Exam 2 Flashcards
What were the main purposes of the Furumoto, L., & Scarborough (1986) article?
It gave an overview of the lives and experiences of early women in psychology, gave comparisons between influential women and men in psychology, and discussed how gender influenced their careers.
Which publication did Cattell create in 1906 as a directory of individuals doing research?
American Men of Science
Were women included in the publication, American Men of Science?
Yes!
How did women participate in the early days of psychology?
They joined national associations, presented at conferences, and participated in research. Sought to advance education for women.
What was one belief about why women should not receive a graduate level education?
It would make women unfit to fulfill the obligations widely accepted as the “women’s sphere:” piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity.
How would you describe a female psychologist in 1906?
White Protestants of privileged middle-class backgrounds
True or False? Men held more academic positions than women.
True. Women who did hold academic rank were unmarried
True or False? Women’s research interests in the early days of psychology were different from men’s.
False. Interests spread across the breadth of discipline, and were not different from men.
Was high professional achievement balanced between men and women?
No. Women were less likely to achieve professional status equivalent to that of men. If it was attained, women were unmarried and were likely employed in colleges for women.
Describe the marriage-versus-career dilemma:
For a man, the potential for professional accomplishment was enhanced by marriage. For a woman, marriage and career were incompatible. Educated women were faced with a “cruel choice.”
Who were the 3 meritorious female scientists that received special recognition?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Christine Ladd-Franklin
Margaret Floy Washburn.
What experiences did Mary Whiton Calkins, Christine Ladd-Franklin, and Margaret Floy Washburn share?
Institutional discrimination in pursuing their PhD, limited employment opportunities, family obligations conflicting with career advancement, and the marriage-versus-career dilemma.
Who was the first woman to have an official PhD, and from which school?
Margaret Floy Washburn, from Cornell University in 1894
Name 2 conclusions offered by the Furumoto, L., & Scarborough (1986) article.
- Though similar in demographic variables and some aspects of education, women were restricted in the graduate studies that they might have undertaken to advance their career.
- Gender-specific factors affected the women’s experience (i.e. exclusion from employment opportunities, responsibility to families, and marriage vs. career dilemma)
Which 3 career patterns did women demonstrate?
- No career beyond the doctorate
- Continuous careers restricted mainly to teaching in women’s colleges and normal schools (MOSTLY UNMARRIED GROUP)
- Interrupted or disjointed careers with lapses in employment or shifts in employment setting and type of work (MOSTLY MARRIED GROUP)
How did Titchener view consciousness?
The sum total of mental processes that occur in the lifetime of an individual, at any given moment.
The first task in understanding consciousness was to discover its structure, it’s basic elements.
The second task was to discover how these elements combined.
The third task was to understand why the combinations occurred as they did. Can be explained by making connections to underlying physiological processes.
Which three kinds of elements did Titchener think made up consciousness?
Sensations
Images
Feelings
Which of the three elements (that made up consciousness) did Titchener focus on, and what were the four dimensions of this element?
Sensations;
(1) quality
(2) intensity
(3) duration
(4) clearness
What type of scientific method did Titchener use to identify these elements of consciousness, and how did he label this method?
Observation, specifically self-observation; he called it introspection, meaning looking-within
True or false: functionalism was influenced by the evolutionary ideas of Charles Darwin.
True
What were the functionalists attempting to discover?
The adaptive significance of consciousness and the function of behavior
If structuralism focused mainly on studies of sensations, what did functionalism spend the most time on?
Studies of learning and motivation
True or false: Titchener considered the mind as independent from the nervous system.
False; he said that the mind should be considered as dependent upon the nervous system
Titchener said that observation implied which two things:
(1) Attention to the phenomena, and
(2) record of the phenomena
Regarding the scope of psychology, Titchener said (1) it extends beyond man to ________ and (2) from individual man to ________, and (3) from the normal mind to the ________.
- Animals
- Groups of men, societies
- Abnormal mind
In what context did Titchener believe a collective mind could exist?
When the sum total of human experience is considered as dependent upon a social group of similar individuals
True or False: Tichener believed that structuralism was a science and functionalism was nothing more than technology, while Angell disagreed with Tichener’s dogmatic point of view and defined functionalism as a broad and flexible and organic point of view in psychology.
True
What was Angell’s definition of functional psychology?
(1) The psychology of the how and why of consciousness
(2) The mind is primarily engaged in mediating between the environment and the needs of the organism
(3) Psychology that recognizes the significance of the mind-body relationship
How did Angell view consciousness?
Primarily and intrinsically as a control phenomenon
Which movement in the US fostered academic psychology’s study of sex differences, and thus psychology of women?
The functionalist movement
The incorporation of which theory into the practice of psychology made the study of the female legitimate?
Evolutionary theory
What are the two main concepts of the influence of evolutionary theory on the psychology of women?
- Evolutionary theory emphasized the biological foundations of temperament, which led to academic discussion of maternal instinct
- Evolutionary theory provided theoretical justification of the study of individual differences, which opened the door to the study of sex differences in sensory, motor, and intellectual abilities
Which three topics were of special significance to the psychology of women during the functionalist era:
- structural differences in the brains of males and females and the implications of these differences for intelligence and temperament
- the hypothesis of greater male variability and its relation to social and educational issues
- maternal instinct and its meaning for a psychology of female “nature”
What method provided the first objective way to determine the neurological foundation of sex differences in intelligence and temperament?
Phrenology
Franz Joseph Gall introduced which method that was used to examine deficiencies in the brain by external examination of the cranium?
Cranioscopy
What are the basic tenants of the variability hypothesis?
Variation has positive value because greatness could not be achieved without variation, and men have more variability than women (both mentally and physically)
Variability is necessary for evolutionary function because of the diversity of genes
What are the basic tenants of the variability hypothesis?
Variation has positive value because greatness could not be achieved without variation, and men have more variability than women (both mentally and physically)
Variability is necessary for evolutionary function because of the diversity of genes
Describe the concept of maternal instinct
The systems dominant in women caused her greatest attributes to lie in the moral sphere in the form of love, patience, and chastity. In the intellectual sphere, she was not equally blessed, because it is her highest happiness to be a mother
True or False: the variability hypothesis was unquestioningly accepted, while the maternal instinct discussion was quite controversial.
False. The maternal instinct was popularly accepted, while the variability hypothesis gained attention because of an argument.
What is structuralism?
Breaking down consciousness into individualistic components, helps us to better understand phenomena. (“we can perform tests to understand things”)
Positivistic philosophy of science (if you’re going to break things down, you’d better have a purpose)
What are some examples of structuralist methods?
Phrenology, brain size, reaction times
What is functionalism?
A more holistic point of view that looks at the effects of things; what they do and why. A constructivist philosophy of science
In which school of thought was Titchener?
Structuralism
In which school of thought was Angell?
Functionalism
True or false: Titchener was a sensationalist as opposed to a volitionist.
True
How did Titchener criticize science?
He said it was doing a disservice by engaging in “foggy ideas” and using metaphors. He was against imprecise terms.
What was Titchener’s view on correlation of causation?
Everything is so intervaried and we can’t isolate a linear causation; thus we are better off looking at correlational factors
What did Angell say was necessary to include in science to make it useful?
Metaphysics, cosmology, and discussions of philosophy
What was Angell’s view on the job of the mind?
The mind’s job is to create necessary tasks for evolution and get needs met from the environment
What were Angell’s three main concepts?
Mental Operations
Psyschophysical mind-body revival
Voluntarism
What are some statistics that support that the media portrays mental illness with too much violence?
The offence rate of mentally ill characters is 10 fold that of other television characters. One in four mentally ill characters kill someone, half are portrayed as hurting others
How do television portrayals show mental illness in a discouraging light?
Frequently portray mentally ill characters as disenfranchised, with no family connections, no occupation, and no social identity.
Camera shots also film them differently with close up or extreme shots reinforcing their isolation.
How does mental illness in the news perpetuate stigma?
- The news is the most frequently identified source of mental health information. Yet they represent mental illness in a way that is largely inaccurate and negative with an emphasis on violent, delusional, and irrational behavior to sensationalize content.
- News items also reinforce cultural stereotypes using narrative frames that transform neutral material to negative or violent depictions.
- Missing first person accounts of mental illness and the perspective of mental health professionals, less than 15% include quotes from psychiatric experts
What are the consequences of the negative depictions?
- Socialize youth of expectations for interactions with others with mental illness and for themselves if they were to be mentally ill
- Increase public fear of violence from people with mental illness
- Increases skepticism of mental health treatment
- Justifies coercive actions towards mentally ill and prevents them social opportunities
- Intense emotionality evoked from negative content overrides other positive or neutral sources of information
- Hurts emotionally those with mental health issues and their families
- Promote distrust of patients towards mental health professionals, lessen treatment adherence
What could be done to improve negative depictions in the media?
- Use media as an ally for anti stigma efforts
- Advocate for certain media agents to change with public pressure
- Integrate clinical psychiatry/psychology training with mass media training
- Build skills for mentally ill to be spokespeople
How did the end of the Industrial Revolution influence “The Birth of the New Applied Psychology?”
• Changes in urbanization and immigration meant changes in the dynamics of the American family
(mandatory school attendance = psychology’s application to education)
Briefly, who was Lightner Witmer?
• Used psychology to “treat” a boy who was having spelling problems, and as a result founded a psychology clinic at Penn; founded the journal The Psychology clinic; usually acknowledged as the founder of clinical psychology and school psychology
What type of children did Witmer see in his clinic?
• Children who showed an inability to progress in school (majority of children referred from school; issues such as spelling and writing)
How did Witmer believe Psychology was going to progress?
• Application! “The progress of psychology, as of every other science, will be determined by the value and amount of its contributions to the advancement of the human race.” Bridging the gap between research and clinical.
Describe Witmer’s 4-point outline on Practical work on psychology
• 1. Investigate mental development in school children through statistical and clinical methods;
- Psychological clinics supplemented by a training school to treat “retardation or physical defects” interfering with school;
- Offer practical work and observation for those interested in the profession;
- Train students as “psychological experts” to examine/treat delayed children
T/F: Witmer believed clinical psychology and medicine, sociology, and pedagogy were all very closely related
True
T/F: Witmer believed that mental and moral degeneracy is in part a result of the environment
True
What is Witmer’s genetic psychology?
He moved the psychologists frame of reference from genetic to congenital, to include the possibility for environment in heredity
What did Witmer believe clinical psychologists should be primarily interested in?
The individual child (delayed children, “normal” children, and gifted children)
