Exam 3 Flashcards
By 1917, many psychologists in the “clinical” role were involved with psychological assessment of children and adults. Typically, this meant that they were using which test?
The Binet test, later known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
What event was a major achievement for clinical psychology in 1917, which the medical profession was adamantly against?
Two states passed laws permitting judges to commit individuals to mental hospitals based on the expert testimony of clinical psychologists without medical corroboration
In 1917 the US declared war on Germany and thus sought the services of psychologists for which two reasons?
To assess the intellectual functioning of military recruits and to assess soldiers and recruits with respect to job placement in the services
World War I initiated the development of the first types of what assessment, and what was its purpose?
Personality tests; to screen out soldiers who might be susceptible to shell shock
A nationwide attempt to prevent child delinquency precipitated the development of what?
The first guidance clinic in 1921. Many more followed, increasing the number of positions for applied psychologists
What need was apparent at the end of WWII?
A much greater pool of mental health professionals
What merger did the government push for in response to World War II?
The American Association of Applied Psychology (AAAP), represented by clinical psychologists, and the American Psychological Association (APA), represented by the university faculty who educated psychologists
The newly organized APA had which two goals?
To develop doctoral programs in clinical psychology, and to identify programs of acceptable quality
After WWII, what did the government push for in the field of clinical psychology?
A standardized curriculum and an accreditation system
In 1949, the APA worked together with the NIMH and the VA to hold a grueling two week conference, out of which was born…?
The scientist-practitioner model!
The Boulder Report, published in 1950, speaks to which major acknowledgement?
That the model training program was being established in the midst of significant changes in the science of psychology and within a post-war American society
The Boulder Report discusses which concerns?
Validity of the instruments used in assessment (such as personality tests) and about therapeutic techniques
The Boulder Report comments on the dangers of what kind of model?
One that is too uniform
The Boulder Report stresses which need?
To keep abreast of societal needs to have a clinical profession that will serve the public good
Which psychologist was emphasized in the reading as having a great influence on the growth of clinical psychology in the 1940s?
David Shakow
How did David Shakow influence clinical psychology?
With his lifelong dedication to understand and treat psychological disorders and his diligent pursuit of clinical psychology as an established mental health profession
David Shakow wrote which document that was the structural backbone for the Boulder Report?
His 1947 committee report, which recommended a graduate training program in clinical psychology
After WWII, which fields within psychology began to blossom?
Applied psychology!
Clinical psychology!
Industrial psychology!
And Counseling psychology!
Currently, which branch is the fast growing in psychology?
Health psychology
George W. Albee considered what to be the Boulder Model’s fatal flaw?
The acceptance of the medical model, with its psychiatric hegemony, medical concepts, and language
Peter E. Nathan discussed which argument concerning the Boulder Model?
The gap between clinical research and clinical practice; the fact that clinical psychology must do more than pay lip service to the Boulder model and start paying attention to research in order to determine our professional future
What does George Stricker argue has happened to the Scientist-Practitioner Model?
That most professional programs aren’t using it the way it was originally described; they are placing emphasis on the practitioner, and de-emphasis on the scientist
What is the cultivation hypothesis?
That exposure to recurrent patterns of images present on television shapes a viewer’s perceptions of reality towards the portrayed issue or group
What are cultivation effects?
Expectations and attitudes that have been shaped by repeated exposure to images and messages from television.
What might cultivation effects influence?
Intentions, through their effect on expectations and then attitudes to engage in a behavior.
Why does the cultivation model merit study for the Vogel article?
It can be used to explore how expectations about therapy (i.e. expected reactions of others or the stigma associated with seeking help and anticipated risks and benefits of talking to a therapist) and attitudes toward therapy will mediate the relationship between television exposure and intention to seek therapy for psychological and interpersonal concerns.
How can television portrayals influence public perception?
Negative portrayals of clients can lead to increased stigmatization and discrimination toward the mentally ill and reduce treatment seeking. Inaccurate portrayals of therapists could lead an individual to perceive therapy as ineffective or risky.
What did the Vogel study address?
It measured the association between exposure to television shows and viewers’ attitudes and intentions to seek therapy. It used structural equation modeling.
On what 6 domains were the participants assessed in the Vogel article?
Stigma, Anticipated risks and benefits, Attitudes toward therapy, Intentions to seek therapy, Depression, and Television Exposure
What were the findings of the Vogel article (The Influence of Television on Willingness to Seek Therapy)?
Results revealed a positive correlation between viewers’ television exposure and their perceptions of stigma, which then negatively predicted their attitudes towards seeking professional mental health services.
There was also a negative correlation between the viewers’ television exposure and their anticipated benefits (through increased negative attitudes)
What heuristic might have accounted for the findings in the Vogel article?
The accessibility bias, which functions due to the frequency and recentness of information being activated and the vividness of that information’s presentation.
What are the implications of the Vogel study?
Media campaigns might be used to change public opinion about therapy. Television portrayals could be used to portray therapy accurately and use effective spokespeople. Protest, education, and contact with accurate information about therapy are necessary.
What was the sole objective of the APA when it was first founded in 1892?
According to its by-laws, its sole objective was to advance psychology as a science
When did the objective of the APA change and why?
It changed in 1945 with the merger of the APA and the American Association for Applied Psychology (AAAP). Its new objective was to advance psychology as a science, as a profession, and as means of promoting human welfare.
Which other psychological association was formed in 1930?
The Society for Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI)
What was the main objective of the SPSSI?
To study social issues as they apply to the field of psychology. Their goal was to promote human welfare. The organization was formed after the Great Depression.
What did the psychologists of the SPSSI aim to study?
They wanted to promote specific research projects on contemporary psychological problems; to collect, analyze, and disseminate data on the psychological consequences of the present economic, political, and cultural crisis.
True or False: Applying psychology to social issues was stigmatized in the same way that all applied psychology was seen as less important than the “pure” research conducted in the laboratory.
True
What journal was created due to the formation of the SPSSI?
The Journal of Social Issues
What did Francis Galton conclude after his trip to Africa?
He determined that those of the “black race” were substantially inferior to the “white race” on a number of intellectual and behavioral dimensions (which we all know is bullshit)
What did psychologists (during that time period) believe about the race question?
They believed that African Americans [“blacks in the book”], Native Americans, and Hispanics were inferior to whites.
True or False: The conclusions made by psychologists about race was based on extensive research on racial differences.
False
What research study was the first to start the conversation about race and race psychology?
Research conducted by R.M. Bache and Litghner Witmer studied the reactions times between whites and blacks & Native Americans. Their Research found that whites had slower reaction times compared to their racially different peers. Despite this results, Bache still concluded that blacks and Native Americans were inferior to whites, because their reaction times indicated that they operated automatically and reflexively.
What did G. Stanley Hall conclude about racial minorities?
Referred to them as primitive people whose mental development of a white adolescent, Native Americans had the mental development of a white child.
What shift was made in regards to racial differences in the 1940’s?
By this time, American psychologists abandoned their belief about inherent racial differences, and were arguing that differences were a result of prejudice and bias in America.
What was a common belief about women in the early foundation of psychology?
A belief that that women were inherently inferior to men. Women were seen as fragile creature for whom difficult physical or mental efforts could compromise their health.
Why were women not given the right to vote for nearly 150 years?
There was a fear that they would decide on political candidates based on emotion and not reason.
Who was thought to be the first to study sex differences?
Helen Thompson (Woolley)
What did Thompson’s dissertation conclude?
That men were better than most at tests of motor ability, but not all. She found that women did better at coordination tasks, had better memory performance, and demonstrated more acute senses.
True or False: Thompson’s research on sex differences was widely accepted by her male counterparts.
False
What did Leta Hollingworth’s dissertation on effects of the menstrual cycle study?
The effects of the menstrual cycle on mental and motor performance.
What is Hollingworth’s variability hypothesis?
It stated that men were different than women, whereas men would differ enormously in their talents and defects.
What is segregation?
Refers to the restriction of opportunities for different types of associations between the members of one racial, religious, national or geographical origin, or linguistic group and those of other groups, which results from or is supported by the action of any official body or agency representing some branch of government.
What conclusions were made in the report that was presented at the White House Conference on Children and Youth?
They found that children of the minority group knew they were being segregated from the majority group, and hence had feelings of humiliation and inferiority. They also found that minority children would act delinquent, anti-social, passive, and/or submissive due to the fact that they were segregated from the majority group. Basically, all minority children were affected by ways of segregation.
What does segregation do?
It imposes upon individuals a distorted sense of reality. It leads to blockage in communication and interaction between the minority and majority group. It perpetuate rigid stereotypes ad reinforces negative attitudes toward members of the other group.
True or False: hypersensitivity and anxiety displayed by many minority group children about their relations with the larger society probably reflects their awareness of status differences.
True
What is one problem that arises when evaluating the possible consequences of desegregation?
Determining whether segregation prevents or stimulates interracial tension and conflict.
What does desegregation presumed to promote?
Leads to the emergence of more favorable attitudes and friendlier relations between races.
What was the first time that psychological research was used in a Supreme Court decision?
During the Brown vs Board of Education case.
True or False: The SPSSI was involved in the court hearings and testimony of Brown vs. Board of Education.
True
What was the decision in the Brown vs. Board of Education cases?
That segregation was illegal and harmful to students in school.
What is Kenneth B. Clark’s contribution to psychology?
His psychological research was cited in the Brown vs. Board of Education case in 1954.
What were Clark and his wife, Mamie Phipps Clark, famous for?
They were popular because of their “doll studies”
