for protection
Skeletal and muscular system : for support and movement
Nervous and endocrine system: for integration and coordination
Digestive, lymphatic, respiratory, circulatory, and urinary systems : for processing and transporting
Reproductive system : for reproduction and development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tissues

A

are groups of cell within a common structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • made of epithelial cells called SQUAMOUS, CUBOIDAL,or COLUMNAR cells, dependent on their cell shape
  • protect the tissues beneath them from dehydration
  • provide sensory surfaces
  • secrete materials such as oil, sweat, mucus, and saliva
  • occuring in sheets of tightly packed cells, epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body
  • epithelia are classified by the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells on the free surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is SIMPLE EPITHELIUM and STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM?

What are the shapes of the cells?

A
  • a SIMPLE EPITHELIUM has a single layer of cells, and a STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM has multiple tiers of cells
  • The shapes of cells may be CUBOIDAL (dice shape), COLUMNAR (like bricks on end), or SQUAMOUS (flat like floor tiles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is connective tissue?

A
  • made of fibroblasts, primarily for support and binding
  • specialized connective tissue such as cartilage ( made of CHONDROCYTES) and bone (made of OSTEOCYTES) provide stronger support, protection for internal organs, and shock absorption at the joints
  • other modified connective tissue such as adipose tissue (made of ADIPOCYTES) which stores fat, and blood (made of BLOOD CELLS) which transports substances and is involved in body defense.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A

Connective tissue functions mainly to bind and support. There are three kind of connective tissue fiber, which all are proteins:

  1. Collagenous Tissue: made of collagen
    - Collagenous Tissue is non-elastic and do not tear easily when pulled lengthwise
  2. Elastic Tissue: are made of long threads of elastin
    - Elastin fiber provide a rubbery quality
  3. Reticular fibers : very thin and branched
    - Composed of collagen and continuous with collagenous fibers, they form a tightly woven fabric tat joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

binds epithelia to underlying tissues and functions as packing materials, holding organs in place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

dense, due to it’s large number of collagenous fibers.

  • the fibers are organized into parallel bundles, an arrangement that maximizes nonelastic strength
  • this type of connective tissue forms tendons, attaching muscles to bones. and ligaments, joining bones to bones at joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cartilage

A

has an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix made of a substance called chondroitin sulfate, a protein-carbohydrate complex.

-CHONDROCYTES secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate. We retain cartilage as flexible supports in certain locations, such as the nose, ears, and vertebral disks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What supports the vertebrae?

A

Bone, a mineralized connective tissue.

  • calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions combine and harden within the matrix into the mineral hydroxyapatite.
  • bone gives SHAPE to body structure.
  • bones provide SUPPORT to body weight
  • certain bones PROTECT vital internal organs (ex. the skull protects the brain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is blood cell formation?

A

red bone marrow in bones contain “stem cells” that give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and the platelets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the blood do?

A

it supplies essential substances and nutrients, such as sugar, oxygen, and hormones to our cells, and carries waste away from those cells, this waste is eventually flushed out of your body in urine, feces, sweat, and lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do platelets do?

A

aid in blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do white blood cells do?

A

defend against viruses, bacteria, and other invaders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

muscle tissue

A

-made of muscle cells called MUSCLE FIBERS.

18
Q

what is smooth muscle ?

A

it is found surrounding walls of blood vessels, digestive tract, and other hollow tubes in the body; to control blood flow and blood pressure, and to push food particles along the digestive system.

19
Q

what is skeletal muscle?

A

skeletal muscle is found attached to bones, allowing the body to have body movements and to maintain body posture.

20
Q

what is cardiac muscle?

A

is found forming the heart chambers, allowing the heart to pump blood to the lungs and to the body.

21
Q

Functions of the muscular system: ( 6 functions)

A
  1. Locomotion: all body movements are results of skeletal muscle contraction
  2. Vasoconstriction and Vasodilatation: constriction and dilation of blood vessels Walls are the results of smooth muscle contraction
  3. Peristalsis: wavelike motion along the digestive tract is produced by the smooth muscle
  4. Cardiac motion: heart chambers are able to pump blood to the lungs and the body because of cardiac muscle contraction
  5. Posture maintenance: contraction of skeletal muscles maintains body posture and muscle tone.
  6. Heat generation: about 75% of ATP energy used in muscle contraction is released as heat to help maintain a constant body temperature.
22
Q

What are nervous tissues and where are they located in the body?>

A

Nervous tissues are made of nerve cells called neurons and supporting cells called glial cells.

They are located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

23
Q

The human skeleton

A
    • composed of 206 bones
  2. divided into
    - axial skeleton ( the skull, veteran column, and thoracic cage; a total of 80 bones)
    - appendicular skeleton ( the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lowe limbs; a total of 126 bones)
  3. The outer layer of bone is a very dense and strong tissue called COMPACT BONE where large amounts calcium and phosphorus are deposited, making it rough and durable

SPONGY BONE: is the inner layer of the bone and is less dense, so that stress can be absorbed and red bone marrow ( for blood formation) can be stored.

24
Q

Ligaments vs. Tendons

A

Ligaments: is what attaches one bone to the other

Tendons: bones attached to skeletal tissue is when tendons are used.

25
Q

Skin

A

skin is composed of three layers

  1. epidermis ( made of stratified squamous epithelium)
  2. demis ( fibrous connective tissue)
  3. subcutaneous layer ( made of adipose and loses connective tissue)
26
Q

What is malignant melanoma?

A
  • most dangerous skin cancer
  • cancer of the melanocytes in stratum basale
  • only 5% of all skin cancer, but the frequency is increasing
  • grow and migrates extremely rapidly
  • usually deadly
27
Q

Digestive Organs (Mouth, oral activity, and teeth)

A

By the age of 7, 32 permanent or secondary teeth are developed where they are divided into 4 types: incisors(for cutting), Canines(for tearing), Premolars(for crushing), and Molars(for grinding). The teeth follow the human dental of 2-1-2-3.

28
Q

What does the Pancreas produce?

A

produces
Insulin: lowers blood sugar levels
Glucagon:raises blood sugar level

29
Q

What does the Liver contain? What is stored in the liver?

A

it contains a lot of white blood cells.

-stores glycogen, iron, vitamins A, D, B12

30
Q

What are the four major groups of pancreatic enzymes?

A
  • pancreatic amylase: digest polysaccharides into disaccharides
  • pancreatic lipase: digest triglycerides into fatty acids
  • pancreatic nucleases: digest nucleic acids into nucleotides
  • pancreatic proteinases: all secreted in their inactive forms
31
Q

Vitamins (Fat Soluble)

A

Vitamin: A, D, E, K

32
Q

Vitamin ( Water Soluble)

A

Vitamin: B and C

33
Q

Vitamin A (Retinal)

A

dark green or orange vegetables

34
Q

Vitamin D ( cholecalciferol)

A

dairy products

35
Q

Vitamin K ( phylloquinone)

A

Green Vegetables and Green Tea. Deficiency causes defective blood clotting.

36
Q

Vitamin B-12 (cyanocobalamin)

A

Meats, eggs, dairy product. Deficiency leads to pernicious Anemia, muscular ache.

37
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

A

Citrus fruits, tomatoes. Deficiency leads to scurvy (abnormal bone development, swollen, painful, joints), gum bleeding, and lower resistance to infection.

38
Q

(The Excretory System)

Excretion:

A

In 2-3 days, removal of waste material from the blood.

39
Q

(The excretory system)

Production of Erythropoietin

A

for hematopoiesis (red blood cells), and renin(regulates blood pressure) for blood pressure regulation.

40
Q

What are nephrons? What is the structure of the nephrons?

A

A million functional units in the kidney. Each nephron is formed by renal tubules and blood vessels–the renal tubules are namely the glomerulus( a network of capillaries), Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct.

41
Q

Leukocytes

A

white bloods in the urine called PYURIA, which can be caused by glomerulonephritis, UTI, or even strenuous exercise.

Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions